Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of the cardiopulmonary system?

A

to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove
carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of respiration?

A

– Gas exchange: O2 and CO2 exchanged between
blood and air
– Communication: speech and other vocalizations
– Olfaction: sense of smell
– Acid-Base balance: influences pH of body fluids
by eliminating CO2
– Blood pressure regulation: by helping in synthesis
of angiotensin II
– Blood and lymph flow: breathing creates pressure
gradients between thorax and abdomen that
promote flow of lymph and blood
– Blood filtration: lungs filter small clots
– Expulsion of abdominal contents: breath-holding
assists in urination, defecation, and childbirth
(Valsalva maneuver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the principal parts of the respiratory system?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the incoming air stop?

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the conducting division do?

A

– Includes those passages that serve only for airflow
– No gas exchange
– Nostrils through major bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the respiratory division do? What are its divisions?

A

– Consists of alveoli and other gas exchange regions
* Upper respiratory tract—in head and neck
– Nose through larynx
* Lower respiratory tract—organs of the thorax
– Trachea through lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

– Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled
air
– Detects odors
– Serves as a resonating chamber that
amplifies voice
* Nose extends from nostrils (nares) to
posterior nasal apertures (choanae)—
posterior openings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

keep food and drink out of the airway, phonation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the epiglottis and what is its function?

A

flap of tissue that guards the superior
opening of the larynx
– During swallowing, extrinsic muscles of larynx pull
larynx upward
– Tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it
– Closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it
– Vestibular folds of the larynx play greater role in
keeping food and drink out of the airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 9 cartilages of the larynx?

A

epiglottic, thyroid (adam’s apple), cricoid, artynoid (2), corniculate (2), cuneiform (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two folds in the larynx? What is their function?

A

Superior vestibular folds- close larynx during swallowing
Inferior vocal chords- produce sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the glottis?

A

the vocal chords and the opening between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is loudness determined by?

A

the force of air passing between vocal chords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the features of the trachea?

A

– Supported by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline
cartilage
– Trachealis muscle spans opening in rings
* Inner lining of trachea is ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
– Mucociliary escalator: mechanism for debris removal (ciliated cells bring upwards)
Middle tracheal layer—connective tissue beneath
the tracheal epithelium
– Contains lymphatic nodules, mucous and serous
glands, and the tracheal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

—to make a temporary opening in
the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What makes up the lungs? (basic anatomy)

A

– Base: broad concave portion resting on diaphragm
– Apex: tip that projects just above the clavicle
– Costal surface: pressed against the ribcage
– Mediastinal surface: faces medially toward the heart
* Hilum—slit through which the lung receives the main
bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
* These structures near the hilum constitute the root of the
lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the features of the right lung?

A
  • Shorter than left because liver rises higher on the right
  • Has three lobes—superior, middle, and inferior—
    separated by horizontal and oblique fissure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the features of the left lung?

A
  • Tall and narrow because the heart tilts toward the left
    and occupies more space on this side of mediastinum
  • Has indentation—cardiac impression
  • Has two lobes—superior and inferior separated by a
    single oblique fissure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

a branching system of air tubes
in each lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the bronchi?

A

main (primary), lobar (secondary), and segmental (tertiary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the end of the conductive division?

A

terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the order of the lower respiratory tract?

A

larynx, trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What starts the respiratory division?

A

respiratory bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the different cell types in the alveoulus?

A

squamous (type 1), great (type 2), macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A

squamous alveolar cells, endothelial cells of blood capillary, and the shared basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the types of pleurae?

A

Visceral pleura—serous membrane that covers lungs
* Parietal pleura—adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of
the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do type 1 cells help with?

A

rapid gas diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of the pleurae and pleural fluid?

A

– Reduce friction
– Create pressure gradient
* Lower pressure than atmospheric pressure; assists lung inflation
– Compartmentalization
* Prevents spread of infection from one organ in mediastinum to
others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the difference between quiet and forced respiration?

A

– Quiet respiration: while at rest, effortless, and automatic
– Forced respiration: deep, rapid breathing, such as during exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the respiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm (prime mover) and intercostals (assists)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the valsalva maneuver?

A

consists of taking a deep
breath, holding it by closing the glottis, and then
contracting the abdominal muscles to raise
abdominal pressure and push organ contents out
– Childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What drives respiration?

A

atmospheric pressure

34
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

at a constant temperature, the
pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely
proportional to its volume

35
Q

How does Boyle’s law relate to respiration?

A

– If the lungs contain a quantity of a gas and the lung
volume increases, their internal pressure
(intrapulmonary pressure) falls
* If the pressure falls below atmospheric pressure, air
moves into the lungs
– If the lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure
rises
* If the pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, air
moves out of the lungs

36
Q

What is the unit for pressure in lungs?

A

cm H2O

37
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

the slightly negative
pressure that exists between the two pleural
layers

38
Q

What happens to the two pleural layers during inspiration?

A

they cling together due to the cohesion of water

39
Q

What is Charles’s law?

A

volume of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature

40
Q

How does Charles’s law relate to respiration?

A

thermal expansion will contribute to the inflation of
the lungs

41
Q

What happens in expiration in relaxed and forced breathing?

A

Relaxed:
– Recoil compresses the lungs
– Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
– Raises intrapulmonary pressure to about 1 cm H2O
– Air flows down the pressure gradient and out of the lungs
Forced:
– Accessory muscles raise intrapulmonary pressure as
high as +40 cm H2O

42
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

presence of air in pleural cavity, loss of negative pressure allows lungs to recoil and collapse

43
Q

What does increasing resistance do?

A

decrease airflow

44
Q

What two factors influence airway resistance?

A

bronchiole diameter and pulmonary compliance

45
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

ease with which the lungs can
expand
* The change in lung volume relative to a given pressure
change

46
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

– Conducting division of airway where there is no gas
exchange

47
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing

48
Q

What is the IRV?

A

air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with effort

49
Q

What is ERV?

A

air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with effort

50
Q

What is RV?

A

air remaining in lungs after max expiration

51
Q

What is VC? eq?

A

total amount of air that can be inhaled and then
exhaled with maximum effort
* VC = ERV + TV + IRV

52
Q

What is IC? eq?

A

maximum amount of air that can be
inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
* IC = TV + IRV

53
Q

What is FRC? eq?

A

amount of air remaining in
lungs after a normal tidal expiration
* FRC = RV + ERV

54
Q

What is TLC? eq?

A

maximum amount of air the lungs can
contain
* TLC = RV + VC

55
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

total atmospheric pressure is the
sum of the contributions of the individual gases
– Partial pressure: the separate contribution of each
gas in a mixture

56
Q

What is alveolar gas exchange?

A

the swapping of O2 and
CO2 across the respiratory membrane

57
Q

What must O2 do to get into the blood?

A

it must dissolve in
this water, and pass through the respiratory membrane
separating the air from the bloodstream

58
Q

What must CO2 do to get into the blood?

A

it must pass the
other way, and then diffuse out of the water film into the
alveolar air

59
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

at the air–water interface, for a
given temperature, the amount of gas that
dissolves in the water is determined by its
solubility in water and its partial pressure in air

60
Q

How does Henry’s law influence respiration?

A

Gases diffuse down their own gradients until
the partial pressure of each gas in the air is
equal to its partial pressure in water

61
Q

Where is PO2 greater? PCO2?

A

O2= lungs, CO2 = blood

62
Q

What happens at the alveolus in terms of gas exchange?

A

unload co2 and load o2

63
Q

What affects alveolar gas exchange?

A

solubility of gasses (CO2 more soluble), membrane surface area, membrane thickness

64
Q

What is gas transport?

A

the process of carrying gases from
the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa

65
Q

How is the majority of o2 transported?

A

bound to hemoglobin

66
Q

How is the majority of co2 transported?

A

bicarb in the plasma

67
Q

How else is co2 transported?

A

bind to Hb to make carbaminohemoglobin & as dissolved gas

68
Q

How is CO poisoning dangerous?

A

competes for O2 binding by making carboxyhemoglobin

69
Q

What does systemic gas exchange do?

A

unload O2 and load CO2

70
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the CO2 reaction?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

71
Q

What way does the chloride shift go in systemic gas exchange? Alveolar?

A

Cl- in, Cl- out

72
Q

What is the key thing that influences respiration rate?

A

pH

73
Q

What monitors pH?

A

chemoreceptors

74
Q

What is optimum pH?

A

7.35 to 7.45

75
Q

What is the area of the brain that monitors respiration?

A

medulla oblongata

76
Q

What does hypocapnia cause?

A

alkalosis

77
Q

What does hypercapnia cause?

A

acidosis

78
Q

What causes increased respiration during exercise?

A

stimulating proprioceptors of muscles and joints

79
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—
long-term obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction
in pulmonary ventilation
* Major COPDs are chronic bronchitis and emphysema

80
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

– Severe, persistent inflammation of lower respiratory tract
– Goblet cells enlarge and produce excess mucus
– Immobilized cilia fail to remove mucus
– Thick, stagnant mucus – ideal for bacterial growth
– Smoke compromises alveolar macrophage function
– Develop chronic cough to bring up sputum (thick mucus
and cellular debris)
– Symptoms include hypoxemia and cyanosis

81
Q

What is emphysema?

A

– Alveolar walls break down
* Lung has fewer and larger spaces
* Much less respiratory membrane for gas exchange
– Lungs fibrotic and less elastic
* Lungs become flabby and cavitated with large spaces
– Air passages collapse
* Obstructs outflow of air
* Air trapped in lungs; person becomes barrel-chested
– Weaken thoracic muscles
* Spend three to four times the amount of energy just to breathe

82
Q

What are the negative effects of COPD?

A

COPD causes: hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and
respiratory acidosis
– Hypoxemia stimulates erythropoietin release from
kidneys, and leads to polycythemia
* Cor pulmonale
– Hypertrophy and potential failure of right heart due
to obstruction of pulmonary circulation

Anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions