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Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Right

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2
Q

What side of the heart is the systemic circuit?

A

Left

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3
Q

What is the middle of the heart called?

A

Septum

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4
Q

Why are the two circuits kept separate?

A

To prevent dilution of blood

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5
Q

What type of blood enters the left side of the heart?

A

Oxygenated

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6
Q

What type of blood enters the right side of the heart?

A

Deoxygenated

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7
Q

Where does the left side of the heart send the blood?

A

The organs

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8
Q

Where does the right side of the heart send the blood?

A

The lungs

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9
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum between the lungs

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10
Q

What two parts make the heart?

A

Base & Apex

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11
Q

What direction does the heart tilt?

A

To the left

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12
Q

What is the divot the heart makes on the lung called?

A

Cardiac impression

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13
Q

What type of membrane is the pericardium?

A

Serous

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14
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Allows muscle movement & prevents friction

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15
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

A

Parietal & visceral

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16
Q

What is another name for the visceral pericardium?

A

epicardium

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17
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Space inside the pericardial sac filled with fluid

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18
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium (painful)

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19
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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20
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Smooth inner lining of heart

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21
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

the middle layer, 95% of heart

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22
Q

What is the myocardium’s function?

A

provide structural support and attachment and electrical insulation

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23
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers?

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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24
Q

What are the atria separated by?

A

interatrial septum

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25
Q

What are the ventricles separated by?

A

interventricular septum

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26
Q

What is the function of the atria?

A

receive blood returning to the heart

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27
Q

Where are the auricles located?

A

Surface of atria

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28
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

Pump blood into arteries

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29
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction

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30
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation

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31
Q

What are the pectinate muscles?

A

grooves in heart

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32
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk?

A

blood vessel to the lungs

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33
Q

What is the aorta?

A

blood vessel to the system

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34
Q

What side is the myocardium thicker on? Why?

A

The left side, more force to pump out to the rest of the body

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35
Q

What are trabeculae carnae?

A

internal ridges that prevent ventricles from sticking together

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36
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A

groove that separates the atria and ventricles

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37
Q

What is the interventricular sulcus?

A

Divides right and left ventricles

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38
Q

What is the right AV valve?

A

Tricuspid

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39
Q

What is the left AV valve?

A

Mitral/bicuspid

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40
Q

What are the chordae tendinae?

A

cords that connect AV valves to papillary muscle

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41
Q

What do the papillary attachments do?

A

Distribute stress, coordinate timing of electrical conduction, and provide redundancy

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42
Q

What do the semilunar valves control?

A

blood flow into arteries

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43
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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44
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve?

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

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45
Q

What happens to the valve pockets in diastole?

A

They fill with blood due to gravity

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46
Q

What happens to the valve pockets in systole?

A

blood pushes pocket shut and creates an opening

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47
Q

What happens to the valves in ventricular diastole?

A

semilunars close and AV open

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48
Q

What happens to the valves in ventricular systole?

A

semilunars open and AVs close

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49
Q

What direction does an artery take blood?

A

away from heart

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50
Q

What direction does a vein take blood?

A

toward heart

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51
Q

What are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood?

A

the 2 from the pulmonary trunk

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52
Q

Where does the left coronary artery branch off of?

A

the ascending aorta

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53
Q

What does the LCA supply blood to?

A

both ventricles and anterior interventricular septum

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54
Q

Where does the circumflex branch of the LCA go?

A

around the left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus

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55
Q

What does the circumflex branch give off?

A

the left marginal branch

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56
Q

What does the circumflex branch supply?

A

the left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle

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57
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch off of?

A

the ascending aorta

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58
Q

What does the RCA supply?

A

right atrium and SA node

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59
Q

What does the right marginal branch supply?

A

the lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle

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60
Q

What does the posterior interventricular branch supply?

A

posterior walls of ventricles

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61
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

constriction of the coronary arteries

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62
Q

What are some causes of coronary artery disease?

A

hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis

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63
Q

How do the arteries get obstructed?

A

bulging mass grows from atheromas and fatty plaques

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64
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack- interruption of blood supply to the heart

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65
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Chest pain from ischemia (lactic acid buildup)

66
Q

Why does lactic acid get produced?

A

the myocardium switches to anaerobic fermentation

67
Q

What are the 3 main inputs of the coronary sinus?

A

great cardiac vein, posterior interventricular vein, and left marginal vein

68
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein collect blood from?

A

Anterior portion of the heart

69
Q

Where does the posterior interventricular vein collect blood from?

A

posterior portion of heart

70
Q

Where does the coronary sinus empty into?

A

Right atrium

71
Q

What are the nuclei of cardiocytes surrounded by?

A

glycogen

72
Q

What allows electrical signals to be passed between cells?

A

gap junctions

73
Q

What does myoglobin store?

A

oxygen

74
Q

What is the limiting factor in what cardiac muscle cells can use as a fuel?

A

amount of oxygen

75
Q

Do cardiomyocytes fatigue?

A

No

76
Q

What is a contractile cell?

A

A cell that physically does the contracting

77
Q

What is a conductile cell?

A

a cell that sends the signal

78
Q

Where does the electrical signal start?

A

the SA node

79
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

right atrium

80
Q

Where does the signal travel after the SA node?

A

the AV node

81
Q

Where does the signal travel after the AV node?

A

the AV bundle brances

82
Q

Where does the signal travel after the AV bundle branches?

A

the Purkinje fibers

83
Q

Where does the signal go after the Purkinje fibers?

A

through gap junctions and from cell to cell

84
Q

What does the system need to initiate contraction?

A

Calcium

85
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

86
Q

What needs to happen in order to release Ca?

A

An action potential

87
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do to HR?

A

increase

88
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves do to HR?

A

lower-vagus

89
Q

What is normal heart rhythm called?

A

sinus rhythm

90
Q

What is ectopic focus?

A

A region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node

91
Q

Does the SA node have a stable resting potential?

A

No

92
Q

What voltage does the SA node potential start? What happens to it?

A

Starts at -60 mV, drifts upwards due to slow Na influx

93
Q

When do the voltage gated fast calcium and sodium channels open?

A

at -40 mV

94
Q

When do K channels open (pacemaker)?

A

At 0 mV

95
Q

What does the SA node firing cause?

A

Heartbeat

96
Q

What does the Na/K pump require?

A

ATP

97
Q

How much Na + K does the pump pump?

A

3 Na outside the cell and 2 K in the cell

98
Q

What is the cardiocyte resting potential?

A

-90 mV

99
Q

What are the 3 phases of cardiocyte action potential?

A

Depolarization, plateau, and repolarization

100
Q

Where does the depolarization phase peak? (contractile)

A

+30 mV

101
Q

What channels open at +30 mV?

A

Slow calcium

102
Q

What channels open to cause repolarization?

A

K

103
Q

What cells are in the cardiocyte action potential?

A

contractile

104
Q

What are the 3 components of an ECG graph?

A

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

105
Q

What happens during the P wave?

A

SA node fires, atria depolarize

106
Q

What happens during the QRS complex?

A

Ventricles depolarize, atria repolarize (unseen)

107
Q

What happens during the ST segment?

A

ventricular systole

108
Q

What happens during the PR interval?

A

atrial systole

109
Q

What happens during the T wave?

A

ventricles repolarize and relax

110
Q

What causes Vfib?

A

electrical signals traveling randomly

111
Q

What condition is marked by Vfib?

A

Heart attack

112
Q

When ventricle pressure is low, what happens to the AV valves?

A

they are open

113
Q

When ventricle pressure is high, what happens to the AV valves?

A

they close and blood goes to the aortic valve (semilunar)

114
Q

What is valvular insufficiency?

A

failure of a valve to prevent regurgitation

115
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

Cusps are stiffened by scar tissue

116
Q

What is a mitral valve prolapse? Symptoms?

A

When the cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction; chest pain and shortness of breath

117
Q

What does S1 sound like?

A

lubb

118
Q

What causes S1?

A

Closure of AV valves

119
Q

What does S2 sound like?

A

dubb

120
Q

What causes S2?

A

closure of semilunar valves

121
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

122
Q

What happens in ventricular filling?

A

Ventricles expand, AV valves open, EDV is achieved (130 m/l)

123
Q

What happens in isovolumetric contraction?

A

Atria relax, ventricles begin to contract, AVs close, S1 occurs

124
Q

What happens in ventricular ejection?

A

SL valves open, stroke volume (54% of EDV), remaining blood is ESV

125
Q

What happens in isovolumetric relaxation?

A

T wave ends, ventricles expand, SL close, S2 occurs, no blood taken in

126
Q

About how long is the cardiac cycle?

A

less than a second, ~70 bpm

127
Q

What must both ventricles eject?

A

the same amount of blood

128
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

failure of either ventricle to eject blood effeciently

129
Q

What does left ventricular failure cause?

A

pulmonary edema

130
Q

What does right ventricular failure cause?

A

systemic edema

131
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

amount ejected in 1 minute

132
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

HR x SV

133
Q

What is a normal volume of blood?

A

~5 L

134
Q

What is the cardiac reserve?

A

Difference between maximum and resting CO

135
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

resting HR above 100

136
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

resting HR below 60

137
Q

What are positive chronotropic agents?

A

factors that raise HR, symp. nerves

138
Q

What are negative chronotropic agents?

A

factors that lower HR, parasymp. nerves

139
Q

What is vagal tone?

A

steady background firing rate, 70-80 bpm

140
Q

What part of the brain receives cardiac input?

A

medulla oblongata

141
Q

What is a baroreceptor? Where are they?

A

signal cardiac center, located in aorta and internal carotid arteries

142
Q

What 3 variables govern stroke volume?

A

preload, contractility, afterload

143
Q

What do preload and contractility do?

A

increase stroke volume

144
Q

What does afterload do?

A

decreases stroke volume

145
Q

What is preload?

A

amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before contraction

146
Q

What does exercise do to preload?

A

stretches myocardium and increases contraction (more stretch = harder contraction)

147
Q

What is the Frank-starling law?

A

SV is proportional to EDV

148
Q

What is contractility?

A

how hard the myocardium contracts

149
Q

What do positive inotropic agents do?

A

increase contractility

150
Q

What can hypercalcemia cause?

A

strong, prolonged contractions

151
Q

What does digitalis do?

A

raise calcium levels and contraction strength

152
Q

What do negative inotropic agents do?

A

reduce contractility

153
Q

What can hyocalcemia cause?

A

weak, irregular heartbeat

154
Q

What can hyperkalemia cause?

A

reduced strength of myocardial action potentials

155
Q

What is afterload?

A

sum of all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricle

156
Q

What is the largest part of afterload?

A

blood pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk

157
Q

What does hypertension do (afterload)?

A

increase afterload and oppose ventricular ejection

158
Q

What can also increase afterload?

A

anything that impedes arterial circulation

159
Q

What is Cor pulmonale?

A

right ventricular failure due to obstructed pulmonary circulation

160
Q

What effect does exercise have on cardiac output? Why?

A

increases, bc increase in HR and SV, ventricular hypertrophy

Anatomy (14 decks)

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