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Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the basic function of the urinary system

A
  • homeostasis
  • excrete waste
  • water balance
  • filter blood
  • activate vitamin D
  • Regulates blood pressure
  • erythropoiesis regulation
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2
Q

List the major components of the urinary system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

Define retroperitoneal as it relates to kidney

A

-external to parietal peritoneum to hold the kidneys in place

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4
Q

List the 3 protective layers of the kidney

A
  • Renal capsule (immediately surrounding kidney)
  • adipose capsule
  • renal fascia (anchors kidney to abdominal wall)
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5
Q

Describe the Hilus

A

-External concave area where blood vessels, urters enter/exits kidney

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6
Q

Describe the cortex

A

-the outer portion of the kidney

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7
Q

Describe the renal medulla

A

-the inner part of the kidney

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8
Q

Describe the pyramid

A
  • the inner medulla has triangular shaped regions
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9
Q

Describe the renal papillae

A
  • is the apex of each pyramid is a papilla (makes urine)
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10
Q

Describe the renal pelvis

A

-is the funnel like structure inside the kidney in the region of the hilus collecting urine from the pyramids

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11
Q

Describe the renal calyces

A
  • the extensions into the pyramids
  • collecing urine and empty into ureter
    • major calyx (8-18)
    • minor calyx (2-3)
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12
Q

Describe the blood flow to the kidney

A
  • there is A LOT

- via the renal arteries, about 1/5 of the cardiac output

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13
Q

Name the functional microscopic unit of the kidney and describe its specific parts

A

Nephron

  • glomerulus and glomerular capsules
  • renal tubules
    • proximal convoluted tubule
    • descending limb of the loop of nephron
    • loop of nephron
    • ascending limb of loop of nephron
    • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting ducts
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14
Q

Describe the glomerulus and the renal corpuscles

A
  • glumerulus is a netowrk of permeable blood capillaries
  • surrounded by the (bowmans) capsule
  • these two structures make the renal corpuscle
  • renal= Kidneys
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15
Q

Describe the overall nephron physiology. Define urine

A
  • Nephrons filter blood to make liquid waste (urine)
  • control blood pressure, volume, and pH
  • remove waste from the bloodstream
    • Protein metabolic waste (urea)
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16
Q

Describe glomerular filtration

A
  • Filtration occurs from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule
  • passive process
    • influenced by size of the particles and if they can fit through the process of the glomerulus
    • not based off of need
  • blood pressure in the glomerulus is the driving force
17
Q

Describe the factors that favor and oppose glomerular filtration.

A
  • glomerular hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) drives filtration
  • the opposing factors are not strong enough to oppose filtration, but include the osmotic pressure in the glomerular as well hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule
18
Q

Discuss the effects of increased blood pressure and decreased blood pressure (as in hemorrhaging) on glomerular filtration

A
  • Increased pressure increases filtration

- decrease pressure decreases filtration

19
Q

Describe active and passive tubular reabsorption and give examples

A
  • active reabsorption requires ATP, passive does not
  • Glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule to the bloodstream by active transport
  • water flows passively
20
Q

discuss the significance of an increasingly concentrated intrstitial fluid as you descend from the cortex to the medulla. Describe how this concentration is maintained.

A
  • as you descend into the medulla, the interstitial fluid is very concentrated which offers some great drawing power for pulling water out of the kidney tubules
  • the concentration is maintained by having the vasa recta operate in the countercurrent mechanism so that all the solutes are not removed from the interstitial region
  • urea adds to the interstitial concentration, as does differential permeability of the different proportions of the nephron
21
Q

Describe the reabsorption and secretion that occurs in all parts of nephron

A
  • the proximal convoluted tubule
    • most reabsorption occurs (water and nutrients)
  • descend the limb of the nephron
    • permeable to water, water reabsorbed
  • the loop
    • urea enters the loop from the interstitial region and is recycled back into urine
  • Ascending limb is permeable to salt but not h20
    • as you ascend into a weakly concentrated interstitial region, the sal will not reabsorb
  • Distal convoluted tubule
    • ADH and Aldosterone dependent
    • If ADH is present, what is reabsorbed
    • Aldosterone is present, sodium is reabsorbed and water passively flows
  • Collecting duct is also hormone dependent
    • ADH present, significant water reabsorption resulting in small amounts of highly concentrated urine
    • it gets so concentrated, that neat the bottom of the collecting duct, even urea is reabsorbed into the interstitial region
    • secretions of substances such as hydrogen ions, ammonia, and drugs occur primarily in the convoluted tubules
    • here substances can pass directly from blood stream into these tubules
22
Q

Describe juxtaglomerular apparatus. Name the enzyme made here and describe its function.

A
  • juxta=near
  • these are the cells of the wall of the distal convoluted tubule that make renin
  • Renin is an enzyme that activates angiotensinogen (leads to increased blood pressure)
23
Q

Describe the function of ADH. Where is it made and stored

A
  • ADH is made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland
  • it causes water reabsorption in the nephron
24
Q

Describe the countercurrent multiplication mechanism of the kidneys

A
  • 2 Parallel tubes running in opposite directions benefit each other
  • for example if salt is pulled out of one tube, it facilitates pulling water out of the parallel tubes
25
Q

Describe the change in urine volume and concentration as urine passes through the nephron and collecting tubule.

A
  • There is a vast decrease in volume and increase in concentration upon traveling through the proximal convoluted tubules
    • after descending limb the concentration increases and volume decreases
    • after ascending the limb, the concentration decreases and volume is unchanged
    • after DTC and collecting tubule, if ADH is present, the volume decreases and concentration increases.
26
Q

Describe the vasa recta and how it is part of the countercurrent mechanism

A
  • Vasa recta serve the limbs of the nephron

- They are parallel tubes of blood flow running in opposite direction

27
Q

Describe the function of erythropoietin and where its precursor is made

A
  • the precursor is made by the kidneys

- it stimulates RBC production

28
Q

what is the minimum daily urine volume and why?

A

-500ml urine per day is the minimum to wash your liquid waste out of your body

29
Q

Describe the location and function of the ureters and urinary bladder

A
  • Ureters run retroperitoneal from kidney to urinary bladder.
  • Function: peristalsis
  • Urinary bladder is in the pelvic cavity and functions only to store urine
  • the urine is in its final form once it leaves the collecting ducts of the nephron in the kidneys
30
Q

Urine emptying from the bladder is controlled by what two muscles

A
  • Two sphincters
  • internal smooth muscle
  • external skeletal muscle
31
Q

Define micturition. Describe the process. Explain why babies cannot control urination.

A
  • micturition is voiding urine
  • as the bladder wall stretches, it reflexively sends message to the sacral region of the spinal cord, which synapses and sends a message back to the bladder wall to contract and the internal sphincter to relax
  • at this point you have the urge to urinate, and will do so unless you voluntarily contact the external sphincter
    • the pathway from the brain to external sphincter is not yet established in babies
32
Q

Describe the location and function of the urethra. is it longer in males or females

A
  • Urethra passes from inferior bladder to external urethral orifice.
  • empties in the vulva of female and is about 1.5 inches long
  • male- passes through the penis in male and is about 8 inches long
33
Q

Describe the function of aldosterone, where is it made?

A
  • Aldosterone is made by the adrenal cortex

- it causes sodium reabsorption from the nephron and water flows passively

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

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