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Anatomy and Physiology > Introduction to human body > Flashcards

Introduction to human body Flashcards

1
Q

6 levels of structural organization of human body

A
  1. Molecular ex protein and h2o
  2. Cellular- smallest unit that has characteristics of life.
  3. Tissue- cells combining for a common function
  4. Organ- Tissues combining for a common function
  5. System
  6. Organism- human being
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2
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cell

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3
Q

osteoclasts

A

destroying old bone cells

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4
Q

osteoblast

A

forming new bone cells

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5
Q

2 methods of ossification

A
  1. intramembrane- direct, osteoblast make bone

2. endochondral (epiphyseal plate) indirect makes cartilage then turns to bone

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6
Q

Classification of bone

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
    5 Sesamoid
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7
Q

Bones increase in diameter by

A

bone remolding from osteoclats and osteoblast

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8
Q

fibrocartilage

A

strongest type, intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis holding pubic bone together

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9
Q

Describe Tonicity

A

solute difference inside and outside of a cell

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10
Q

what would happen if a RBC was in isotonic

A

no net movement of water

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11
Q

what would happen if RBC was in hypertonic

A

water would move out of cell and shrivel

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12
Q

what would happen if RBC was in hypotonic

A

water would enter cell and swell and burst

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

in balance

a) sensors=receptors (blood glucose)
b) control centers (brain)
c) effectors (responders)
d) negative and positive feedback loops

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14
Q

negative feedback loop

A

have opposite affect, horemone gland will produce more when there is a lack in body

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15
Q

positive feedback loop

A

more associated with disease, childbirth- due to horemore reaction
clotting is another example

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16
Q

cytology

A

the study of cells

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17
Q

anatomy

A

the study of body parts

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18
Q

histology

A

the study of tissue

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19
Q

Physiology

A

the study of function

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20
Q

Gross anatomy

A

with out microscope

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21
Q

endocytosis

A

a cell engulfing a substance

22
Q

milliosmole

A

unit to measure solute concentrations

23
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure necessary to oppose osmosis

24
Q

solution

A

mixture of solute and solvent

25
Q

solvent

A

substancw doing the disolving

26
Q

solute

A

dissolves into a solution

27
Q

osmosis

A

water diffusion across cell membrane

28
Q

diffusion

A

movement from high to low concentration

29
Q

selectively permeable

A

some substances can cross the cell membrane some cannot

30
Q

cell plasma membrane

A

it has a phosphlipid bilayer with protein channels scatterd throughout it

31
Q

Na+/k+ pump

A

classic example of active transport

32
Q

facilited diffusion

A

passive transport, diffusion but limited to special sites of the membrante (protein channels)

33
Q

active transport train

A

movement of a substance from low to high concentration requires ATP

34
Q

filtration

A

passive process where a substance passes through the filter based on sizw

35
Q

excocytosis

A

a cell discharges a substance from cell

36
Q

phagocytosis

A

a type of endocytosis that is cell eating

37
Q

features of the osteon

A

cylinders that run through the bone to give strength

38
Q

membrane (epithelium and connective tissue combine)

A

1) considered tissue not an organ
2) mucous membrane- lines cavities to provide moisture
3) serous membrane- permeable membrane around lungs and abdominal cavities to avoid friction
4) cutaneous membrane- skin
5) synovial membrane- joints and cavities lubrication bone friction

39
Q

how many bones are in the human skeleton

A

206

40
Q

Axail skeleton

A

cranium, spine 80 bones

41
Q

Appendicular

A

arms and legs and joints- 126

42
Q

Major body cavities

A

Dorsal (posterior) brain and spine

Ventral (anterior) thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

43
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Cranial- containing brain

Spinal- containing spinal cord

44
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Thoratic- chest, heart, lungs, diaphragm dividing
Abdominal- liver, stomach diaphragm superior boundary
Pelvic- urinary, reproductive surrounded by pelvis

45
Q

4 major types of body tissue

A

1) Epithelial- avascular, very cellular, skin, digestive lining, respiratory.
2) Muscle- Capable of contraction, skeletal, cardiac, smooth
3) nervous- Brain and nerves
4) Connective- most abondant, framework, fat tendion, bone, cartilage, blood

46
Q

basic characteristics of Cartilage (Chondr)

A 
provides support but is not rigid
chondrocytes are seperated under scope in the matrix
jelly like
collegen fibers add strenght
elastic fibers add duribility
47
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

smooth, glossy

most common, joints, nose, throat trechea ribs embry

48
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

ear

epiglottis, penna, estachian tube

49
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Strongest vertabre and pelvis anchor

50
Q

7 typical parts of long bone

A
  1. Diaphysis- shaft
    2, epiphysis- ends of bone covered in cartalige
  2. metaphysis- neck
  3. articular cartilage (at ends of bone)
  4. Periosteum- rich in osteoblast
  5. Marrow- medullary cavity
  6. endosteum- lining marrow, rich in osteoclast

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

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