Introduction to human body

Question 1

6 levels of structural organization of human body

Answer 1

1. Molecular ex protein and h2o
2. Cellular- smallest unit that has characteristics of life.
3. Tissue- cells combining for a common function
4. Organ- Tissues combining for a common function
5. System
6. Organism- human being

Question 2

osteocytes

Answer 2

mature bone cell

Question 3

osteoclasts

Answer 3

destroying old bone cells

Question 4

osteoblast

Answer 4

forming new bone cells

Question 5

2 methods of ossification

Answer 5

1. intramembrane- direct, osteoblast make bone

2. endochondral (epiphyseal plate) indirect makes cartilage then turns to bone

Question 6

Classification of bone

Answer 6

1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
   5 Sesamoid

Question 7

Bones increase in diameter by

Answer 7

bone remolding from osteoclats and osteoblast

Question 8

fibrocartilage

Answer 8

strongest type, intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis holding pubic bone together

Question 9

Describe Tonicity

Answer 9

solute difference inside and outside of a cell

Question 10

what would happen if a RBC was in isotonic

Answer 10

no net movement of water

Question 11

what would happen if RBC was in hypertonic

Answer 11

water would move out of cell and shrivel

Question 12

what would happen if RBC was in hypotonic

Answer 12

water would enter cell and swell and burst

Question 13

homeostasis

Answer 13

in balance

a) sensors=receptors (blood glucose)
b) control centers (brain)
c) effectors (responders)
d) negative and positive feedback loops

Question 14

negative feedback loop

Answer 14

have opposite affect, horemone gland will produce more when there is a lack in body

Question 15

positive feedback loop

Answer 15

more associated with disease, childbirth- due to horemore reaction
clotting is another example

Question 16

cytology

Answer 16

the study of cells

Question 17

anatomy

Answer 17

the study of body parts

Question 18

histology

Answer 18

the study of tissue

Question 19

Physiology

Answer 19

the study of function

Question 20

Gross anatomy

Answer 20

with out microscope

Question 21

endocytosis

Answer 21

a cell engulfing a substance

Question 22

milliosmole

Answer 22

unit to measure solute concentrations

Question 23

osmotic pressure

Answer 23

pressure necessary to oppose osmosis

Question 24

solution

Answer 24

mixture of solute and solvent

Question 25

solvent

Answer 25

substancw doing the disolving

Question 26

solute

Answer 26

dissolves into a solution

Question 27

osmosis

Answer 27

water diffusion across cell membrane

Question 28

diffusion

Answer 28

movement from high to low concentration

Question 29

selectively permeable

Answer 29

some substances can cross the cell membrane some cannot

Question 30

cell plasma membrane

Answer 30

it has a phosphlipid bilayer with protein channels scatterd throughout it

Question 31

Na+/k+ pump

Answer 31

classic example of active transport

Question 32

facilited diffusion

Answer 32

passive transport, diffusion but limited to special sites of the membrante (protein channels)

Question 33

active transport train

Answer 33

movement of a substance from low to high concentration requires ATP

Question 34

filtration

Answer 34

passive process where a substance passes through the filter based on sizw

Question 35

excocytosis

Answer 35

a cell discharges a substance from cell

Question 36

phagocytosis

Answer 36

a type of endocytosis that is cell eating

Question 37

features of the osteon

Answer 37

cylinders that run through the bone to give strength

Question 38

membrane (epithelium and connective tissue combine)

Answer 38

1) considered tissue not an organ
2) mucous membrane- lines cavities to provide moisture
3) serous membrane- permeable membrane around lungs and abdominal cavities to avoid friction
4) cutaneous membrane- skin
5) synovial membrane- joints and cavities lubrication bone friction

Question 39

how many bones are in the human skeleton

Answer 39

206

Question 40

Axail skeleton

Answer 40

cranium, spine 80 bones

Question 41

Appendicular

Answer 41

arms and legs and joints- 126

Question 42

Major body cavities

Answer 42

Dorsal (posterior) brain and spine

Ventral (anterior) thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

Question 43

Dorsal Cavity

Answer 43

Cranial- containing brain

Spinal- containing spinal cord

Question 44

Ventral Cavity

Answer 44

Thoratic- chest, heart, lungs, diaphragm dividing
Abdominal- liver, stomach diaphragm superior boundary
Pelvic- urinary, reproductive surrounded by pelvis

Question 45

4 major types of body tissue

Answer 45

1) Epithelial- avascular, very cellular, skin, digestive lining, respiratory.
2) Muscle- Capable of contraction, skeletal, cardiac, smooth
3) nervous- Brain and nerves
4) Connective- most abondant, framework, fat tendion, bone, cartilage, blood

Question 46

basic characteristics of Cartilage (Chondr)

Answer 46

provides support but is not rigid
chondrocytes are seperated under scope in the matrix
jelly like
collegen fibers add strenght
elastic fibers add duribility

Question 47

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 47

smooth, glossy

most common, joints, nose, throat trechea ribs embry

Question 48

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 48

ear

epiglottis, penna, estachian tube

Question 49

Fibrocartilage

Answer 49

Strongest vertabre and pelvis anchor

Question 50

7 typical parts of long bone

Answer 50

1. Diaphysis- shaft
   2, epiphysis- ends of bone covered in cartalige
2. metaphysis- neck
3. articular cartilage (at ends of bone)
4. Periosteum- rich in osteoblast
5. Marrow- medullary cavity
6. endosteum- lining marrow, rich in osteoclast