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Anatomy and Physiology > Respitory System > Flashcards

Respitory System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the organs in order and their basic function included in the respiratory system

A
  • nose nasal cavity-filtration, moisten air, warm, smell, mucus, resonate sound
  • Pharynx- tonsils (uvula)
  • laryngopharynx- made of cartilages, mucus membrane, voice
  • Trachae- rings of cartilage, branches into bronchi
  • bronchi- tree primary enters lungs, second enters each lobe, tertiary braches w/i lobe
  • Bronchioles- small, smooth muscle ends in terminal bronchiole that connect to alveoli
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2
Q

Name the bones forming the floor, roof, and walls of the nasal cavity.

A
  • palatine process of maxilla & palatine (=hard palate)
  • Nasal & frontal & ethmoid & sphenoid
  • Maxillae and Nasal Conchae
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3
Q

Name the bones and cartilage forming the nasal septum

A
  • Vomer
  • perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
  • cartilage
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4
Q

Define a paranasal sinus

A
  • Hollowed cavity in skull bone that communicates with nasal cavity.
  • Frontal, Maxilla, Ethmoid & Sphenoid bones have a sinus.
  • Sinuses serve to make mucus, lighten the skull and resonate sound
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5
Q

Name the 3 conchae and the grooves between them

A
  • Superior Conchae
  • medial Conchae
  • inferior Conchae with Superior, Middle, Inferior Meatuses
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6
Q

Describe the boundaries for each of the 3 parts of the pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx- Internal nares- soft palate
  • Oropharynx-Soft palate-hyoid
  • Laryngopharynx- Hyoid-larynx
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7
Q

Locate the tonsils in the pharynx

A
  • Adenoid aka pharyngeal tonsil (nasopharynx)
  • Palatine (Oropharynx)
  • Lingual (oropharynx)
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8
Q

Describe the function of the tonsils

A

-Lymphatic function, trapping microorganisms, making lymphocytes, fighting infection first location in body.

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9
Q

Define the adenoid and uvula

A
  • Uvula is also lymphatic tissue hanging from soft palate.

- Adenoids are the pharyngeal tonsils

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10
Q

Identify the location of the opening to the eustachian tubes

A
  • between nasopharynx and the middle ear

- function: ear pressure

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11
Q

Name the 9 cartilages of the larynx

A
  • Throid-1 (largest)
  • Epiglottis-1 (triangle flap, swallowing reflex)
  • cricoid-1 (ring inferior of larynx)
  • Arytenoid-2 (anchor vocal cords)
  • Corniculate- 2 (on artenoids, small bumps)
  • Cuneiform- 2 (posterior side)
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12
Q

Describe the function of the epiglottis

A
  • Triangle like flap of elastic cartilage for the swallowing reflex
  • Prevents choking - closes glottis when swallowing
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13
Q

Describe how sound is produced for our voice. What is the function of the ventricular folds

A
  • As you exhale, the air vibrates the vocal cords.
  • You have muscles to make the vocal cords tighter (higher tones) or looser (lower tones)
  • resonating chambers in nasal cavity & sinuses as well as tongue and lips for enunciation
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14
Q

Name the tissue that the trachea is made of

A

-Incomplete cartilaginous rings

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15
Q

Define Carina

A
  • Rings of c shaped cartilage inferior end of trachae
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16
Q

Describe the distribution of cartilage and smooth muscle in the bronchial tree

A

-As you descend the bronchial tree, the amount of cartilage decreases and amount of smooth muscle increases.

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17
Q

How many lung lobes are in each human lung

A
  • Left- 2

- Right- 3

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18
Q

Describe the mediastinum

A

-Membranous tissue surrounding all thoracic organs except lungs

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19
Q

Define visceral and parietal pleura and pleural cavity

A
  • parietal pluera- shiny lining of the thoracic cavity
  • visceral pleura- shiny lung covering
  • Plural cavity- in between with just a couple drops of ceris to prevent friction
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20
Q

Define alveoli

A
  • Tiny sac at the end of the terminal bronchioles

- where diffusion (exchanges of gases) occurs with blood vessels.

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21
Q

Describe the alveolar-capillary memebrane

A
  • 1 cell layer

- capable of diffusion

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22
Q

Describe where and how gas (co2 and o2) exchange takes place

A
  • Alveoli

- diffusion

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23
Q

Describe the overall function of the respiratory system

A

-Ventilation & gas exchange

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24
Q

Explain Boyle’s Law

A
  • Pressure in a closed container is proportional to volume of container
25
Q

Define ventilation

A

-Ventilation is moving air in and out of airways. and

26
Q

Define inspiration/ inhalation

A

-Inspiration = inhalation is moving air in

27
Q

Define expiration/exhalation

A

-expiration = exhalation is moving air out.

28
Q

Define Atomspheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, and intrapleural pressure

A
  • 760 mm/hg is the atmospheric pressure at sea level
  • intrapulmonary- volume decreased pressure increases (lower than atmospheric pressure)
  • Intrapleural- between layers to help keep lungs from collapsing (sucking) with the negative pressure
29
Q

Describe the process of inhalation and the muscles involved

A
  • The diaphragm moves inferiorly, and the ribcage (intercostal muscles) moves up and out.
  • This increases the size of the chest which increases the size of the elastic lungs.
  • This drops the intrapulmonary pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.
  • Air naturally moves along the pressure gradient and into the lungs.
30
Q

Describe expiration and forced expiration.

A
  • Expiration is passive, in that the breathing muscles relax which returns the diaphragm to a more dome shape and the ribcage moves down and in.
    • decreases the size of the chest which decreases the size of the elastic lungs.
    • increases intrapulmonary pressure to a level higher than atmospheric pressure.
  • Forced expiration is big expiration as in with exercise or a cough.
    • abdominal muscles contract & push viscera upward causing the diaphragm to move even more superiorly.
31
Q

Describe some factors that influence pulmonary air flow

A
  • F=P/R
  • Parasympathetic stimulation decreases size of airways
  • Sympathetic stimulation increases size of airways.
32
Q

Define surface tension. How does surface tension influence lung expantion

A
  • Water likes water, the alveoli are lined with water,
    • arises when like molecules are attracted to each other.
    • If the moisture in the alveoli is attracted to each other the alveolus would collapse.
  • the surface tension tends to oppose alveolar expansion.
33
Q

Explain the purpose of pulmonary surfactant and how it relates to respiratory distress in premature babies

A
  • Alveolar cells produce phospholipid surfactant that allows the alveolar sac from collapsing
  • This is one of the last things to develop in fetus
  • Pre-me could have difficulty breathing if Alveolar sac closes each time.
34
Q

Define tidal volume

A

-Volume of air in or out of lungs at rest (500ml)

35
Q

Define respiratory rate

A

-12 breaths/min at rest

36
Q

Define minute respiratory volume

A

-Tidal Volume x Resting Rate

37
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

-the extra air you could inhale after completing your quiet 500 mls of inhalation.

38
Q

Define inspiration capacity

A
  • IRV + TV

- inspiratory reserve volume+ Tidal volume

39
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

-the extra air you could possible exhale after your quiet 500 mls of exhalation

40
Q

Define residual volume

A

-the amount of air that you cannot exhale no matter how hard you try (about 1000-1200 mls) & it helps prevent lung collapse

41
Q

Define functional residual capacity

A

-ERV + RV
-Expiration reserve volume+ residual volume
(air left in lungs after exhaling quire tidal volume)

42
Q

Define vital capacity

A

VC = TV + ERV + IRV
Tidal volume+ expiratory reserve volume+ inspiratory reserve volume
max air in and out

43
Q

Define total lung capacity

A
  • Dead air volume is the functionally non useable air because it is somewhere besides your alveoli.
  • With a 500 ml breath, only about 350 mls makes it to your alveoli, leaving 150 mls in your nose, trachea ect
44
Q

Describe dead air volume

A
  • air not in alveoli, cannot extract oxygen

- With a 500 ml breath, only about 350 mls makes it to your alveoli, leaving 150 mls in your nose, trachea….

45
Q

Describe alveolar ventilation and describe the most efficient means of increasing it

A
  • Tidal Volume-Dead air volume is the amount of air reaching the alveoli. Multiply this by RR if you want a rate.
  • The most efficient means of increasing it is by taking deeper breaths - i.e. increasing tidal volume
46
Q

Describe some control mechanisms to closely match alveolar airflow and blood flow

A
  • Yes they are matched
  • pulmonary vessels constrict w low oxygen
  • respiratory passage dilate carbon dioxide high

If a section of lung is damaged & has no airflow, then the blood vessels constrict to reroute that blood to functioning areas of the lung

47
Q

Define partial pressure

A
  • Each gas in the atmosphere contributes to the entire atmospheric pressure
  • denoted as (P)
48
Q

Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the pulmonary capillaries, and between systemic capillaries and body tissue

A
  • Defusion
  • If in the alveolus you have PO2 of 105 mmHg and in the blood you have PO2 of 40, the O2 moves into the blood.
  • If a starving brain cell has a PO2 of 40 and the surrounding blood capillaries have a PO2 of 105, the O2 moves into the brain cell.
  • Same theory for CO2 exchange.
49
Q

Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood stream

A
  • hemoglobin

- 4 oxygen to one hemogloben

50
Q

Describe how the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is affected by PO2, pH, PCO2, and DPG

A
  • PO2 is the most important factor in determining if hemoglobin & oxygen are attached or dissociated.
    • As PO2 increases, more hemoglobin and oxygen are attached,
    • as PO2 decreases (like in the area of an exercising muscle that is starving for O2) then hemoglobin & oxygen dissociate so that the oxygen is available to diffuse into tissues that need it.
  • Acid pH, High PCO2 and High DPG shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right.
    • the oxygen and hemoglobin are MORE likely to dissociate in tissues that have these conditions which indicate high metabolism.
51
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide is carried in the bloodstream

A

-Some as CO2 in plasma, some attached to hemoglobin, but MOST in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-

52
Q

Explain how bicarbonate is formed from water and carbon dioxide

A
  • CO2+H2O H3Co3 h(+) + HC03 (-)

- Carbonic Acid -Bicarbonate ion

53
Q

Describe the chloride shift

A

-As bicarbonate moves out of RBC, Chloride must move in for stability (because both Chloride and Bicarbonate are negative)

54
Q

Describe the generation of the rhythmical breathing movement; include stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms

A
  • Medullary Rhythmicity (inspiratory)Area in the Medulla is the main control of breathing. It causes inspiration.
  • The only time the expiratory center needs to be active is when you forcefully exhale, (exhalation is normally passive.)
  • In the pons are 2 areas.
    • The apneustic area prolongs inspiration
    • The pneumotaxic area limits inspiration.
55
Q

Describe how arterial P02 influences alveolar ventilation

A
  • BIG drops in PO2 increase ventilation

- need to be in hypoxic in order for this to kick in (not sensitive)

56
Q

Describe how arterial PC02 influences alveolar ventilation

A
  • PCO2 is the main control of alveolar ventilation because tiny increases in PCO2 increase ventilation
  • (highly sensitive) most important control of respiration (new born helps take first breath)
57
Q

Describe how arterial pH influences alveolar ventilation

A
  • a lower pH increases ventilation

- (Not sensitive)

58
Q

Describe the effects of exercise on the respiratory system

A
  • Increase Resting Rate and Tidal Volume
  • dilated airways
  • Hemoglobin/Dissociation curve shifts to the right due to increased PCO2
  • decreased pH and increased metabolic byproducts
  • cardiovascular changes to carry the gases

Anatomy and Physiology (29 decks)

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