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1st Term > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Bean-shaped; size of a tightly clenched fist.

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

12.5 cm long, 6cm wide & 2.5cm thick; weight = 150gms

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

Right kidney is ___ than left; LM T12-L1

A

lower

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4
Q

layer of CT that surrounds each kidney.

A

Renal capsule

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5
Q

medial side of each kidney; where the renal artery and nerves enter.

A

Hilum

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6
Q

Where the renal vein, ureter and lymphatic vessels exit in the kidney.

A

Hilum

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7
Q

2 major regions of the kidney.

A

Cortex and Medulla-

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8
Q

When calyces from all the renal pyramids join

A

Renal pelvis

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9
Q

Funnel shaped structure surrounds the tip of each pyramid

A

Calyx

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10
Q

Small tube from the narrowing of the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

A

Ureter

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11
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

THE NEPHRON

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12
Q

Each kidney has approx. 1.3M

A

THE NEPHRON

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13
Q

Houses the filtration portion of the nephron.

A

Renal corpuscle

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14
Q

enlarged end of the nephron w/c serve as a double-walled chamber.

A

Bowman capsule-

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15
Q

specialized cells w/c wrap around glomerular capillaries

A

podocytes

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16
Q

tuft of capillaries lies within the Bowman capsule

A

Glomerulus

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17
Q

supplies blood to the glomerulus for filtration

A

Afferent arteriole

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18
Q

transports the filtered blood away from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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19
Q

Endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
Podocytes
Basement membrane

A

FILTRATION MEMBRANE

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20
Q

unique set of afferent arteriole cells and specialized cells

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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21
Q

cuff of specialized smooth muscle cells seen where the afferent arteriole enters the renal corpuscle.

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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22
Q

role in the regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure.

A

Renin

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23
Q

lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles next to the renal corpuscle; sensitive to changes in the levels of Na ions.

A

Macula densa

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24
Q

Water and solutes pass through the walls by diffusion
Simple squamous epithelium

A

Thin descending & ascending limb

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25
Simple cuboidal epithelium Actively transport molecules and ions across the wall of the nephron
Thick descending & ascending limb Proximal convoluted tubule
26
Types of nephron?
Cortical and Juxtamedullary
27
Small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the posterior inferior portion of the urinary bladder
Ureters
28
Hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity; stores urine
Urinary Bladder
29
what is the maximum ml the urinary bladder can hold?
1000 ml
30
triangle-shaped portion located by the opening of the ureter and urethra
trigone
31
The size of the urethra of male is __ cm, extends to the end of the penis
20 cm
32
The size of the urethra of the female is __ cm opens into the vestibule anterior to the vaginal opening
4 cm
33
At the junction of the urinary bladder and urethra Prevents urine leakage from the urinary bladder
Internal urethral sphincter
34
Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra Allows a person to voluntarily start or stop the flow of urine
External urethral sphincter
35
BLOOD FLOW TO THE KIDNEYS
Renal artery Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobular arteries Afferent arterioles Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries
36
Sorting of substances from the blood for either removal or return to blood.
URINE FORMATION
37
Where does the urine formation takes place?
in the nephrons
38
A passive process that the kidneys use to remove excess fluid and waste products out of the blood into the collecting tubules of the kidney
Filtration
39
21% of CO sent to the kidneys for filtration
Filtration
40
Pressure gradient that influences the formation of filtrate
Filtration Pressure
41
Forces fluid from the glomerular capillary across the filtration membrane into the Bowman capsule
Filtration Pressure
42
Glomerular capillary pressure - Capsular pressure - Colloid pressure = Filtration pressure
Filtration formula
43
Blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries is fairly constant
Regulation of Filtration
44
A selective, active process of reabsorbing substances from the filtrate in the renal tubules
Tubular reabsorption
45
Further concentration of filtrate Osmosis Some solutes by diffusion Where 15% of the filtrate is reabsorbed
Descending limb of the loop of Henle
46
Tries to dilute the filtrate Thin segment: (-) water, (+) solutes Thick segment: (-) water, actively transport Na+
Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
47
Removes some toxic substances from the blood
Tubular secretion
48
3 major process or urine formation
Filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion
49
Kidneys change the concentration of the body fluids
URINE CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME
50
Inc body fluid concentration→ inc water reabsorption → small volume of concentrated urine (solutes are lost, water is conserved) → dec body fluid concentration
Inc body fluid concentration
51
Dec body fluid concentration → dec water reabsorption → large volume of dilute urine (water is lost, solutes are conserved) → inc body fluid concentration
Dec body fluid concentration
52
3 major hormonal mechanism of Urine Concentration and Volume
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) mechanism Atrial natriuretic hormone
53
Sensitive to CHANGES IN BP
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
54
Initiated under low BP CONDITIONS
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
55
More sensitive to CHANGES IN BLOOD CONCENTRATION
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) mechanism
56
Stimulates by a high blood solute concentration
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) mechanism
57
↑ permeability of the FCT & collecting ducts to water
ADH
58
More water is reabsorbed from the filtrate Kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine
EFFECTS OF ADH
59
Sensitive to CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE
Atrial natriuretic hormone
60
Triggered by an increased blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic hormone
61
Papillary ducts empty urine into calyces, Calyces pass urine to the Ureter
FLOW OF URINE
62
Activated by stretch of the urinary bladder wall
MICTURITION REFLEX
63
stimulate stretch receptors in the bladder wall
MICTURITION REFLEX
64
Age of 2-3 years is the age when ability to _____ micturition develops
VOLUNTARY INHIBIT
65
Voluntarily initiation of micturition is possible when?
cerebrum sends action potentials to voluntarily relax the external urethral sphincter
66
What enhances the micturition reflex?
Voluntarily contraction of the abdominal muscles increases abdominal pressure
67
In 24 hours, about 1.0 to 1.8 liters produces
urine
68
Normal pH of the urine?
6
69
Sodium and potassium ions Urea, uric acid, creatinine Ammonia Bicarbonate ions Hydrogen
Solutes normally found in urine
70
Glucose Blood proteins Red blood cells Hemoglobin White blood cells Bile
Solutes NOT normally found in urine:
71
percentage of cardiac output that flows through the kidneys; averages 21%
renal fraction
72
rate of filtrate formed per minute; form approximately 125 mL/min of filtrate.
glomerular filtration rate
73
three forces, or pressures, determine the amount of filtrate formed:
1. Glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) 2. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) 3. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
74
site of the majority of reabsorption; diffusion of Na+ Carrier proteins that transport amino acids, glucose, and other solutes water moves by osmosis concentration of the filtrate same a
Proximal convoluted tubule
75
reabsorption of most solutes is generally under hormonal control; impermeable to water
Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
76
movement of nonfiltered substances from the blood into the filtrate
Tubular secretion
77
Urine filling → stretch receptors → action potentials → sensory neurons to the sacral segments of the spinal cord through the pelvic nerves → detrusor muscle contract
micturition reflex

1st Term (15 decks)

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