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1st Term > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Bean-shaped; size of a tightly clenched fist.

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

12.5 cm long, 6cm wide & 2.5cm thick; weight = 150gms

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

Right kidney is ___ than left; LM T12-L1

A

lower

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4
Q

layer of CT that surrounds each kidney.

A

Renal capsule

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5
Q

medial side of each kidney; where the renal artery and nerves enter.

A

Hilum

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6
Q

Where the renal vein, ureter and lymphatic vessels exit in the kidney.

A

Hilum

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7
Q

2 major regions of the kidney.

A

Cortex and Medulla-

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8
Q

When calyces from all the renal pyramids join

A

Renal pelvis

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9
Q

Funnel shaped structure surrounds the tip of each pyramid

A

Calyx

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10
Q

Small tube from the narrowing of the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

A

Ureter

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11
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

THE NEPHRON

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12
Q

Each kidney has approx. 1.3M

A

THE NEPHRON

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13
Q

Houses the filtration portion of the nephron.

A

Renal corpuscle

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14
Q

enlarged end of the nephron w/c serve as a double-walled chamber.

A

Bowman capsule-

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15
Q

specialized cells w/c wrap around glomerular capillaries

A

podocytes

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16
Q

tuft of capillaries lies within the Bowman capsule

A

Glomerulus

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17
Q

supplies blood to the glomerulus for filtration

A

Afferent arteriole

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18
Q

transports the filtered blood away from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

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19
Q

Endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
Podocytes
Basement membrane

A

FILTRATION MEMBRANE

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20
Q

unique set of afferent arteriole cells and specialized cells

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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21
Q

cuff of specialized smooth muscle cells seen where the afferent arteriole enters the renal corpuscle.

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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22
Q

role in the regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure.

A

Renin

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23
Q

lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles next to the renal corpuscle; sensitive to changes in the levels of Na ions.

A

Macula densa

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24
Q

Water and solutes pass through the walls by diffusion
Simple squamous epithelium

A

Thin descending & ascending limb

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25
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium
Actively transport molecules and ions across the wall of the nephron

A

Thick descending & ascending limb
Proximal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

Types of nephron?

A

Cortical and Juxtamedullary

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27
Q

Small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the posterior inferior portion of the urinary bladder

A

Ureters

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28
Q

Hollow, muscular container that lies in the pelvic cavity; stores urine

A

Urinary Bladder

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29
Q

what is the maximum ml the urinary bladder can hold?

A

1000 ml

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30
Q

triangle-shaped portion located by the opening of the ureter and urethra

A

trigone

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31
Q

The size of the urethra of male is __ cm, extends to the end of the penis

A

20 cm

32
Q

The size of the urethra of the female is __ cm opens into the vestibule anterior to the vaginal opening

A

4 cm

33
Q

At the junction of the urinary bladder and urethra
Prevents urine leakage from the urinary bladder

A

Internal urethral sphincter

34
Q

Skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra
Allows a person to voluntarily start or stop the flow of urine

A

External urethral sphincter

35
Q

BLOOD FLOW TO THE KIDNEYS

A

Renal artery
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries

36
Q

Sorting of substances from the blood for either removal or return to blood.

A

URINE FORMATION

37
Q

Where does the urine formation takes place?

A

in the nephrons

38
Q

A passive process that the kidneys use to remove excess fluid and waste products out of the blood into the collecting tubules of the kidney

A

Filtration

39
Q

21% of CO sent to the kidneys for filtration

A

Filtration

40
Q

Pressure gradient that influences the formation of filtrate

A

Filtration Pressure

41
Q

Forces fluid from the glomerular capillary across the filtration membrane into the Bowman capsule

A

Filtration Pressure

42
Q

Glomerular capillary pressure - Capsular pressure - Colloid pressure = Filtration pressure

A

Filtration formula

43
Q

Blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries is fairly constant

A

Regulation of Filtration

44
Q

A selective, active process of reabsorbing substances from the filtrate in the renal tubules

A

Tubular reabsorption

45
Q

Further concentration of filtrate
Osmosis
Some solutes by diffusion
Where 15% of the filtrate is reabsorbed

A

Descending limb of the loop of Henle

46
Q

Tries to dilute the filtrate
Thin segment: (-) water, (+) solutes
Thick segment: (-) water, actively transport Na+

A

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

47
Q

Removes some toxic substances from the blood

A

Tubular secretion

48
Q

3 major process or urine formation

A

Filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

49
Q

Kidneys change the concentration of the body fluids

A

URINE CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME

50
Q

Inc body fluid concentration→ inc water reabsorption → small volume of concentrated urine (solutes are lost, water is conserved) → dec body fluid concentration

A

Inc body fluid concentration

51
Q

Dec body fluid concentration → dec water reabsorption → large volume of dilute urine (water is lost, solutes are conserved) → inc body fluid concentration

A

Dec body fluid concentration

52
Q

3 major hormonal mechanism of Urine Concentration and Volume

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) mechanism
Atrial natriuretic hormone

53
Q

Sensitive to CHANGES IN BP

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

54
Q

Initiated under low BP CONDITIONS

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

55
Q

More sensitive to CHANGES IN BLOOD CONCENTRATION

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) mechanism

56
Q

Stimulates by a high blood solute concentration

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) mechanism

57
Q

↑ permeability of the FCT & collecting ducts to water

A

ADH

58
Q

More water is reabsorbed from the filtrate
Kidneys produce a small volume of concentrated urine

A

EFFECTS OF ADH

59
Q

Sensitive to CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

60
Q

Triggered by an increased blood pressure

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

61
Q

Papillary ducts empty urine into calyces, Calyces pass urine to the Ureter

A

FLOW OF URINE

62
Q

Activated by stretch of the urinary bladder wall

A

MICTURITION REFLEX

63
Q

stimulate stretch receptors in the bladder wall

A

MICTURITION REFLEX

64
Q

Age of 2-3 years is the age when ability to _____ micturition develops

A

VOLUNTARY INHIBIT

65
Q

Voluntarily initiation of micturition is possible when?

A

cerebrum sends action potentials to voluntarily relax the external urethral sphincter

66
Q

What enhances the micturition reflex?

A

Voluntarily contraction of the abdominal muscles increases abdominal pressure

67
Q

In 24 hours, about 1.0 to 1.8 liters produces

A

urine

68
Q

Normal pH of the urine?

A

6

69
Q

Sodium and potassium ions
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
Ammonia
Bicarbonate ions
Hydrogen

A

Solutes normally found in urine

70
Q

Glucose
Blood proteins
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
White blood cells
Bile

A

Solutes NOT normally found in urine:

71
Q

percentage of cardiac output that flows through the kidneys; averages 21%

A

renal fraction

72
Q

rate of filtrate formed per minute; form approximately 125 mL/min of filtrate.

A

glomerular filtration rate

73
Q

three forces, or pressures, determine the amount of filtrate formed:

A
  1. Glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) 2. Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) 3. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
74
Q

site of the majority of reabsorption; diffusion of Na+
Carrier proteins that transport amino acids, glucose, and other solutes
water moves by osmosis
concentration of the filtrate same a

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

75
Q

reabsorption of most solutes is generally under hormonal control; impermeable to water

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct

76
Q

movement of nonfiltered substances from the blood into the filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

77
Q

Urine filling → stretch receptors → action potentials → sensory neurons to the sacral segments of the spinal cord through the pelvic nerves → detrusor muscle contract

A

micturition reflex

1st Term (15 decks)

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