HEART Flashcards
1
Q
the heart, blood vessels and blood together,
A
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2
Q
a muscular organ that is essential for life because it pumps blood through body.
A
HEART
3
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
thoracic cavity between the two pleural cavities that surrounds the lungs.
4
Q
The heart is surrounded by it’s own cavity, the?
A
pericardial cavity
5
Q
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through vessels.
A
pulmonary circulation
6
Q
The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and back to the right side of the heart through vessels.
A
Systemic circulation-
7
Q
blunt, rounded point of the heart.
A
Apex
8
Q
larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart.
A
Base
9
Q
heart, trachea, esophagus and associated structures form a midline.
A
Mediastinum
10
Q
emergency procedure that maintains blood flow in the body if a person’s heart stops.
A
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
11
Q
surrounds the heart and anchors it within the mediastinum.
A
Pericardium (pericardial sac)
12
Q
2 LAYERS OF THE PERICADIUM
A
Fibrous and Serous pericardium
13
Q
outer layer of the pericardium.
Composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue.
A
Fibrous pericardium
14
Q
inner layer; Consists of flat epithelial cells with a thin layer of connective tissue.
A
Serous pericardium
15
Q
2 parts of the serous pericardium
A
parietal and visceral pericardium
16
Q
lines the fibrous pericardium.
A
Parietal pericardium
17
Q
covers the heart surface.
A
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
18
Q
located between the visceral and parietal pericardia, filled with pericardial fluid.
A
Pericardial Cavity
19
Q
- produced by serous pericardium.
- Helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardium.
A
Pericardial fluid
20
Q
An inflammation of the serious pericardium.
A
Pericarditis
21
Q
a potentially fatal condition in which fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity and compresses the heart from the outside.
A
Cardia tamponade
22
Q
Functions as reservoirs. Where blood returning from veins collects before it enters the ventricles
A
Right and Left ATRIA
23
Q
Receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
A
Right Atrium
24
Q
drain blood from the most of the body,
A
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
25
drains blood from most of the heart muscle.
Smaller Coronary Sinus
26
receives blood through the four pulmonary veins, which drain blood from the lungs.
Left Atrium
27
separated the two atria.
Interatrial Septum
28
where blood enters the atria of the heart through blood vessels.
Veins
29
1. extend from the base of the heart toward the apex.
2. Major pumping chambers.
3. Eject blood into the arteries and force it to flow through the circulatory system.
Right and left ventricle
30
Pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk.
Right Ventricle
31
pumps blood into the aorta.
Left Ventricle
32
extends around the heart; Separates the Atria from the Ventricles, and indicates the division between the right and left ventricles.
Coronary Sulcus
33
Maintained the one-way flow of blood through the heart chambers.
Heart Valves
34
Allow blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles but prevent it from flowing back into the atria.
Atrioventricular Valves
35
the AV valve between the RA and RV,
Tricuspid Valve
36
the AV valve between LA and LV.
Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
37
cone-shaped, muscular pillars.
Papillary Muscles
38
thin, strong, connective tissue rings muscle that is attached by papillary muscles.
Chordae tendineae
39
located between each ventricle and its associated great artery.
Semilunar valve
40
located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
41
located between the left ventricle and aorta.
Aortic semilunar valve
42
1. a plate of connective tissue, consists mainly of fibrous rings that surround the atrioventricular and semilunar valves.
2. Gives solid support.
3. Serves as an electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.
4. Provides rigid attachment site for cardiac muscle.
Cardiac Skeleton (fibrous skeleton)
43
provide the pathway for blood through the heart wall.
Coronary Arteries
44
drain blood from the cardiac muscle.
Cardiac Veins-
45
1. a large vein located within the coronary sulcus on the
2. posterior aspect of the heart.
Blood flows from the coronary sinus into the right atrium
Coronary Sinus
46
1. thin, serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart.
2. Consists of simple squamous epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
47
1. thick, middle layer of the heart.
2. Consists of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue.
Myocardium-
48
1. smooth, inner surface of the heart.
2. Consists of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue.
3. Allow blood to move easily through the heart.
4. Forms the heart valves.
Endocardium
49
The surfaces of the interior walls of the ventricles are modified ridges and columns of cardiac muscle.
Trabeculae carneae
50
Contain actin and myosin myofilaments; Have mitochondria; produces ATP; Cannot develop a significant oxygen deficit.
Cardiac Muscle
51
specialized end-to-end contacts.
Intercalated disks
52
specialized cell membrane structures in the intercalated disks.
Gap junctions
53
when a blood clot or thrombus suddenly blocs coronary vessel.
Coronary thrombosis (heart attack)
54
breaks own blood clots.
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
55
These thickenings in the wall of arteries can contain deposits that are high cholesterol and other lipids.
atherosclerotic plaque
56
the pain in the chest that can be felt if the person is fatigue.
Angina pectoris
57
a procedure in which a surgeon threads a small balloon through the aorta and into a coronary artery.
Angino plasty
58
a small coil device with small rotating blades and lasers; used to remove lesions from coronary vessels.
Stent
59
a surgical procedure that relieves the effect of obstructions in the coronary arteries.
Coronary bypass
60
HEART AT REST
ATRIA STIMULATED
ATRIA CONTRACT
VENTRICLES STIMULATED
VENTRICLES CONTRACT
STIMULATION OF THE HEART
61
Exhibit depolarization followed by repolarization.
ACTION POTENTIALS IN CARDIAC MUSCLE
62
lasts about as long as the plateau phase of action potential in cardiac muscle.
Refractory period
63
heart’s peacemaker.
Sinoatrial node
64
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
The bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Conduction System of the Heart
65
result of an action potential originate in an area of the heart other than the SA node.
Ectopic beat
66
an ectopic beat that may cause very small portions of the heart to contract rapidly and independently of all other areas.
Fibrillation
67
a technique used by heath professionals to stop the process of fibrillation.
2. Apple a strong chemical shock to the chest region; causes simultaneous depolarization of all cardiac muscle fibers.
Defibrillation
68
The heart is completely relaxed
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular systole continues
Ventricular diastole
CARDIAC CYCLE
69
atrium; complete the filling of the ventricles with blood.
Primer pump
70
ventricle; produces the major force that causes blood flow through the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Power Pump
71
the repetitive pumping process that begins ith the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction
Cardiac Cycle
72
contraction of the two atria.
Atrial systole
73
contraction of the two ventricles.
Ventricular Systole
74
to relaxation of the two atria.
Atrial diastole
75
relaxation of the two ventricles.
Ventricular Diastole
76
developed to listen to the sounds of the lungs and heart.
Stethoscope
77
Occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole and results from closure of the AV valves.
First sound- lubb
78
Occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole and results from closure of the semilunar valves.
Second sound- dupp
79
a heart valve that not close completely.
Incompetent valve
80
abnormal heart sounds; a result of faulty valves.
Murmurs
81
opening of the valve that is narrowed.
Stenosed
82
is the volume of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart each minute.
Cardiac output (CO)
83
is the volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts.
Stroke volume (SV)
84
is the number of times the heart contracts each minute. Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying the stroke volume times the heart rate:
heart rate (HR)
85
-mechanism contained within the heart itself.
INTRINSIC REGULATION OF THE HEART
86
the degree to which the ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole.
Preload
87
the amount of blood that returns to the heart.
Venous return
88
relationship between preload and stroke volume.
Starling's law of the heart-
89
the pressure against which the ventricles must pump blood.
Afterload
90
Includes nervous regulation and chemical regulation.
EXTRINSIC REGULATION OF THE HEART
91
nervous and chemical mechanism.
Nervous Regulation: (Baroreceptor Reflex)
92
Mechanism of the nervous system that plays an important role in regulating heart function.
Baroreceptor reflex
93
stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure in the aorta and in the wall of the internal carotid arteries, which carry blood to the brain.
Baroreceptor
94
receives and integrates action potentials from the baroreceptors.
Cardioregulatory center
95
1. Controls the action potential frequency in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the heart.
2. Influences sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal gland.
Cardioregulatory center
96
released from the adrenal gland increase the stroke volume and heart rate.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
97
increases stroke volume and heart rate.
Sympathetic stimulation
98
decreases heart rate.
Parasympathetic stimulation-
99
Emotions influence heart function by increasing ____ of the heart in response to exercise, excitement, anxiety, or anger
Sympathetic stimulation
100
by increasing ___ in response to depression.
parasympathetic stimulation
