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1st Term > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal.
Tube extending from the mouth to the anus.

A

Digestive Tract

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2
Q

Glands located outside the GI tract.

A

Accessory organs

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3
Q

Tongue and teeth
Salivary glads

A

Oral cavity/ mouth

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4
Q

Tonsils

A

Pharynx, or throat

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5
Q

The mucosa has 3 parts

A

Mucous epithelium, Lamina Propria, Muscularis Mucosa

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6
Q

Surface epithelium

A

Mucous Epithelium

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7
Q

Small amount of connective tissue

A

Lamina Propria-

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8
Q

Small smooth muscle layer

A

Muscularis Mucosa-

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9
Q

beneath the mucosa; soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics.

A

Submucosa

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10
Q

network of nerve cells.
Extend to cells in epithelial intestinal glands, stimulating their secretion.

A

Submucosal Plexus (meissner plexus)

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11
Q

Inner circular layer in the stomach

A

Muscularis

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12
Q

controls the motility of interstitial tract.
Between the two muscle layers.

A

Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach plexus)

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13
Q

outermost layer of the stomach wall contains fluid-producing cells.

A

Serosa

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14
Q

covers organs.

A

Visceral

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15
Q

covers interior surface of the body wall.

A

Parietal

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16
Q

Certain organs covered by peritoneum on only surface considered behind the peritoneum (lie against abdominal wall)

A

Retroperitoneal

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17
Q

S- Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
A- Aorta/Inferior Vena Cava
D- Duodenum (second and third segment)
P- Pancreas
U- Ureters
C- Colon (ascending and descending only)
K- Kidneys
E- Esophagus
R- Rectum

A

Retroperitoneal organs

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18
Q

connective tissue sheets that hold the abdominal organs in place.

A

Mesenteries

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19
Q

Routes by which vessels and nerves pass from body wall to organs.

A

Mesenteries

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20
Q

connects the lesser curvature of the stomac to the liver and diaphragm.

A

Lesser Omentum

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21
Q

long, double fold of mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon & posterior body wall.

A

Greater Omentum

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22
Q

contains fat to insulate, cushion and protect abdominal organs.

A

“Fatty apron”

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23
Q

continuous, coiled, hollow, muscular tube; opens at both ends.

A

Alimentary Canal

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24
Q
  1. Mechanical digestion
  2. Breaks large food particles into many small ones → larger total surface area is created → inc the efficiency of digestion
A

Mastication

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25
Q

Mucous membrane-lined cavity; Mastication

A

Oral cavity

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26
Q

protects the anterior opening.

A

Lips (labia)

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27
Q

form the lateral walls

A

Cheeks

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28
Q

forms the anterior roof.

A

Hard palate

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29
Q

fleshy projection of the soft palate.

A

Uvula

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30
Q

large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity; anteriorly attached the lingual frenulum to the floor of the mouth.

A

Tongue

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31
Q
  1. Moves food in the mouth.
  2. Helps hold the food in place during mastication
  3. Major rile in the process of swallowing
  4. Major sensory organ for taste
A

Tongue

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32
Q

separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.

A

Palate

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33
Q

Prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during chewing and swallowing.

A

palate

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34
Q

anterior part contain bone.

A

hard palate

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35
Q

posterior: skeletal muscle and connective tissue.

A

soft palate

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36
Q

Lost during childhood.

A

Primary, deciduous, milk

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37
Q

Incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

A

types of tooth

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38
Q

Adult (32)

A

Permanent or Secondary

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39
Q

enamel-covered part of the tooth; visible portion of the tooth.

A

Crown

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40
Q

enameled part of tooth below gum line.

A

Neck

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41
Q

largest region of the tooth and anchors it in the jawbone.

A

Root

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42
Q

outermost layer of anatomical crown, Non-living; Protective.

A

Enamel

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43
Q

living, cellular, calcified tissue surrounding the pulp

A

Dentin

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44
Q

filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.

A

Pulp cavity

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45
Q

hold tooth in socket.

A

Periodontal ligaments

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46
Q

dense, fibrous C.T. covered by stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Gingiva

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47
Q

largest; anterior to each ear; Serous (watery) secretion.

A

Parotid

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48
Q

along the inferior border of the mandible; mixed secretion, but more serous than mucous.

A

Submandibular

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49
Q

smallest; in the floor of the oral cavity; primarily mucous secretion

A

Sublingual

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50
Q

produce saliva

A

salivary glands

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51
Q

Helps to form bolus for swallowing

A

salivary glands

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52
Q

Muscular tube that runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm

A

esophagus

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53
Q

Anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

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54
Q

Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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55
Q

sphincters of esophagus

A

upper and lower esophageal sphincter

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56
Q

C-shaped organ; enlarged segment of the digestive tract that houses food for mixing with hydrochloric acid and other secretions

A

stomach

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57
Q

regions of the stomach

A

cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus

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58
Q

region of the stomach that is near the heart

A

cardiac region

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59
Q

region of the stomach that is the most superior part of the stomach

A

fundus

60
Q

midportion; largest part of the stomach

A

body

61
Q

2 curvatures of the stomach’s body

A

greater and lesser curvature

62
Q

funnel-shaped terminal end of the stomach’s region

A

pylorus

63
Q

3 layers of muscle in the stomach

A

Outer longitudinal layer
Middle circular layer
Inner oblique layer

64
Q

large folds of submucosa and mucosa; esp when the stomach is empty; folds disappear as the stomach is filled

A

rugae

65
Q

Temporary storage tank for food and site of food breakdown

A

stomach

66
Q

where Chemical breakdown of protein begins.

A

stomach

67
Q

openings for gastric glands. Lined with simple columnar epithelium

A

gastric pits

68
Q

produce mucus; coats and protects the stomach lining.

A

Surface mucus cells-

69
Q

produce mucus

A

Mucous neck cells

70
Q

produce regulatory chemicals

A

Endocrine cells-

71
Q

produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

A

Chief cells

72
Q

produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells-

73
Q

ingested food plus stomach secretions.

A

Chyme

74
Q

surface and neck mucous cells

A

Mucus

75
Q
  1. Viscous alkaline
  2. Protects from acidic chyme and enzyme pepsin
A

mucus

76
Q

parietal cells.

A

Intrinsic factor and HCI

77
Q

Binds with Vitamin B12 and helps it to be absorbed in the ileum.

A

Intrinsic factor

78
Q
  1. Kills bacteria (found in ingested food)
  2. Denatures proteins
  3. Helps convert pepsinogen to pepsin (optimal activity at pH 2 or less)
A

HCI

79
Q

chief cells

A

pepsin

80
Q

“get started” phase; stomach secretions are increased in anticipation of incoming food.

A

cephalic phase

81
Q

“go for it” phase, most of the stimulation of secretion occurs; activated by the presence of food in the stomach

A

GASTRIC PHASE-

82
Q

“slow down” phase, stomach secretion decreases; Chyme in the duodenum with a pH less than 2 or containing lipid inhibits gastric secretions by 3 mechanisms

A

INTESTINAL PHASE

83
Q

weak contractions which thoroughly mix ingested food with stomach secretions to form chyme.

A

Mixing waves

84
Q

Stronger contractions; force the chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter

A

Peristaltic waves-

85
Q

If the stomach empties too fast, the efficiency of digestion and absorption is reduces, and acidic gastric contents dumped into the duodenum may damage its lining.

A

STOMACH EMPTYING

86
Q

major stimulus of gastric motility and emptying is distention of the stomach wall.

A

REGULATION OF STOMACH EMPTYING

87
Q

major inhibitor of motility and emptying; stomach emptying is slower after a fatty meal due to the release of __?

A

Cholecystokinin-

88
Q

site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water

A

Small intestine

89
Q

3 divisions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

90
Q

increases surface area 600 fold.

A

Structural modifications

91
Q

tiny, fingerlike projections of the mucosa that contain capillaries and lacteals.

A

Villi

92
Q

folds of cell cytoplasmic extensions

A

Microvilli

93
Q
  • cells with microvilli, produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food
A

Absorption cells

94
Q

produce protective mucus

A

Goblet cells

95
Q

produce regulatory hormones (secretin and cholecystokinin)

A

Endocrine cells

96
Q

may help protect from bacteria (contain lysozymes)

A

Granular cells (paneth cells)

97
Q

tubular glands in mucosa at bases of villi [ secrete sucrase, maltase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin (endopeptidases and exopeptidases)]

A

Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)-

98
Q

tubular mucous glands [produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)]

A

Duodenal glands (Brunner’s glands)

99
Q

major site of nutrient absorption

A

Jejunum and Ileum

100
Q

lymphatic nodules numerous in the Ileum

A

Peyer’s patche

101
Q

where ileum meets large intestine.

A

Ileocecal junction

102
Q

glands in the small intestine that are stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin, chemical or tactile irritation of duodenal mucosa.

A

Duodenal glands

103
Q

mixing and propulsion of chyme and over short distances

A

MOVEMENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

104
Q

mix intestinal contents

A

Segmental contractions

105
Q

causes the chyme to move along the small intestine

A

Peristalsis

106
Q

Larger in diameter, but shorter in length, than the small intestine

A

Large intestine

107
Q

Extends for Ileocecal junction to anus

A

Large intestine

108
Q

Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

A

Large intestine

109
Q

Absorption of water and salts, secretion of mucus, extensive action of microorganisms are involved in the formation of feces

A

Large intestine

110
Q

saclike first part/ proximal end of the large intestine

A

Cecum

111
Q

cecum to the right colic flexure

A

Ascending colon

112
Q

right colic flexure to the left colic flexure

A

Transverse colon

113
Q

left colic flexure to the pelvis

A

Descending colon

114
Q

forms an S-shaped tube; extends medially and then inferiorly into the pelvic cavity and ends at the rectum

A

Sigmoid

115
Q

3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the colon

A

Teniae coli

116
Q

Contractions of teniae form pouches called?

A

haustra

117
Q

Mucosa has numerous straight tubular glands called?

A

crypts

118
Q

straight muscular tube, beings ath the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal.

A

Rectum

119
Q

lasts 2-3cm of the digestive tract

A

anal canal

120
Q

several strong contractions which propel the colon contents a considerable distance; Every 8-12 hours

A

Mass movements

121
Q

Feces distend the rectal wall → defecation reflex center in the sacral region of the spinal cord → internal anal sphincter relaxes → external anal sphincter opens under voluntary control → expulsion of feces

A

Defecation reflex

122
Q

Bacteria in the LI produce gases (flatus) from particular kinds of carbohydrates found in legumes and in artificial sugars like sorbitol

A

SECRETIONS of the large intestine

123
Q

in the large intestine secretions, Bacteria produce ____ which is the absorbed

A

vitamin K

124
Q

____ consists of water, undigested food (cellulose), microorganisms, sloughed-off epithelial cells.

A

Feces

125
Q

Largest internal organ of the body; weighs 1.36 kg

A

liver

126
Q

major blood vessels in the liver

A

Hepatic artery, Hepatic portal vein, Hepatic vein

127
Q

radiate out from central vein. Composed of hepatocytes

A

Hepatic cords

128
Q

between cords, contains hepatic phagocytic (Kupffer) cells

A

Hepatic sinusoids-

129
Q

between cells within cords

A

Bile canaliculus

130
Q

Bile production- 600-100 mL/day
Storage
Interconversion of nutrients
Detoxification
Phagocytosis
Synthesis of blood components

A

functions of the liver

131
Q

Small sac on the inferior surface of the liver

A

Gallbladder

132
Q

Both endocrine and exocrine

A

Pancreas

133
Q

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
Produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

A

Endocrine

134
Q
  1. groups acini (grape-like cluster)
  2. produce digestive enzymes secreted into the duodenum that break down all categories of food
A

exocrine

135
Q

Secret bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), and digestive enzymes, called pancreatic enzymes

A

PANCREATIC SECRETIONS

136
Q

lipid-digesting enzyme

A

Lipase

137
Q

getting food into the mouth

A

Ingestion

138
Q

digestive tract

A

Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

139
Q

Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

140
Q

swallowing phases

A

voluntary
pharyngeal
esophagus

141
Q

mucus
water
bile
enzymes

A

secretions of the digestive system

142
Q

lips
cheeks
hard palate
soft palate
uvula
tongue
palate
tonsils

A

parts of the mouth

143
Q

parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jujenum
ileum

144
Q

parts of the large intestine

A

ascending colon
descending colon
transverse colon
sigmoid

145
Q

chyme
mucus
pepsin
hydrochloric acid
intrinsic factor

A

secretions of the stomach

1st Term (15 decks)

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