DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Alimentary canal.
Tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
A
Digestive Tract
2
Q
Glands located outside the GI tract.
A
Accessory organs
3
Q
Tongue and teeth
Salivary glads
A
Oral cavity/ mouth
4
Q
Tonsils
A
Pharynx, or throat
5
Q
The mucosa has 3 parts
A
Mucous epithelium, Lamina Propria, Muscularis Mucosa
6
Q
Surface epithelium
A
Mucous Epithelium
7
Q
Small amount of connective tissue
A
Lamina Propria-
8
Q
Small smooth muscle layer
A
Muscularis Mucosa-
9
Q
beneath the mucosa; soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics.
A
Submucosa
10
Q
network of nerve cells.
Extend to cells in epithelial intestinal glands, stimulating their secretion.
A
Submucosal Plexus (meissner plexus)
11
Q
Inner circular layer in the stomach
A
Muscularis
12
Q
controls the motility of interstitial tract.
Between the two muscle layers.
A
Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach plexus)
13
Q
outermost layer of the stomach wall contains fluid-producing cells.
A
Serosa
14
Q
covers organs.
A
Visceral
15
Q
covers interior surface of the body wall.
A
Parietal
16
Q
Certain organs covered by peritoneum on only surface considered behind the peritoneum (lie against abdominal wall)
A
Retroperitoneal
17
Q
S- Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
A- Aorta/Inferior Vena Cava
D- Duodenum (second and third segment)
P- Pancreas
U- Ureters
C- Colon (ascending and descending only)
K- Kidneys
E- Esophagus
R- Rectum
A
Retroperitoneal organs
18
Q
connective tissue sheets that hold the abdominal organs in place.
A
Mesenteries
19
Q
Routes by which vessels and nerves pass from body wall to organs.
A
Mesenteries
20
Q
connects the lesser curvature of the stomac to the liver and diaphragm.
A
Lesser Omentum
21
Q
long, double fold of mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon & posterior body wall.
A
Greater Omentum
22
Q
contains fat to insulate, cushion and protect abdominal organs.
A
“Fatty apron”
23
Q
continuous, coiled, hollow, muscular tube; opens at both ends.
A
Alimentary Canal
24
Q
- Mechanical digestion
- Breaks large food particles into many small ones → larger total surface area is created → inc the efficiency of digestion
A
Mastication
25
Mucous membrane-lined cavity; Mastication
Oral cavity
26
protects the anterior opening.
Lips (labia)
27
form the lateral walls
Cheeks
28
forms the anterior roof.
Hard palate
29
fleshy projection of the soft palate.
Uvula
30
large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity; anteriorly attached the lingual frenulum to the floor of the mouth.
Tongue
31
1. Moves food in the mouth.
2. Helps hold the food in place during mastication
3. Major rile in the process of swallowing
4. Major sensory organ for taste
Tongue
32
separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
Palate
33
Prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during chewing and swallowing.
palate
34
anterior part contain bone.
hard palate
35
posterior: skeletal muscle and connective tissue.
soft palate
36
Lost during childhood.
Primary, deciduous, milk
37
Incisors, canines, premolars and molars.
types of tooth
38
Adult (32)
Permanent or Secondary
39
enamel-covered part of the tooth; visible portion of the tooth.
Crown
40
enameled part of tooth below gum line.
Neck
41
largest region of the tooth and anchors it in the jawbone.
Root
42
outermost layer of anatomical crown, Non-living; Protective.
Enamel
43
living, cellular, calcified tissue surrounding the pulp
Dentin
44
filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
Pulp cavity
45
hold tooth in socket.
Periodontal ligaments
46
dense, fibrous C.T. covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
Gingiva
47
largest; anterior to each ear; Serous (watery) secretion.
Parotid
48
along the inferior border of the mandible; mixed secretion, but more serous than mucous.
Submandibular
49
smallest; in the floor of the oral cavity; primarily mucous secretion
Sublingual
50
produce saliva
salivary glands
51
Helps to form bolus for swallowing
salivary glands
52
Muscular tube that runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
esophagus
53
Anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea
esophagus
54
Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
55
sphincters of esophagus
upper and lower esophageal sphincter
56
C-shaped organ; enlarged segment of the digestive tract that houses food for mixing with hydrochloric acid and other secretions
stomach
57
regions of the stomach
cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus
58
region of the stomach that is near the heart
cardiac region
59
region of the stomach that is the most superior part of the stomach
fundus
60
midportion; largest part of the stomach
body
61
2 curvatures of the stomach's body
greater and lesser curvature
62
funnel-shaped terminal end of the stomach's region
pylorus
63
3 layers of muscle in the stomach
Outer longitudinal layer
Middle circular layer
Inner oblique layer
64
large folds of submucosa and mucosa; esp when the stomach is empty; folds disappear as the stomach is filled
rugae
65
Temporary storage tank for food and site of food breakdown
stomach
66
where Chemical breakdown of protein begins.
stomach
67
openings for gastric glands. Lined with simple columnar epithelium
gastric pits
68
produce mucus; coats and protects the stomach lining.
Surface mucus cells-
69
produce mucus
Mucous neck cells
70
produce regulatory chemicals
Endocrine cells-
71
produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
Chief cells
72
produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Parietal cells-
73
ingested food plus stomach secretions.
Chyme
74
surface and neck mucous cells
Mucus
75
1. Viscous alkaline
2. Protects from acidic chyme and enzyme pepsin
mucus
76
parietal cells.
Intrinsic factor and HCI
77
Binds with Vitamin B12 and helps it to be absorbed in the ileum.
Intrinsic factor
78
1. Kills bacteria (found in ingested food)
2. Denatures proteins
3. Helps convert pepsinogen to pepsin (optimal activity at pH 2 or less)
HCI
79
chief cells
pepsin
80
“get started” phase; stomach secretions are increased in anticipation of incoming food.
cephalic phase
81
“go for it” phase, most of the stimulation of secretion occurs; activated by the presence of food in the stomach
GASTRIC PHASE-
82
“slow down” phase, stomach secretion decreases; Chyme in the duodenum with a pH less than 2 or containing lipid inhibits gastric secretions by 3 mechanisms
INTESTINAL PHASE
83
weak contractions which thoroughly mix ingested food with stomach secretions to form chyme.
Mixing waves
84
Stronger contractions; force the chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter
Peristaltic waves-
85
If the stomach empties too fast, the efficiency of digestion and absorption is reduces, and acidic gastric contents dumped into the duodenum may damage its lining.
STOMACH EMPTYING
86
major stimulus of gastric motility and emptying is distention of the stomach wall.
REGULATION OF STOMACH EMPTYING
87
major inhibitor of motility and emptying; stomach emptying is slower after a fatty meal due to the release of __?
Cholecystokinin-
88
site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water
Small intestine
89
3 divisions of the small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
90
increases surface area 600 fold.
Structural modifications
91
tiny, fingerlike projections of the mucosa that contain capillaries and lacteals.
Villi
92
folds of cell cytoplasmic extensions
Microvilli
93
- cells with microvilli, produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food
Absorption cells
94
produce protective mucus
Goblet cells
95
produce regulatory hormones (secretin and cholecystokinin)
Endocrine cells
96
may help protect from bacteria (contain lysozymes)
Granular cells (paneth cells)
97
tubular glands in mucosa at bases of villi [ secrete sucrase, maltase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin (endopeptidases and exopeptidases)]
Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)-
98
tubular mucous glands [produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)]
Duodenal glands (Brunner’s glands)
99
major site of nutrient absorption
Jejunum and Ileum
100
lymphatic nodules numerous in the Ileum
Peyer’s patche
101
where ileum meets large intestine.
Ileocecal junction
102
glands in the small intestine that are stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin, chemical or tactile irritation of duodenal mucosa.
Duodenal glands
103
mixing and propulsion of chyme and over short distances
MOVEMENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
104
mix intestinal contents
Segmental contractions
105
causes the chyme to move along the small intestine
Peristalsis
106
Larger in diameter, but shorter in length, than the small intestine
Large intestine
107
Extends for Ileocecal junction to anus
Large intestine
108
Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Large intestine
109
Absorption of water and salts, secretion of mucus, extensive action of microorganisms are involved in the formation of feces
Large intestine
110
saclike first part/ proximal end of the large intestine
Cecum
111
cecum to the right colic flexure
Ascending colon
112
right colic flexure to the left colic flexure
Transverse colon
113
left colic flexure to the pelvis
Descending colon
114
forms an S-shaped tube; extends medially and then inferiorly into the pelvic cavity and ends at the rectum
Sigmoid
115
3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the colon
Teniae coli
116
Contractions of teniae form pouches called?
haustra
117
Mucosa has numerous straight tubular glands called?
crypts
118
straight muscular tube, beings ath the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal.
Rectum
119
lasts 2-3cm of the digestive tract
anal canal
120
several strong contractions which propel the colon contents a considerable distance; Every 8-12 hours
Mass movements
121
Feces distend the rectal wall → defecation reflex center in the sacral region of the spinal cord → internal anal sphincter relaxes → external anal sphincter opens under voluntary control → expulsion of feces
Defecation reflex
122
Bacteria in the LI produce gases (flatus) from particular kinds of carbohydrates found in legumes and in artificial sugars like sorbitol
SECRETIONS of the large intestine
123
in the large intestine secretions, Bacteria produce ____ which is the absorbed
vitamin K
124
____ consists of water, undigested food (cellulose), microorganisms, sloughed-off epithelial cells.
Feces
125
Largest internal organ of the body; weighs 1.36 kg
liver
126
major blood vessels in the liver
Hepatic artery, Hepatic portal vein, Hepatic vein
127
radiate out from central vein. Composed of hepatocytes
Hepatic cords
128
between cords, contains hepatic phagocytic (Kupffer) cells
Hepatic sinusoids-
129
between cells within cords
Bile canaliculus
130
Bile production- 600-100 mL/day
Storage
Interconversion of nutrients
Detoxification
Phagocytosis
Synthesis of blood components
functions of the liver
131
Small sac on the inferior surface of the liver
Gallbladder
132
Both endocrine and exocrine
Pancreas
133
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
Produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
Endocrine
134
1. groups acini (grape-like cluster)
2. produce digestive enzymes secreted into the duodenum that break down all categories of food
exocrine
135
Secret bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), and digestive enzymes, called pancreatic enzymes
PANCREATIC SECRETIONS
136
lipid-digesting enzyme
Lipase
137
getting food into the mouth
Ingestion
138
digestive tract
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
139
Accessory Organs of the Digestive System
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
140
swallowing phases
voluntary
pharyngeal
esophagus
141
mucus
water
bile
enzymes
secretions of the digestive system
142
lips
cheeks
hard palate
soft palate
uvula
tongue
palate
tonsils
parts of the mouth
143
parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jujenum
ileum
144
parts of the large intestine
ascending colon
descending colon
transverse colon
sigmoid
145
chyme
mucus
pepsin
hydrochloric acid
intrinsic factor
secretions of the stomach
