REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Gametogenesis
Fertilization
Development and nourishment of a new individual
Production of reproductive hormones
A
FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEN
2
Q
Prophase 1
Synapsis, Crossing over
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 2
A
Meiosis 1
3
Q
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
A
Meiosis II
4
Q
Type of cell division specialized for Sexual reproduction.
A
MEIOSIS PROCESS
5
Q
Saclike structure containing the testes.
Helps the testes warm.
A
SCROTUM
6
Q
causing the skin of the muscle become firm and wrinkled and reducing its overall size.
A
Dartos muscle
7
Q
contracts and help pull the testes nearer the body.
A
Cremaster muscles
8
Q
The response of the Dartos and Cremaster muscles are important because sperm cells are very ___ and do not develop normally if the testes become to warm or too cool.
A
temperature-sensitive
9
Q
small, oval-shaped organs, within the scrotum both exocrine and endocrine glands
A
TESTES
10
Q
major exocrine secretion of the testes is?
A
sperm cells
11
Q
major endocrine of the testes is?
A
testosterone
12
Q
the tough fibrous layer of connective tissue that surrounds the corpora cavernosa of the penis
A
tunica albuginea
13
Q
where sperm cells develop
A
seminiferous tubules
14
Q
secrete testosterone
A
interstitial (Leydig) cells
15
Q
3 genital ducts of the testes
A
tubuli recti, rete testis, efferent ductules
16
Q
Formation of the sperm cells.
A
SPERMATOGENESIS
17
Q
Takes ____ for sperm to produce.
A
74 days
18
Q
divide and differentiate during spermatogenesis from sperm cells.
A
Germ cells-
19
Q
large, extend from the periphery to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
A
Sustentacular (sertoli) cells
20
Q
STEPS IN SPERMATOGENESIS
A
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Sperm cell/ Spermatozoon
21
Q
where does the spermatogenesis located?
A
around the lumen of seminiferous tubules
22
Q
vesicle anterior to the nucleus; contains enzymes that are released during the process of fertilization and are necessary for the sperm to penetrate the oocyte (egg cell).
A
Acrosome
23
Q
process of semen ejaculation
A
seminiferous tubules → tubuli recti → rete testis → epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra
24
Q
comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testis; final maturation of the sperm happens.
A
Epididymis
25
seminiferous tubule; empties into efferent ductules.
Rete testis-
26
carry sperm from the testis to tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that form a comma-shaped structure on the epididymis.
Efferent ductules
27
Tube that carries sperm from the testis into the body cavity of the male.
Ductus Deferens
28
total length of ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct
45cm
29
short ducts extend from the seminal vesicle to the ampulla of the ducts deferens
Ejaculatory duct
30
enters the prostate gland and joins the urethra
Ejaculatory duct
31
20cm; passageway for both urine and reproductive fluids
Urethra
32
passes through the prostate gland.
Prostatic urethra
33
passes through the floor of the pelvis and surrounded by external urinary sphincter.
Membranous urethra
34
extends length of the penis and open its end.
Spongy Urethra
35
Male copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from male to female.
PENIS
35
Male copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from male to female.
PENIS
36
two columns of erectile tissue form the dorsal portions and the sides of the penis.
Corpora cavernosa-
37
third smaller erectile column occupies the ventral portion of the penis.
Corpus spongiosum
38
distal end of the penis; cap.
Glans penis
39
loose fold of the skin.
Prepuce (foreskin)
40
exocrine glands that secrete material into the ducts of the male reproductive tract.
Accessory glands
41
Thick, mucus like secretions, fructose, citric acid,other nutrients.
Nourishment of sperm cells
Coagulation of semen
Movement of Sperm cells
Seminal vesicle-
42
Thik, milky, alkaline secretion
Regulate pH
Aid in sperm cell to oocyte
Prostate gland
43
pair of small, mucus-secreting glands located near the base of the penis.
Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
44
sperm cells and secretions from the accessory glands
Semen
45
Released from neurons in the hypothalamus and travels to the anterior pituitary gland.
GnRH
46
Influences the function of the gonads.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Gonadotropins
47
Interstitial cell in the testes; secrete testosterone.
Luteinizing Hormone
48
Sustentacular cells in the seminiferous tubules; promotes sperm cell development
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
49
Has a stimulatory effect on the sustentacular cels of seminiferous tubules.
Development of reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics.
Testosterone
50
Has a negative-feedback effect on the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.
Inhibin
51
movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic secretions, seminal vesicle secretions into the prostatic membranous and spongy urethra.
Emission
52
forceful explosion of the secretions that have accumulated in the urethra to the exterior
Ejaculation
53
Sensations, normally interpreted as pleasurable, occur during the male sex act and result in an intense sensations.
Orgasm
54
penis becomes flaccid, and overall feeling of satisfaction exists, and male is unable to achieve erection and second ejaculation.
Resolution
55
small organ suspended in the pelvic cavity by two ligaments; FEMALE GONADS.
Ovaries
56
extends from each ovary to the lateral body wall.
Suspensory ligament
57
attached the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus
Ovarian ligament
58
broad ligament by folds of peritoneum
Mesovarium
59
contain oocyte
Ovarian follicles
60
the female reproductive cell.
Oocyte
61
extend from the area of the ovaries to the uterus; receive secondary oocyte.
Uterine tubes (fallopian tube)
62
long, thin process surrounding the opening of each uterine tube.
Fimbriae
63
where fertilization occurs.
Ampulla
64
uterine wall.
Implantation
65
Oriented in the pelvic cavity with the larger, rounded part directed superiorly,
Uterus
66
uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes.
Fundus
67
main part of the uterus.
Body
68
narrower part directed inferiorly.
Cervix
69
continues through cervix.
Uterine cavity-
70
opens into the vagina.
Cervical canal
71
serous layer; formed from visceral layer
Endometrium
72
simple columnar epithelial cells with an underlying connective tissue; superficial part is sloughed off during menstruation.
Endometrium
73
female organ of copulation; receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
Vagina
74
- consists of vestibule and it’s rounding structures.
Vulva (pudendum)
75
thin border of the vestibule longitudinal skin folds.
Labia minora
76
small erectile structure; made up of erectile tissues.
Clitoris
77
2 labia minora.
Prepuce
78
Produce a lubricating fluid helps maintain the moistness of the vestibule.
Greater vestibular glands
79
rounded folds of the skin.
Labia majora
80
elevation of tissues over the pubic symphisis.
Mons pubis-
81
space between the labia majora.
Pudendal cleft
82
area between the thighs.
Clinical perineum
83
organs of the milk production and are located in the breasts.
Mammary gland
84
pigmented area; surrounds the nipple.
Areola
85
opens independently to the surface of the nipple.
Lactiferous duct
86
milk producing, or lactating mammary gland.
Alveoli
87
surrounds the alveoli and contract t expel milk from the alveoli,
Myoepithelial cells
88
spreads out on both sides of the uterus and attaches to the ovaries and uterine tubes.
Broad ligament
89
extends ovary to the lateral body wall.
Suspensory ligament
90
attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus.
Ovarian ligament-
91
Where ovarian arteries, veins and nerves transverse the suspensory ligament and enter the ovary.
Mesovarium
92
contains oocyte.
Ovarian follicles-
93
process of gamete production in females.
Oogenesis
94
cells from which oocytes develop.
Oogonia
95
sperm cell binds to a plasma membrane and penetrates the plasma membrane of a secondary oocyte.
Filtration
96
primary oocyte + granulosa cells
Primordial follicle
97
Puberty; Zonna pellucids
Primary follicles-
98
Vescicle form among the granulosa cells, theca forms
Secondary follicle
99
antrum fluid filled chamber
Mature follicle (Graafian follicle
100
corpus luteum, corpus albicans
Fate of the Follivle
101
menstrual bleeding
Menarche
102
Between ages 11-13 and completed by age 16.
Menarche- menstrual bleeding
Increasing rate of estrogen and progesterone secretion by the ovaries
Reproductive organs begin to enlarge
Pubic and axillary hair growth.
FEMALE PUBERTY CHANGES
103
Cyclic changes in sexually mature, nonpregnant females
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
104
regular events that occur in the ovaries of sexually mature, non pregnant women during the menstrual cycle.
Ovarian Cycle
105
2 phases of ovarian cycle
follicular and luteal phase
106
changes that occur primarily in the endometrium of the uterus during the menstrual cycle;
Uterine Cycle
107
3 phases of uterine cycle
menses, proliferative, secretory phases
107
3 phases of uterine cycle
menses, proliferative, secretory phases
108
Stimulates secretion in LH and FSH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones
109
Causes follicles to complete maturation and undergo ovulation; causes ovulation; causes the ovulated follicle to become the corpus luteum
Luteinizing Hormone
110
Causes follicles to begin development
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
111
1. Proliferation of endometrial cells
2. Development of mammary glands (especially duct systems)
3. Positive feedback before ovulation, resulting in increased LH and FSH secretion; negative feedback with progesterone on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after ovulation, resulting in decreased LH and FSH secretion
Estrogen
112
1. Enlargement of endometrial cells and secretion of fluid from uterine glands; maintenance of pregnant state
2. Development of mammary glands (especially alveoli)
3. Negative feedback, with estrogen, on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after ovulation, resulting in decreased LH and FSH secretion
4. Secondary sexual characteristics
Progesterone
113
Contraction of uterine smooth muscle and contraction of cells in the breast, resulting in milk letdown in lactating women
Oxytocin
114
Maintains corpus luteum and increases its rate of progesterone secretion during the first one-third (first trimester) of pregnancy; increases testosterone production in testes of male fetuses
Human chorionic gonadotropin
115
1. The Female sex drive, no refractory period
2. The erectile tissue become engorged as autonomic nerves are stimulated causing the glands to secrete mucus and lubricating fluids
FEMALE SEX ACT
116
1. 40–50 years old; cessation of menstrual cycles.
2. gradual changes in response to the reduced amount of estrogen and progesterone.
MENOPAUSE
117
size and weight of the testes decrease
sperm cell production is reduced
Erectile dysfunction increases
decreases in the frequency of sexual activity
reproductive aging effects in men
118
menopause
uterus decreases in size, and the endometrium decreases in thickness
vaginal wall becomes thinner and less elastic
reproductive aging effects in female
119
Hair distribution
Skin texture
Body fat distribution
Skeletal muscle growth
Changes in larynx
Secondary sexual characteristics of testosterone
120
MALE HORMONES
Gonadotrophin-releasing Hormone
Gonadotropins
Luteinizing Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Testosterone
Inhibin
121
FEMALE HORMONES
Gonadotrophin- releasing hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Oxytocin
Human Chronic gonadotropin
122
spermatic cord consists of?
ductus deferens
testicular artery
testicular veins
testicular nerve
123
what forms the ejaculatory duct?
seminal vesicle and ampulla of ductus deferens
124
divide the mitosis
Spermatogonia
125
divide meiosis
Primary spermatocytes
126
last phase of spermatogenesis
Spermatids
