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1st Term > REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Gametogenesis
Fertilization
Development and nourishment of a new individual
Production of reproductive hormones

A

FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEN

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2
Q

Prophase 1
Synapsis, Crossing over
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 2

A

Meiosis 1

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3
Q

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

A

Meiosis II

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4
Q

Type of cell division specialized for Sexual reproduction.

A

MEIOSIS PROCESS

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5
Q

Saclike structure containing the testes.
Helps the testes warm.

A

SCROTUM

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6
Q

causing the skin of the muscle become firm and wrinkled and reducing its overall size.

A

Dartos muscle

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7
Q

contracts and help pull the testes nearer the body.

A

Cremaster muscles

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8
Q

The response of the Dartos and Cremaster muscles are important because sperm cells are very ___ and do not develop normally if the testes become to warm or too cool.

A

temperature-sensitive

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9
Q

small, oval-shaped organs, within the scrotum both exocrine and endocrine glands

A

TESTES

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10
Q

major exocrine secretion of the testes is?

A

sperm cells

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11
Q

major endocrine of the testes is?

A

testosterone

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12
Q

the tough fibrous layer of connective tissue that surrounds the corpora cavernosa of the penis

A

tunica albuginea

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13
Q

where sperm cells develop

A

seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

secrete testosterone

A

interstitial (Leydig) cells

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15
Q

3 genital ducts of the testes

A

tubuli recti, rete testis, efferent ductules

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16
Q

Formation of the sperm cells.

A

SPERMATOGENESIS

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17
Q

Takes ____ for sperm to produce.

A

74 days

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18
Q

divide and differentiate during spermatogenesis from sperm cells.

A

Germ cells-

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19
Q

large, extend from the periphery to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

A

Sustentacular (sertoli) cells

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20
Q

STEPS IN SPERMATOGENESIS

A

Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Sperm cell/ Spermatozoon

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21
Q

where does the spermatogenesis located?

A

around the lumen of seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

vesicle anterior to the nucleus; contains enzymes that are released during the process of fertilization and are necessary for the sperm to penetrate the oocyte (egg cell).

A

Acrosome

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23
Q

process of semen ejaculation

A

seminiferous tubules → tubuli recti → rete testis → epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

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24
Q

comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testis; final maturation of the sperm happens.

A

Epididymis

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25
Q

seminiferous tubule; empties into efferent ductules.

A

Rete testis-

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26
Q

carry sperm from the testis to tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that form a comma-shaped structure on the epididymis.

A

Efferent ductules

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27
Q

Tube that carries sperm from the testis into the body cavity of the male.

A

Ductus Deferens

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28
Q

total length of ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct

A

45cm

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29
Q

short ducts extend from the seminal vesicle to the ampulla of the ducts deferens

A

Ejaculatory duct

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30
Q

enters the prostate gland and joins the urethra

A

Ejaculatory duct

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31
Q

20cm; passageway for both urine and reproductive fluids

A

Urethra

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32
Q

passes through the prostate gland.

A

Prostatic urethra

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33
Q

passes through the floor of the pelvis and surrounded by external urinary sphincter.

A

Membranous urethra

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34
Q

extends length of the penis and open its end.

A

Spongy Urethra

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35
Q

Male copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from male to female.

A

PENIS

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35
Q

Male copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from male to female.

A

PENIS

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36
Q

two columns of erectile tissue form the dorsal portions and the sides of the penis.

A

Corpora cavernosa-

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37
Q

third smaller erectile column occupies the ventral portion of the penis.

A

Corpus spongiosum

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38
Q

distal end of the penis; cap.

A

Glans penis

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39
Q

loose fold of the skin.

A

Prepuce (foreskin)

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40
Q

exocrine glands that secrete material into the ducts of the male reproductive tract.

A

Accessory glands

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41
Q

Thick, mucus like secretions, fructose, citric acid,other nutrients.
Nourishment of sperm cells
Coagulation of semen
Movement of Sperm cells

A

Seminal vesicle-

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42
Q

Thik, milky, alkaline secretion
Regulate pH
Aid in sperm cell to oocyte

A

Prostate gland

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43
Q

pair of small, mucus-secreting glands located near the base of the penis.

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands

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44
Q

sperm cells and secretions from the accessory glands

A

Semen

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45
Q

Released from neurons in the hypothalamus and travels to the anterior pituitary gland.

A

GnRH

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46
Q

Influences the function of the gonads.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Gonadotropins

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47
Q

Interstitial cell in the testes; secrete testosterone.

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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48
Q

Sustentacular cells in the seminiferous tubules; promotes sperm cell development

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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49
Q

Has a stimulatory effect on the sustentacular cels of seminiferous tubules.
Development of reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics.

A

Testosterone

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50
Q

Has a negative-feedback effect on the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Inhibin

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51
Q

movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic secretions, seminal vesicle secretions into the prostatic membranous and spongy urethra.

A

Emission

52
Q

forceful explosion of the secretions that have accumulated in the urethra to the exterior

A

Ejaculation

53
Q

Sensations, normally interpreted as pleasurable, occur during the male sex act and result in an intense sensations.

A

Orgasm

54
Q

penis becomes flaccid, and overall feeling of satisfaction exists, and male is unable to achieve erection and second ejaculation.

A

Resolution

55
Q

small organ suspended in the pelvic cavity by two ligaments; FEMALE GONADS.

A

Ovaries

56
Q

extends from each ovary to the lateral body wall.

A

Suspensory ligament

57
Q

attached the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus

A

Ovarian ligament

58
Q

broad ligament by folds of peritoneum

A

Mesovarium

59
Q

contain oocyte

A

Ovarian follicles

60
Q

the female reproductive cell.

A

Oocyte

61
Q

extend from the area of the ovaries to the uterus; receive secondary oocyte.

A

Uterine tubes (fallopian tube)

62
Q

long, thin process surrounding the opening of each uterine tube.

A

Fimbriae

63
Q

where fertilization occurs.

A

Ampulla

64
Q

uterine wall.

A

Implantation

65
Q

Oriented in the pelvic cavity with the larger, rounded part directed superiorly,

A

Uterus

66
Q

uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes.

A

Fundus

67
Q

main part of the uterus.

A

Body

68
Q

narrower part directed inferiorly.

A

Cervix

69
Q

continues through cervix.

A

Uterine cavity-

70
Q

opens into the vagina.

A

Cervical canal

71
Q

serous layer; formed from visceral layer

A

Endometrium

72
Q

simple columnar epithelial cells with an underlying connective tissue; superficial part is sloughed off during menstruation.

A

Endometrium

73
Q

female organ of copulation; receives the penis during sexual intercourse.

A

Vagina

74
Q
  • consists of vestibule and it’s rounding structures.
A

Vulva (pudendum)

75
Q

thin border of the vestibule longitudinal skin folds.

A

Labia minora

76
Q

small erectile structure; made up of erectile tissues.

A

Clitoris

77
Q

2 labia minora.

A

Prepuce

78
Q

Produce a lubricating fluid helps maintain the moistness of the vestibule.

A

Greater vestibular glands

79
Q

rounded folds of the skin.

A

Labia majora

80
Q

elevation of tissues over the pubic symphisis.

A

Mons pubis-

81
Q

space between the labia majora.

A

Pudendal cleft

82
Q

area between the thighs.

A

Clinical perineum

83
Q

organs of the milk production and are located in the breasts.

A

Mammary gland

84
Q

pigmented area; surrounds the nipple.

A

Areola

85
Q

opens independently to the surface of the nipple.

A

Lactiferous duct

86
Q

milk producing, or lactating mammary gland.

A

Alveoli

87
Q

surrounds the alveoli and contract t expel milk from the alveoli,

A

Myoepithelial cells

88
Q

spreads out on both sides of the uterus and attaches to the ovaries and uterine tubes.

A

Broad ligament

89
Q

extends ovary to the lateral body wall.

A

Suspensory ligament

90
Q

attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus.

A

Ovarian ligament-

91
Q

Where ovarian arteries, veins and nerves transverse the suspensory ligament and enter the ovary.

A

Mesovarium

92
Q

contains oocyte.

A

Ovarian follicles-

93
Q

process of gamete production in females.

A

Oogenesis

94
Q

cells from which oocytes develop.

A

Oogonia

95
Q

sperm cell binds to a plasma membrane and penetrates the plasma membrane of a secondary oocyte.

A

Filtration

96
Q

primary oocyte + granulosa cells

A

Primordial follicle

97
Q

Puberty; Zonna pellucids

A

Primary follicles-

98
Q

Vescicle form among the granulosa cells, theca forms

A

Secondary follicle

99
Q

antrum fluid filled chamber

A

Mature follicle (Graafian follicle

100
Q

corpus luteum, corpus albicans

A

Fate of the Follivle

101
Q

menstrual bleeding

A

Menarche

102
Q

Between ages 11-13 and completed by age 16.
Menarche- menstrual bleeding
Increasing rate of estrogen and progesterone secretion by the ovaries
Reproductive organs begin to enlarge
Pubic and axillary hair growth.

A

FEMALE PUBERTY CHANGES

103
Q

Cyclic changes in sexually mature, nonpregnant females

A

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

104
Q

regular events that occur in the ovaries of sexually mature, non pregnant women during the menstrual cycle.

A

Ovarian Cycle

105
Q

2 phases of ovarian cycle

A

follicular and luteal phase

106
Q

changes that occur primarily in the endometrium of the uterus during the menstrual cycle;

A

Uterine Cycle

107
Q

3 phases of uterine cycle

A

menses, proliferative, secretory phases

107
Q

3 phases of uterine cycle

A

menses, proliferative, secretory phases

108
Q

Stimulates secretion in LH and FSH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormones

109
Q

Causes follicles to complete maturation and undergo ovulation; causes ovulation; causes the ovulated follicle to become the corpus luteum

A

Luteinizing Hormone

110
Q

Causes follicles to begin development

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

111
Q
  1. Proliferation of endometrial cells
  2. Development of mammary glands (especially duct systems)
  3. Positive feedback before ovulation, resulting in increased LH and FSH secretion; negative feedback with progesterone on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after ovulation, resulting in decreased LH and FSH secretion
A

Estrogen

112
Q
  1. Enlargement of endometrial cells and secretion of fluid from uterine glands; maintenance of pregnant state
  2. Development of mammary glands (especially alveoli)
  3. Negative feedback, with estrogen, on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary after ovulation, resulting in decreased LH and FSH secretion
  4. Secondary sexual characteristics
A

Progesterone

113
Q

Contraction of uterine smooth muscle and contraction of cells in the breast, resulting in milk letdown in lactating women

A

Oxytocin

114
Q

Maintains corpus luteum and increases its rate of progesterone secretion during the first one-third (first trimester) of pregnancy; increases testosterone production in testes of male fetuses

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

115
Q
  1. The Female sex drive, no refractory period
  2. The erectile tissue become engorged as autonomic nerves are stimulated causing the glands to secrete mucus and lubricating fluids
A

FEMALE SEX ACT

116
Q
  1. 40–50 years old; cessation of menstrual cycles.
  2. gradual changes in response to the reduced amount of estrogen and progesterone.
A

MENOPAUSE

117
Q

size and weight of the testes decrease
sperm cell production is reduced
Erectile dysfunction increases
decreases in the frequency of sexual activity

A

reproductive aging effects in men

118
Q

menopause
uterus decreases in size, and the endometrium decreases in thickness
vaginal wall becomes thinner and less elastic

A

reproductive aging effects in female

119
Q

Hair distribution
Skin texture
Body fat distribution
Skeletal muscle growth
Changes in larynx

A

Secondary sexual characteristics of testosterone

120
Q

MALE HORMONES

A

Gonadotrophin-releasing Hormone
Gonadotropins
Luteinizing Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Testosterone
Inhibin

121
Q

FEMALE HORMONES

A

Gonadotrophin- releasing hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Oxytocin
Human Chronic gonadotropin

122
Q

spermatic cord consists of?

A

ductus deferens
testicular artery
testicular veins
testicular nerve

123
Q

what forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

seminal vesicle and ampulla of ductus deferens

124
Q

divide the mitosis

A

Spermatogonia

125
Q

divide meiosis

A

Primary spermatocytes

126
Q

last phase of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatids

1st Term (15 decks)

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