Lymphatic System Flashcards
microorganisms that cause disease or damage to tissues.
Pathogen
protects the body. Does not circulate fluid, but carries it in one direction (tissues to circulatory system).
Lymphatic System
27L of pass from interstitial spaces back to blood capillaries.
Lymph: excess 3L of fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries.
Edema: caused by Lymph remaining in interstitial spaces.
Maintenance of Fluid Balance
Lacteals: lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine that absorb lipids & other substances.
Chyle: lymph that appears white due to lipid content.
Lipid Absorption
Spleen: filters pathogens from blood.
Lymph nodes: filters pathogens from lymph.
Defense
caused by Lymph remaining in interstitial spaces.
Edema
excess 3L of fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries.
Lymph
lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine that absorb lipids & other substances.
Lacteals
lymph that appears white due to lipid content.
Chyle
filters pathogens from blood.
Spleen
filters pathogens from lymph.
Lymph Nodes
lymphatic capillaries joined together which appear beaded due to presence of one way-valves.
Lymphatic Vessels
consist of LV from the right upper limb, right half of head neck and chest. It empties into the right subclavian vein.
Right Lymphatic Duct
LV from the rest of the body. Empty into the left subclavian vein.
Thoracic Duct
- tiny, close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium.
- Very permeable due to lack of basement membrane.
- Overlapping squamous cells prevent backflow of fluid.
Lymphatic Capillaries
houses lymphocytes and other defense cells (i.e macrophages). It has very fine reticular fibers.
Lymphatic tissue
cells that originate in Red bone marrow, which responds to pathogens by dividing and increasing in number.
Lymphocytes
forms protective ring of lymphatic tissue.
Tonsils
aka “the tonsils”, located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity.
Palatine Tonsils
near the internal opening of the nasal cavity.
Pharyngeal Tonsil
enlarged pharyngeal tonsil.
Adenoid
removal of pharyngeal tonsil.
Adenoidectomy
on the posterior surface of the tongue. Infected less often. Difficult to remove.
Lingual Tonsil
rounded structures.
Lymph nodes
- Inguinal nodes in the groin
- Axillary nodes in the axilla/armpit
- Cervical nodes in the neck
Superficial Lymph nodes
dense aggregations of tissue.
Lymphatic nodules
spaces between lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages.
Lymphatic sinuses
lymphatic nodules w/ rapidly dividing lymphocytes.
Germinal Centers
- Activate the immune system.
- Remove pathogens from lymph through macrophages.
2 functions of lymph nodes
filters pathogens from blood. Cells detect foreign substances in the blood and destroy old & damaged RBC. Also functions as a blood reservoir.
Spleen
2 compartments of the Spleen
White pulp and Red Pulp
a compartment of the spleen that surrounds arteries
White pulp
A compartment of the spleen that is associated w/ veins. Removes foreign substances and worn-out RBC through phagocytosis.
Red pulp
removal of spleen.
Splenectomy
bilobed gland located in the superior mediastinum. Site of maturation of T-cells.
Thymus
A part of the Thymus that has darker-staining areas w/ numerous lymphocytes, near capsule and trabeculae.
Cortex
A part of the Thymus that has lighter-staining, central portion of lobules, containing fewer lymphocytes.
Medulla
produced in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus.
T cells
produced and mature in red bone marrow.
B-cells
The ability to resist damage from pathogens.
Immunity
response is the same at every exposure. Does not involve specificity & memory.
Innate immunity
An innate immunity; skin and mucous membrane.
physical barriers
An innate immunity; lysozyme, Cytokines, Complement, Interferons
chemical mediators act directly or indirectly to destroy pathogens
An innate immunity; Neutrophils, Macrophages, Basophils and Mast Cells, Eosinophils, Natural Killer Cells
WBCs fight against pathogens
This Immunity does Inflammatory responses often activate other aspects of immunity to protect the body
Innate immunity
An Immunity that its response improves everytime pathogen is encountered. Succeeding responses are faster & stronger.
Adaptive Immunity
2 subdivision of Adaptive Immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity and Cell-mediated immunity
An adaptive immunity; involves - B lymphocytes and the production of antibodies to fight against extracellular antigens
Antibody-mediated immunity
An adaptive immunity; involves - cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly destroying pathogens and diseased cells
Cell-mediated immunity
A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to recognize a particular substance.
Specifity
A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to remember previous encounters.
Memory
A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to remember previous encounters.
Memory
- Vasodilation increases blood flow and brings phagocytes and other WBCs to the area
- Phagocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue
- Increased vascular permeability allows fibrinogen and complement to enter the tissue from the blood
Inflammatory response
inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body; redness, heat, swelling due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability; the tissue destruction, swelling, and pain lead to loss of functio
Local inflammation
inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body; in addition to local symptoms at sites of inflammation, 3 additional features can be present:
1. Red bone marrow produces and releases large numbers of neutrophils → phagocytosis
2. Pyrogens: chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells stimulate fever production → affect body’s temperature regulating mechanism in hypothalamus
Heat production and conservation increase and raises body temperature
3. (severe cases) vascular permeability can increase so much that large amounts of fluid are lost from the blood into the tissues → decreased blood volume can cause shock and death
Systemic Inflammation
stimulate adaptive immunity and immune responses
Antigen
- Introduced from the outside of the body.
Ex. Microorganisms, like bacteria and viruses, and chemicals released by microorganisms are foreign antigens → pollen, animal hairs, foods, and drugs (specific ex.)
Foreign antigens
- Molecules produced by body cells to identify them as “self” or part of the body
- can also provide info about the health of the cell
- Some self-antigens are used by defense cells to determine if a cell is mutated or infected
Self-antigens
involves a group of lymphocytes called B cells and proteins called antibodies; cell responsible for it.
Antibody-mediated immunity
Involves action of a second type of lymphocyte, T cells.
Cell-mediated immunity
involves:
1. Antigen Recognition
2. Antigen Receptors
3. B- cell receptor
4. T- cell receptor
Activation and Multiplication of Lymphocytes
substances produced in a cell that are then processed for display to lymphocytes.
Include normal cell products or substances resulting from infection, as in the case of a VIRUS.
Internal Antigens
foreign antigens that are phagocytized by macrophages or other phagocytic cells (antigen-presenting cells).
External Antigens
glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
found on the membranes of most nucleated cells, and display internal antigens.
MHC class 1 molecules:
found on the membranes of antigen-presenting cells, and display external antigens.
MHC class 2 molecules:
this antigen include macrophages, B lymphocytes, and other defense cells.
Antigen-presenting cells
this antigen can be achieved by cytokines (which are proteins or peptides secreted by one cell as a regulator of neighboring cells).
Costimulation
A helper T-cells that have a glycoprotein and also helps connect helper T-cells to the macrophage by binding to MHC class II molecules; Also bound by a virus that causes AIDS.
CD4
Cytotoxic T-cells that have glycoprotein which helps connect cytotoxic T-cells to cells displaying MHC class I molecules.
CD8
an important process that generates the needed defense cells to protect the body.
Lymphocyte Proliferation
This immunity is involved in certain allergic reactions.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity:
a region in the antibody-mediated immunity combines with antigens and is responsible for antibody specificity.
variable region
a region in the antibody-mediated immunity that activates complement or attached the antibody to the cells.
constant region
5 classes of Antibodies
igG, igM, igA, igE, igD
An antibody that increases phagocytosis, provides immune protection to the fetus and newborn; responsible for Rh reactions.
igG
An antibody that acts as an antigen- binding receptor on the surface of B cells; responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system; often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen.
igM
Secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes to protect body surfaces; found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn.
igA
Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response
igE
Functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells
igD
2 effects of Antibodies
Direct Effect and Indirect effect
A type of effect in the antibody that occur when a single antibody binds to an antigen and inactivates the antigen, or causes them to clump together.
Direct Effect
A type of effect in the antibody that has the most effectiveness of antibodies by promoting phagocytosis and inflammation.
Indirect effect
First exposure to an antigen
Longer response time (3-14 days).
Secondary response to an antigen
Shorter response time (hours to a few days).
Provide secondary response and long-lasting immunity (similar to memory B cells)
Memory T-cells
Responsible for immediate cell-mediated immune response
Cytotoxic T-cells
Cytotoxic T Cells (2 main effects)
- Release cytokines that activate additional components of the immune system
- Can come in contact with other cells and kill them
An adaptive immunity that is Individual and is exposed to antigen (naturally or artificially) and individual’s OWN immune system is the cause of the immunity
Active Immunity
An adaptive immunity that a Person or animal develops immunity and that immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual
Passive Immunity
4 ways tp acquire Adaptive Immunity is?
- Active Natural Immunity
- Active Artificial Immunity
- Passive Natural Immunity
- Passive Artificial Immunity
A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Natural exposure to antigen
2. Stimulates immune system to respond
3. Not immune on first exposure; develops symptoms
Active Natural Immunity
A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Antigen is purposefully introduced to stimulate immune system (called vaccination)
2. Introduced antigen is called vaccine (usually administered by injection)
3. Vaccine consists a pathogen (dead or alive but altered)
4. Alteration causes pathogen to cause immune response, but does not cause symptoms
Active Artificial Immunity
A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Antibodies are transferred from mother to offspring
2. Mother has antibodies against antigens she’s been exposed to (protects fetus against disease)
3. Antibodies (IgG) enters fetal blood and protects baby after birth (temporary antibodies; last couple of months)
4. Milk from breastfeeding contains antibodies (IgA) and protects baby
Passive Natural Immunity
A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Collection of antibodies and introducing to infected individual (usually through injection)
2. Begins with vaccinating animal/person, taking the antibodies from animal/person after response, and injecting into human needing immunity
3. Provides immediate protection
preferred treatment if there’s no time for individual to develop immunity
4. Provides a TEMPORARY immunity
Antibodies are used/eliminated by recipient (called antiserum)
Passive Artificial Immunity
2 main benefits of knowledge of Immune System:
- Understanding cause and development of diseases
- Developed methods to prevent, stop, or reverse diseases
Treats disease by altering immune system function or directly attacking harmful cells
Immunotherapy
- Boosting immune system function
- Inhibiting the immune system
- Vaccinations to prevent diseases
- Use of monoclonal antibodies
Immunotherapy