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1st Term > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

microorganisms that cause disease or damage to tissues.

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

protects the body. Does not circulate fluid, but carries it in one direction (tissues to circulatory system).

A

Lymphatic System

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3
Q

27L of pass from interstitial spaces back to blood capillaries.
Lymph: excess 3L of fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries.
Edema: caused by Lymph remaining in interstitial spaces.

A

Maintenance of Fluid Balance

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4
Q

Lacteals: lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine that absorb lipids & other substances.
Chyle: lymph that appears white due to lipid content.

A

Lipid Absorption

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5
Q

Spleen: filters pathogens from blood.
Lymph nodes: filters pathogens from lymph.

A

Defense

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6
Q

caused by Lymph remaining in interstitial spaces.

A

Edema

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7
Q

excess 3L of fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries.

A

Lymph

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8
Q

lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine that absorb lipids & other substances.

A

Lacteals

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9
Q

lymph that appears white due to lipid content.

A

Chyle

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10
Q

filters pathogens from blood.

A

Spleen

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11
Q

filters pathogens from lymph.

A

Lymph Nodes

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12
Q

lymphatic capillaries joined together which appear beaded due to presence of one way-valves.

A

Lymphatic Vessels

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13
Q

consist of LV from the right upper limb, right half of head neck and chest. It empties into the right subclavian vein.

A

Right Lymphatic Duct

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14
Q

LV from the rest of the body. Empty into the left subclavian vein.

A

Thoracic Duct

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15
Q
  1. tiny, close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium.
  2. Very permeable due to lack of basement membrane.
  3. Overlapping squamous cells prevent backflow of fluid.
A

Lymphatic Capillaries

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16
Q

houses lymphocytes and other defense cells (i.e macrophages). It has very fine reticular fibers.

A

Lymphatic tissue

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17
Q

cells that originate in Red bone marrow, which responds to pathogens by dividing and increasing in number.

A

Lymphocytes

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18
Q

forms protective ring of lymphatic tissue.

A

Tonsils

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19
Q

aka “the tonsils”, located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity.

A

Palatine Tonsils

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20
Q

near the internal opening of the nasal cavity.

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil

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21
Q

enlarged pharyngeal tonsil.

A

Adenoid

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22
Q

removal of pharyngeal tonsil.

A

Adenoidectomy

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23
Q

on the posterior surface of the tongue. Infected less often. Difficult to remove.

A

Lingual Tonsil

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24
Q

rounded structures.

A

Lymph nodes

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25
Q
  1. Inguinal nodes in the groin
  2. Axillary nodes in the axilla/armpit
  3. Cervical nodes in the neck
A

Superficial Lymph nodes

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26
Q

dense aggregations of tissue.

A

Lymphatic nodules

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27
Q

spaces between lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages.

A

Lymphatic sinuses

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28
Q

lymphatic nodules w/ rapidly dividing lymphocytes.

A

Germinal Centers

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29
Q
  1. Activate the immune system.
  2. Remove pathogens from lymph through macrophages.
A

2 functions of lymph nodes

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30
Q

filters pathogens from blood. Cells detect foreign substances in the blood and destroy old & damaged RBC. Also functions as a blood reservoir.

A

Spleen

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31
Q

2 compartments of the Spleen

A

White pulp and Red Pulp

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32
Q

a compartment of the spleen that surrounds arteries

A

White pulp

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33
Q

A compartment of the spleen that is associated w/ veins. Removes foreign substances and worn-out RBC through phagocytosis.

A

Red pulp

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34
Q

removal of spleen.

A

Splenectomy

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35
Q

bilobed gland located in the superior mediastinum. Site of maturation of T-cells.

A

Thymus

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36
Q

A part of the Thymus that has darker-staining areas w/ numerous lymphocytes, near capsule and trabeculae.

A

Cortex

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37
Q

A part of the Thymus that has lighter-staining, central portion of lobules, containing fewer lymphocytes.

A

Medulla

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38
Q

produced in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus.

A

T cells

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39
Q

produced and mature in red bone marrow.

A

B-cells

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40
Q

The ability to resist damage from pathogens.

A

Immunity

41
Q

response is the same at every exposure. Does not involve specificity & memory.

A

Innate immunity

42
Q

An innate immunity; skin and mucous membrane.

A

physical barriers

43
Q

An innate immunity; lysozyme, Cytokines, Complement, Interferons

A

chemical mediators act directly or indirectly to destroy pathogens

44
Q

An innate immunity; Neutrophils, Macrophages, Basophils and Mast Cells, Eosinophils, Natural Killer Cells

A

WBCs fight against pathogens

45
Q

This Immunity does Inflammatory responses often activate other aspects of immunity to protect the body

A

Innate immunity

46
Q

An Immunity that its response improves everytime pathogen is encountered. Succeeding responses are faster & stronger.

A

Adaptive Immunity

47
Q

2 subdivision of Adaptive Immunity

A

Antibody-mediated immunity and Cell-mediated immunity

48
Q

An adaptive immunity; involves - B lymphocytes and the production of antibodies to fight against extracellular antigens

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

49
Q

An adaptive immunity; involves - cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly destroying pathogens and diseased cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity

50
Q

A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to recognize a particular substance.

A

Specifity

51
Q

A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to remember previous encounters.

A

Memory

52
Q

A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to remember previous encounters.

A

Memory

53
Q
  1. Vasodilation increases blood flow and brings phagocytes and other WBCs to the area
  2. Phagocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue
  3. Increased vascular permeability allows fibrinogen and complement to enter the tissue from the blood
A

Inflammatory response

54
Q

inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body; redness, heat, swelling due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability; the tissue destruction, swelling, and pain lead to loss of functio

A

Local inflammation

55
Q

inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body; in addition to local symptoms at sites of inflammation, 3 additional features can be present:
1. Red bone marrow produces and releases large numbers of neutrophils → phagocytosis
2. Pyrogens: chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells stimulate fever production → affect body’s temperature regulating mechanism in hypothalamus
Heat production and conservation increase and raises body temperature
3. (severe cases) vascular permeability can increase so much that large amounts of fluid are lost from the blood into the tissues → decreased blood volume can cause shock and death

A

Systemic Inflammation

56
Q

stimulate adaptive immunity and immune responses

A

Antigen

57
Q
  1. Introduced from the outside of the body.
    Ex. Microorganisms, like bacteria and viruses, and chemicals released by microorganisms are foreign antigens → pollen, animal hairs, foods, and drugs (specific ex.)
A

Foreign antigens

58
Q
  1. Molecules produced by body cells to identify them as “self” or part of the body
  2. can also provide info about the health of the cell
  3. Some self-antigens are used by defense cells to determine if a cell is mutated or infected
A

Self-antigens

59
Q

involves a group of lymphocytes called B cells and proteins called antibodies; cell responsible for it.

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

60
Q

Involves action of a second type of lymphocyte, T cells.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

61
Q

involves:
1. Antigen Recognition
2. Antigen Receptors
3. B- cell receptor
4. T- cell receptor

A

Activation and Multiplication of Lymphocytes

62
Q

substances produced in a cell that are then processed for display to lymphocytes.
Include normal cell products or substances resulting from infection, as in the case of a VIRUS.

A

Internal Antigens

63
Q

foreign antigens that are phagocytized by macrophages or other phagocytic cells (antigen-presenting cells).

A

External Antigens

64
Q

glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

65
Q

found on the membranes of most nucleated cells, and display internal antigens.

A

MHC class 1 molecules:

66
Q

found on the membranes of antigen-presenting cells, and display external antigens.

A

MHC class 2 molecules:

67
Q

this antigen include macrophages, B lymphocytes, and other defense cells.

A

Antigen-presenting cells

68
Q

this antigen can be achieved by cytokines (which are proteins or peptides secreted by one cell as a regulator of neighboring cells).

A

Costimulation

69
Q

A helper T-cells that have a glycoprotein and also helps connect helper T-cells to the macrophage by binding to MHC class II molecules; Also bound by a virus that causes AIDS.

A

CD4

70
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells that have glycoprotein which helps connect cytotoxic T-cells to cells displaying MHC class I molecules.

A

CD8

71
Q

an important process that generates the needed defense cells to protect the body.

A

Lymphocyte Proliferation

72
Q

This immunity is involved in certain allergic reactions.

A

Antibody-Mediated Immunity:

73
Q

a region in the antibody-mediated immunity combines with antigens and is responsible for antibody specificity.

A

variable region

74
Q

a region in the antibody-mediated immunity that activates complement or attached the antibody to the cells.

A

constant region

75
Q

5 classes of Antibodies

A

igG, igM, igA, igE, igD

76
Q

An antibody that increases phagocytosis, provides immune protection to the fetus and newborn; responsible for Rh reactions.

A

igG

77
Q

An antibody that acts as an antigen- binding receptor on the surface of B cells; responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system; often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen.

A

igM

78
Q

Secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes to protect body surfaces; found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn.

A

igA

79
Q

Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response

A

igE

80
Q

Functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells

A

igD

81
Q

2 effects of Antibodies

A

Direct Effect and Indirect effect

82
Q

A type of effect in the antibody that occur when a single antibody binds to an antigen and inactivates the antigen, or causes them to clump together.

A

Direct Effect

83
Q

A type of effect in the antibody that has the most effectiveness of antibodies by promoting phagocytosis and inflammation.

A

Indirect effect

84
Q

First exposure to an antigen

A

Longer response time (3-14 days).

85
Q

Secondary response to an antigen

A

Shorter response time (hours to a few days).

86
Q

Provide secondary response and long-lasting immunity (similar to memory B cells)

A

Memory T-cells

87
Q

Responsible for immediate cell-mediated immune response

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

88
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (2 main effects)

A
  1. Release cytokines that activate additional components of the immune system
  2. Can come in contact with other cells and kill them
89
Q

An adaptive immunity that is Individual and is exposed to antigen (naturally or artificially) and individual’s OWN immune system is the cause of the immunity

A

Active Immunity

90
Q

An adaptive immunity that a Person or animal develops immunity and that immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual

A

Passive Immunity

91
Q

4 ways tp acquire Adaptive Immunity is?

A
  1. Active Natural Immunity
  2. Active Artificial Immunity
  3. Passive Natural Immunity
  4. Passive Artificial Immunity
92
Q

A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Natural exposure to antigen
2. Stimulates immune system to respond
3. Not immune on first exposure; develops symptoms

A

Active Natural Immunity

93
Q

A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Antigen is purposefully introduced to stimulate immune system (called vaccination)
2. Introduced antigen is called vaccine (usually administered by injection)
3. Vaccine consists a pathogen (dead or alive but altered)
4. Alteration causes pathogen to cause immune response, but does not cause symptoms

A

Active Artificial Immunity

94
Q

A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Antibodies are transferred from mother to offspring
2. Mother has antibodies against antigens she’s been exposed to (protects fetus against disease)
3. Antibodies (IgG) enters fetal blood and protects baby after birth (temporary antibodies; last couple of months)
4. Milk from breastfeeding contains antibodies (IgA) and protects baby

A

Passive Natural Immunity

95
Q

A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Collection of antibodies and introducing to infected individual (usually through injection)
2. Begins with vaccinating animal/person, taking the antibodies from animal/person after response, and injecting into human needing immunity
3. Provides immediate protection
preferred treatment if there’s no time for individual to develop immunity
4. Provides a TEMPORARY immunity
Antibodies are used/eliminated by recipient (called antiserum)

A

Passive Artificial Immunity

96
Q

2 main benefits of knowledge of Immune System:

A
  1. Understanding cause and development of diseases
  2. Developed methods to prevent, stop, or reverse diseases
97
Q

Treats disease by altering immune system function or directly attacking harmful cells

A

Immunotherapy

98
Q
  1. Boosting immune system function
  2. Inhibiting the immune system
  3. Vaccinations to prevent diseases
  4. Use of monoclonal antibodies
A

Immunotherapy

1st Term (15 decks)

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