Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
microorganisms that cause disease or damage to tissues.
A
Pathogen
2
Q
protects the body. Does not circulate fluid, but carries it in one direction (tissues to circulatory system).
A
Lymphatic System
3
Q
27L of pass from interstitial spaces back to blood capillaries.
Lymph: excess 3L of fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries.
Edema: caused by Lymph remaining in interstitial spaces.
A
Maintenance of Fluid Balance
4
Q
Lacteals: lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine that absorb lipids & other substances.
Chyle: lymph that appears white due to lipid content.
A
Lipid Absorption
5
Q
Spleen: filters pathogens from blood.
Lymph nodes: filters pathogens from lymph.
A
Defense
6
Q
caused by Lymph remaining in interstitial spaces.
A
Edema
7
Q
excess 3L of fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries.
A
Lymph
8
Q
lymphatic vessels in the lining of the small intestine that absorb lipids & other substances.
A
Lacteals
9
Q
lymph that appears white due to lipid content.
A
Chyle
10
Q
filters pathogens from blood.
A
Spleen
11
Q
filters pathogens from lymph.
A
Lymph Nodes
12
Q
lymphatic capillaries joined together which appear beaded due to presence of one way-valves.
A
Lymphatic Vessels
13
Q
consist of LV from the right upper limb, right half of head neck and chest. It empties into the right subclavian vein.
A
Right Lymphatic Duct
14
Q
LV from the rest of the body. Empty into the left subclavian vein.
A
Thoracic Duct
15
Q
- tiny, close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium.
- Very permeable due to lack of basement membrane.
- Overlapping squamous cells prevent backflow of fluid.
A
Lymphatic Capillaries
16
Q
houses lymphocytes and other defense cells (i.e macrophages). It has very fine reticular fibers.
A
Lymphatic tissue
17
Q
cells that originate in Red bone marrow, which responds to pathogens by dividing and increasing in number.
A
Lymphocytes
18
Q
forms protective ring of lymphatic tissue.
A
Tonsils
19
Q
aka “the tonsils”, located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity.
A
Palatine Tonsils
20
Q
near the internal opening of the nasal cavity.
A
Pharyngeal Tonsil
21
Q
enlarged pharyngeal tonsil.
A
Adenoid
22
Q
removal of pharyngeal tonsil.
A
Adenoidectomy
23
Q
on the posterior surface of the tongue. Infected less often. Difficult to remove.
A
Lingual Tonsil
24
Q
rounded structures.
A
Lymph nodes
25
1. Inguinal nodes in the groin
2. Axillary nodes in the axilla/armpit
3. Cervical nodes in the neck
Superficial Lymph nodes
26
dense aggregations of tissue.
Lymphatic nodules
27
spaces between lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages.
Lymphatic sinuses
28
lymphatic nodules w/ rapidly dividing lymphocytes.
Germinal Centers
29
1. Activate the immune system.
2. Remove pathogens from lymph through macrophages.
2 functions of lymph nodes
30
filters pathogens from blood. Cells detect foreign substances in the blood and destroy old & damaged RBC. Also functions as a blood reservoir.
Spleen
31
2 compartments of the Spleen
White pulp and Red Pulp
32
a compartment of the spleen that surrounds arteries
White pulp
33
A compartment of the spleen that is associated w/ veins. Removes foreign substances and worn-out RBC through phagocytosis.
Red pulp
34
removal of spleen.
Splenectomy
35
bilobed gland located in the superior mediastinum. Site of maturation of T-cells.
Thymus
36
A part of the Thymus that has darker-staining areas w/ numerous lymphocytes, near capsule and trabeculae.
Cortex
37
A part of the Thymus that has lighter-staining, central portion of lobules, containing fewer lymphocytes.
Medulla
38
produced in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus.
T cells
39
produced and mature in red bone marrow.
B-cells
40
The ability to resist damage from pathogens.
Immunity
41
response is the same at every exposure. Does not involve specificity & memory.
Innate immunity
42
An innate immunity; skin and mucous membrane.
physical barriers
43
An innate immunity; lysozyme, Cytokines, Complement, Interferons
chemical mediators act directly or indirectly to destroy pathogens
44
An innate immunity; Neutrophils, Macrophages, Basophils and Mast Cells, Eosinophils, Natural Killer Cells
WBCs fight against pathogens
45
This Immunity does Inflammatory responses often activate other aspects of immunity to protect the body
Innate immunity
46
An Immunity that its response improves everytime pathogen is encountered. Succeeding responses are faster & stronger.
Adaptive Immunity
47
2 subdivision of Adaptive Immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity and Cell-mediated immunity
48
An adaptive immunity; involves - B lymphocytes and the production of antibodies to fight against extracellular antigens
Antibody-mediated immunity
49
An adaptive immunity; involves - cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly destroying pathogens and diseased cells
Cell-mediated immunity
50
A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to recognize a particular substance.
Specifity
51
A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to remember previous encounters.
Memory
52
A characteristic of an Adaptive Immunity that has the ability to remember previous encounters.
Memory
53
1. Vasodilation increases blood flow and brings phagocytes and other WBCs to the area
2. Phagocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue
3. Increased vascular permeability allows fibrinogen and complement to enter the tissue from the blood
Inflammatory response
54
inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body; redness, heat, swelling due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability; the tissue destruction, swelling, and pain lead to loss of functio
Local inflammation
55
inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body; in addition to local symptoms at sites of inflammation, 3 additional features can be present:
1. Red bone marrow produces and releases large numbers of neutrophils → phagocytosis
2. Pyrogens: chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells stimulate fever production → affect body’s temperature regulating mechanism in hypothalamus
Heat production and conservation increase and raises body temperature
3. (severe cases) vascular permeability can increase so much that large amounts of fluid are lost from the blood into the tissues → decreased blood volume can cause shock and death
Systemic Inflammation
56
stimulate adaptive immunity and immune responses
Antigen
57
1. Introduced from the outside of the body.
Ex. Microorganisms, like bacteria and viruses, and chemicals released by microorganisms are foreign antigens → pollen, animal hairs, foods, and drugs (specific ex.)
Foreign antigens
58
1. Molecules produced by body cells to identify them as “self” or part of the body
2. can also provide info about the health of the cell
3. Some self-antigens are used by defense cells to determine if a cell is mutated or infected
Self-antigens
59
involves a group of lymphocytes called B cells and proteins called antibodies; cell responsible for it.
Antibody-mediated immunity
60
Involves action of a second type of lymphocyte, T cells.
Cell-mediated immunity
61
involves:
1. Antigen Recognition
2. Antigen Receptors
3. B- cell receptor
4. T- cell receptor
Activation and Multiplication of Lymphocytes
62
substances produced in a cell that are then processed for display to lymphocytes.
Include normal cell products or substances resulting from infection, as in the case of a VIRUS.
Internal Antigens
63
foreign antigens that are phagocytized by macrophages or other phagocytic cells (antigen-presenting cells).
External Antigens
64
glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
65
found on the membranes of most nucleated cells, and display internal antigens.
MHC class 1 molecules:
66
found on the membranes of antigen-presenting cells, and display external antigens.
MHC class 2 molecules:
67
this antigen include macrophages, B lymphocytes, and other defense cells.
Antigen-presenting cells
68
this antigen can be achieved by cytokines (which are proteins or peptides secreted by one cell as a regulator of neighboring cells).
Costimulation
69
A helper T-cells that have a glycoprotein and also helps connect helper T-cells to the macrophage by binding to MHC class II molecules; Also bound by a virus that causes AIDS.
CD4
70
Cytotoxic T-cells that have glycoprotein which helps connect cytotoxic T-cells to cells displaying MHC class I molecules.
CD8
71
an important process that generates the needed defense cells to protect the body.
Lymphocyte Proliferation
72
This immunity is involved in certain allergic reactions.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity:
73
a region in the antibody-mediated immunity combines with antigens and is responsible for antibody specificity.
variable region
74
a region in the antibody-mediated immunity that activates complement or attached the antibody to the cells.
constant region
75
5 classes of Antibodies
igG, igM, igA, igE, igD
76
An antibody that increases phagocytosis, provides immune protection to the fetus and newborn; responsible for Rh reactions.
igG
77
An antibody that acts as an antigen- binding receptor on the surface of B cells; responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system; often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen.
igM
78
Secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes to protect body surfaces; found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn.
igA
79
Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response
igE
80
Functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells
igD
81
2 effects of Antibodies
Direct Effect and Indirect effect
82
A type of effect in the antibody that occur when a single antibody binds to an antigen and inactivates the antigen, or causes them to clump together.
Direct Effect
83
A type of effect in the antibody that has the most effectiveness of antibodies by promoting phagocytosis and inflammation.
Indirect effect
84
First exposure to an antigen
Longer response time (3-14 days).
85
Secondary response to an antigen
Shorter response time (hours to a few days).
86
Provide secondary response and long-lasting immunity (similar to memory B cells)
Memory T-cells
87
Responsible for immediate cell-mediated immune response
Cytotoxic T-cells
88
Cytotoxic T Cells (2 main effects)
1. Release cytokines that activate additional components of the immune system
2. Can come in contact with other cells and kill them
89
An adaptive immunity that is Individual and is exposed to antigen (naturally or artificially) and individual’s OWN immune system is the cause of the immunity
Active Immunity
90
An adaptive immunity that a Person or animal develops immunity and that immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual
Passive Immunity
91
4 ways tp acquire Adaptive Immunity is?
1. Active Natural Immunity
2. Active Artificial Immunity
3. Passive Natural Immunity
4. Passive Artificial Immunity
92
A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Natural exposure to antigen
2. Stimulates immune system to respond
3. Not immune on first exposure; develops symptoms
Active Natural Immunity
93
A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Antigen is purposefully introduced to stimulate immune system (called vaccination)
2. Introduced antigen is called vaccine (usually administered by injection)
3. Vaccine consists a pathogen (dead or alive but altered)
4. Alteration causes pathogen to cause immune response, but does not cause symptoms
Active Artificial Immunity
94
A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Antibodies are transferred from mother to offspring
2. Mother has antibodies against antigens she’s been exposed to (protects fetus against disease)
3. Antibodies (IgG) enters fetal blood and protects baby after birth (temporary antibodies; last couple of months)
4. Milk from breastfeeding contains antibodies (IgA) and protects baby
Passive Natural Immunity
95
A way to acquire adaptive immunity that has
1. Collection of antibodies and introducing to infected individual (usually through injection)
2. Begins with vaccinating animal/person, taking the antibodies from animal/person after response, and injecting into human needing immunity
3. Provides immediate protection
preferred treatment if there’s no time for individual to develop immunity
4. Provides a TEMPORARY immunity
Antibodies are used/eliminated by recipient (called antiserum)
Passive Artificial Immunity
96
2 main benefits of knowledge of Immune System:
1. Understanding cause and development of diseases
2. Developed methods to prevent, stop, or reverse diseases
97
Treats disease by altering immune system function or directly attacking harmful cells
Immunotherapy
98
1. Boosting immune system function
2. Inhibiting the immune system
3. Vaccinations to prevent diseases
4. Use of monoclonal antibodies
Immunotherapy
