TFN 3F Flashcards
1
Q
defined in terms of presence or absence of disease
A
Health
2
Q
defined health as a state of well-being and nursing every power the individual possess to the fullest extent
A
Florence Nightingale-
3
Q
state of complete physical, mental, and social being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
A
The World Health Organization
4
Q
an eminent america sociologist and creator of the concept of “sick role” conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles
A
Talcott Parsons-
5
Q
Health is not a condition, it is an adjustment. It is not a state but a process. This process adapts the individual not only to our physical but also out social environments.
A
US President’s Commission of Health Needs Nation
6
Q
Health and wellness are human experience. The presence of illness does not preclude health, not does optimal preclude illness.
A
American Nurses Associations
7
Q
the actions individuals take to understand their health state, maintain an optimal state of health, prevent illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and mental potential
A
Health Behavior
8
Q
Is intended to influence health status, nurses preparing a plan of care need to consider the client’s health beliefs before they suggest a change in health behaviors.
A
Health Behavior
9
Q
a highly personal state in which the individual’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished.
A
Illness
10
Q
when individual become ill, they behave in certain ways that sociologist considered. A coping mechanism involves the ways individuals describe, monitor and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the healthcare system.
A
Illness Behavior
11
Q
a state of well being. Basic aspects of well being include self- responsibility; an ultimate goal; a dynamic; growing process; daily decision-making in the areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive healthcare, and emotional health; and most importantly, the whole being of the individual.
A
Wellness
12
Q
the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection of toxin by the action of specific antibodies of sensitized white blood cells.
A
Immunity
13
Q
the person is aware that something is wrong. A person usually recognize a physical sensation or a limitation in functioning but does not suspect a specific diagnosis
A
Stage 1 Symptom Experience-
14
Q
If symptom persist and become sever, client assume the client role. At this point, the illness becomes a social phenomenon, and sic people seek confirmation from their families and social groups that they are indeed ill and that they be excused from normal duties and role expectations
A
Stage 2 Assumption of the Sick Role
15
Q
if symptom persist despite the home remedies, become severe or require emergency care, the person is motivated to seek professional health service. In this stage the client seeks expert acknowledgement of the illness as well as the treatment
A
Stage 3 Medical Care Contact
16
Q
the client depends on health care professionals for the relief os symptoms. The client accepts care, sympathy and protection from the demands and stresses of life. A client can adopt the dependent role in a health the disruption of a daily schedule.
A
Stage 4 Dependent Client Role
17
Q
This stage can arrive suddenly such as when the symptoms appeared. In the care of chronic illness, the final stage may involve in an adjustment to a prolong reduction in health and functioning
A
Stage 5 Recovery of Rehabilitation
18
Q
illness affect not only the client who is ill but also the family or significant others.
A
Impact of Illness to the Family
19
Q
The member of the family who is ill
The seriousness and length of the illness
The cultural and social customs the family follows
A
effect and it extent depend chiefly on 3 factors
20
Q
Role changes
Task assignments and increased demands on time
Increased stress due to anxiety about the outcome of the illness for the client and conflict about unaccustomed responsibilities
Financial problems
Loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss
Change in social customs
A
The changes that can occur in the family
21
Q
Provide explanations about necessary adjustments
A
Nursing implications of Illness
22
Q
Make arrangements whether possible to accommodate the client’s lifestyle
A
Nursing implications of Illness
23
Q
Encourage other health professionals to become aware of the client;s lifestyle practices and to support healthy aspects of that lifestyle
A
Nursing implications of Illness
24
Q
Reinforce desirable changes in practices with a view to making them permanent part of the client’s lifestyle
A
Nursing implications of Illness-
25
the extent to which any microorganism is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganisms present, the virulence and potency of the microorganisms (pathogenicity), the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the host, and the ability of the microorganisms to live in the host’s body.
Pathogen
26
- common source are other humans, the client;s own microorganism, plants, animals, medical equipment, or general environment (soil and water).
Source of the Pathogen (Reservoir)
27
A carrier is a human or animal reservoir of a specific infectious agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs of disease
Source of the Pathogen (Reservoir)
28
before an infection can establish itself in a host, the microorganism must leave the reservoir.
Portal of Exit-
29
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Urinary tract
Reproductive tract
Blood and tissue
Common human reservoirs:
30
after a microorganism leaves the source or reservoir, it requires a means of transmission to reach another individual or host through a receptive portal of entry.
Mode of Transmission
31
involves immediate or direct transfer or microorganisms from individual to individual through touching, biting, kissing or sexual lintercourse.
Direct transmission
32
a form of direct transmission but can occur if the source and the host is within meter of each other.
Droplet spread
33
vehicle-borne or vector borne
Indirect transmission
34
any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a susceptible portal of entry
Vehicle
35
handkerchiefs, toys, soiled clothes, eating utensils, surgical instruments can act as vehicles. Food, water, blood, serum, plasma are other vehicles.
Fomites (inanimate materials or objects)
36
a vector in an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent.
Vector-borne transmission
37
may involve droplets or dust
Airborne transmissio
38
the residue evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host such as someone with tuberculosis, can remain in air for long periods.
Droplet nuclei
39
before the individual can become infected, microorganisms must enter the body.
Portal of Entry-
40
The skin to infectious agents, any break in the skin can readily serve as a __
portal entry
41
Medical interventions such a stubs, catheters, surgical wounds are common __
portal of entry.
42
any individual who is at risk for infection
Susceptible Host
43
someone at risk, an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely that others to acquire an infection
Compromised host-
44
seeks to prevent a disease or condition at a pre pathologic state; to stop someone from ever happening
Primary Prevention
45
Health education
Marriage counseling
Genetic screening
Good standard of nutrition adjusted to developmental phase of lids
Health Promotion
46
Use of specific immunization
Attention to personal hygiene
Use of environmental sanitation
Protection against occupational hazards
Protection from accidents
Avoidance to allergens
Protections from carcinogens
Use of specific nutrients
Specific Protection
47
“Health maintenance”. Seeks to identify specific illness or conditions at an early stage with prompt intervention to prevent ot limit disability; to prevent catastrophic effects that could occur if proper attention and treatment are not provided
Secondary Prevention
48
Case finding measures
Individual and mass screening survey
Prevent spread of communicable disease
Prevent complication and sequelae
Shorten period of disability
Early diagnosis and Prompt Treatment
49
Adequate treatment to arrest disease process and prevent further complication and sequelae
Provision of facilities to limit disability and prevent death
Disability Limitations
50
occurs after a disease or disability has occurred and the recovery process has begun; intent to halt the disease or injury process and assist the person in obtaining an optimal health status. To establish a high-level wellness. “To maximize use of remaining capacities”
Tertiary Prevention
51
Work therapy in hospital
Use of shelter colony
Restoration and Rehabilitation
52
it is a way of thinking that revolves around a philosophy of wholeness, wellness, and well-being
Health Promotion
53
Awareness of the relationship between lifestyle and illness and the development of health- promoting habits, such as getting adequate exercise, rest and relaxation; maintaining good nutrition; and controlling the use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs
Health Promotion
54
Parsons and Pender (2019) consider health promotion to be different from disease prevention
Health Promotion-
55
moved from being considered a goal or desired end point to a process to facilitate movement towards accomplishment of health goals
Health Promotion
56
It is both art and science of supporting people to make lifestyle changes and create an environmental conducive to health.
Health Promotion
57
“Prevention, a narrow sense, means avoiding the development of disease in the future, and, in the broader sense, consist of all interventions to limit progression of a disease”
Disease Prevention- Edelman and Kudzuma
58
a disease is a chieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a person’s system. Antibodies are proteins produced by te body to neutralize or destroy toxins or disease-carrying organisms. Antibodies are disease-specific. (CDC)
Immunity
59
a substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness- immunity.
Antigen
60
If the protein originate in an individual’s own body, the antige
autoantigen.
61
The immune response has two components:
antibody mediated defenses and cell-mediated defenses
62
part of the body’s plasma proteins
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
63
defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections.
The antibody-mediated responses
64
occur through the T-cells system. On exposure to an antigen, the lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into the lymph system. These T cells pass into the general circulation.
Cell-mediated defenses or cellular immunity
65
Helper T-cells, which help in the functions of the immune system
Cytotoxic T cells, which attack and kill microorganisms
Suppressor T-cells, which suppress the function of the helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.
3 Main groups of T-cells
66
results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease;acquired through natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity.
Active Immunity
67
include the clinical model, the role performance model, the adaptive model, the eudaimonistic model, the agent-host-environmental model, health-illness scales.
Health Models
68
individuals are viewed as physiologic systems with related functions, and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury. It is considered the state of not being “sick”
Clinical Model
69
individuals who can fulfill their roles are healthy even though he has migraines. It is assumed in this model that sickness is inability to perform one’s work role.
Role Performance Model
70
health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation or maladaptation. The aim of treatments is to restore the ability of the individual to adapt and to cope.
Adaptive Model-
71
incorporates a comprehensive view of health. Health is seen as the condition of actualization or realization of an individual’s potential. Actualization is the apex of fully developed personality, described by Abraham Maslow. Illness is a condition that prevent self-actualization
Eudaimonistic Model
72
The model is used primarily in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness, although identification of risk factors that result from interactions of agent, host and environment are helpful in promoting and maintaining health
Agent-Host-Environment Model-
73
Wellness is an integrated method of functioning which is oriented towards maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable.
Dunn’s Health model
74
___ described a health grid in which a health axis and the environmental axis intersect. The health axis ranges from wellness to death and the environmental axis from a very favorable environment to a very unfavorable one.
Dunn
75
A graphical illustration of well-being concept first proposed by __. It proposes the well-being includes mental and emotional health, as well as the presence or absence of illness.
Travis’ Health-Illness Continuum
76
proposes that individuals can move farther to the right, towards greater health and well-being, passing through the stages of awareness, education, and growth. Worsening states of health are reflected by signs, symptoms and disability. In addition, a person’s outlook can affect wellness.
Illness-Wellness Continuum
77
A psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors.
Health Belief Model:
78
he model includes individual perceptions, modifying factors, and variables likely to affect initiating action.
Health Belief Model:
79
Murdaugh et al. (2019) have modified this health belief model to develop health promotion model because the health belief model explains health-protecting or preventive behaviors but not emphasize health-promoting behaviors.
Health Belief Model:
80
a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.
health belief model
81
suggests that people’s beliefs about health problems, perceived benefits of action and barriers to action, and self-efficacy explain engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior. A stimulus, or cue to action, must also be present in order to trigger the health-promoting behavior.
health belief model
82
Human needs ranked on an ascending scale according to how essential the needs are: Physiological needs, Safety and Security, Love and Belonging, Self-Esteem, and Self-Actualization
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
83
often represented as a pyramid, with the more basic needs at the bottom.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
84
motivation to arise at the next stage, each prior stage must be satisfied by an individual.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
85
The hierarchy has been used to explain how effort and motivation are correlated in the conext of human behavior.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
86
Each of these individual levels contains a certain amount of internal sensation that must be met in order for an individual to complete their hierarchy.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
87
The goal in Maslow’s hierarchy is to attain the level or stage of __
self-actualization.
88
Triad is composed of the agent, host and environment.
epidiamolic triad/triangle
89
The triad consists of an ___ that brings the host and agent together. In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from as source to that host.
external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment
90
A number of models of disease causation have been proposed.
Ecologic Health Model:
91
Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease.
Ecologic Health Model:
92
The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.
epidiaimolic triad
93
In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to that host.
Ecologic Health Model:
94
Agent, host, and environmental factors interrelate in a variety of complex ways to produce disease.
Ecologic Health Model:
95
Different diseases require different balances and interactions of these three components.
Ecologic Health Model:
96
Development of appropriate, practical, and effective public health measures to control or prevent disease usually requires assessment of all three components and their interactions.
Ecologic Health Model
97
Man is viewed as a physiologic being.
Clinical Health Model:
98
The absence of signs and symptoms of disease indicates health.
Clinical Health Model
99
Illness would be the presence of conspicuous signs and symptoms of disease.
Clinical Health Model:
100
People who use this model of health to guide their use of healthcare services may not seek preventive health services , or they mat wait until they are very ill to seek care.
Clinical Health Model:
101
Clinical model is the conventional model of the discipline of medicine.
Clinical Health Model:
102
Health is viewed in terms of capacity to adapt.
Adaptive Health Model
103
The concept of a system as applied to an individual.
Adaptive Health Model:
104
Roy conceptualizes the person in a holistic perspective
Adaptive Health Model:
105
Individual aspects of parts act together to form a unified being. Additionally, as living systems, persons are in constant interaction with their environments.
Adaptive Health Model:
106
Between the system and the environment occurs an exchange of information, matter, and energy.
Adaptive Health Model
107
Characteristics of a system include inputs, outputs, controls, and feedback.
Adaptive Health Model
108
A nurse’s role in the adaptation model is to manipulate stimuli by removing, decreasing, decreasing, increasing, or altering stimuli.
Six-Step Nursing Process-
109
Assess the behaviors manifested from the four adaptive modes.
Assess the stimuli, categorize them as focal, contextual, or residual.
Make a statement or nursing diagnosis of the person’s adaptive state.
Set a goal to promote adaptation.
Implement interventions aimed at managing the stimuli.
Evaluate whether the adaptive goal has been met.
Six-Step Nursing Process
110
a person’s physiological coping mechanism. The body attempts to adapt via regulation of our bodily processes, including neurochemical and endocrine systems.
Regulator
111
person’s mental coping mechanism. A person uses his brain to cope via self-concept, independence, and role functioning adaptive modes.
Cognator
112
how the regulator and cognator mechanisms are manifested; in other words, they are the external expressions of the above and internal processes.
Four Adaptive Modes
113
involved in the function and activities of living organisms. These are the actual processes put in motion by the regulator subsystem.
Physiological-Physical Mode
114
In this mode, the goal of coping is to have a sense of unity, meaning the purposefulness in the universe, and a sense of identity integrity. This includes body image and self-ideals.
Self-Concept Group Identity Mode
115
This mode focuses on the primary, secondary, and tertiary roles that a person occupies in society and knowing where they stand as a member of society.
Role of Function Mode
116
This mode focuses on attaining relational integrity through giving and receiving of love, respect and value. This is achieved with effective communication and relations.
Interdependence Mode
117
The various modes and subsystems meet the needs of the environment. These are usually stable processes (e.g. breathing, spiritual realization, successful relationship).
Integrated Process
118
The cognator and regulator are challenged by the environment’s needs but are working to meet the needs (e.g.. Grief, starting with a new job, compensatory breathing).
Compensatory Process
119
The modes and subsystems are not adequately meeting the environmental challenge (e.g., hypoxia, unresolved loss, abusive relationships).
Compromised Process
120
As long as you are able to perform societal functions and roles you are healthy.
Role Performance Health Model:
121
depicts health as the ability to fulfill one’s customary social roles. Thus if a young mother is able to adequately carry out her childcare activities, she would be deemed healthy. If she cannot perform these activities, she would be considered ill.
Role Performance Health Model
122
The problem with this view of health is the distressful and stultifying nature of many people’s occupational or familial roles. Scholars are now placing emphasis on the quality of experience in social roles and the degree of choice about occupancy of these roles (Thomas, 1997a).
Role Performance Health Model
123
Can individuals trapped in unsatisfying jobs or marriages achieve optimal health? What is the health impact of juggling multiple roles or experiencing role conflict? What if performance in one role (worker, for example) so dominates one’s existence that performance in another role (parent) is compromised?
Role Performance Health Model:
124
Considers emotional, spiritual and other dimensions to be important aspects of physical wellness.
Holistic Health Model
125
describes the holistic care model as a ”practice that has healing the whole person as its goal.
American Holistic Nurses Association
126
This model treats each patient as an individual participating in their own care and takes their preferences and beliefs into account instead of simply focusing on their physical ailments.
Holistic Health Model
127
Many variables influence an individual’s health status, beliefs, and behaviors or practices.
Factors Affecting Health as a Multifactorial Phenomenon
128
include biological, psychologic, and cognitive dimensions.
Internal Variables
129
They are described as non modifiable variables because, for most part, they cannot be changed.
Internal Variables
130
influences biological characteristics, innate temperament, activity level, and intellectual potential
Genetic Makeup
131
influence the distribution of disease. Certain acquired and genetic diseases are more common in one sex than in the other.
Sex
132
distribution of disease varies with age.
Age
133
has a major impact on health status.
Developmental level
134
psychologic (emotional) factors influencing health include mind-body interactions and self-concept.
Psychological Dimension
135
can affect health status positively and negatively. Emotional distress may influence the immune system through the central nervous system and endocrine alterations.
Mind-Body interactions
136
is how an individual feels about self and perceives the physical self, needs, roles, and abilities.
Self-concept
137
or intellectual factors influencing health include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs.
Cognitive Dimension
138
refers to an individual’s general way of living, including those living conditions and individual patterns of behavior that are influenced by sociocultural factors and personal characteristics. Lifestyle choices may have positive or negative effects on health.
Lifestyle
139
actices that have potentially negative effects on health are often referred to as ___.
risk factors.
140
Environment, standards of living, family and cultural beliefs, social support networks
External Variables:
141
people are becoming increasingly aware of their environment and how it affects their health and level of wellness.
Environment
142
individual’s standard of living (reflecting occupation, income, and education) is related to health morbidity and morality. Hygiene, food habits, and teh ability to seek healthcare advice and follow health regimes vary by income level.
Standards of Living
143
the family passes on patterns of daily living and lifestyle to offspring. Emotional health depends on a social environment that is free of excessive tension and does not isolate the individual from others.
Family and cultural Beliefs
144
also influences how an individual perceives, experiences, and copes with health and illness. Each culture has ideas about health and illness.
Culture
145
also plays an important role I health behaviors. Clients who are not fluent in the dominant language may misinterpret information they are given or unsuccessful in communicating their beliefs and preferences.
Language
146
having a support network (family, friends, or a confidant) and job satisfaction can facilitate healthy behaviors. Support persons also provide motivation for an ill individual to become well again.
Social Support Network
