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TFN 3F Flashcards

1
Q

defined in terms of presence or absence of disease

A

Health

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2
Q

defined health as a state of well-being and nursing every power the individual possess to the fullest extent

A

Florence Nightingale-

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3
Q

state of complete physical, mental, and social being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

A

The World Health Organization

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4
Q

an eminent america sociologist and creator of the concept of “sick role” conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles

A

Talcott Parsons-

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5
Q

Health is not a condition, it is an adjustment. It is not a state but a process. This process adapts the individual not only to our physical but also out social environments.

A

US President’s Commission of Health Needs Nation

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6
Q

Health and wellness are human experience. The presence of illness does not preclude health, not does optimal preclude illness.

A

American Nurses Associations

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7
Q

the actions individuals take to understand their health state, maintain an optimal state of health, prevent illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and mental potential

A

Health Behavior

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8
Q

Is intended to influence health status, nurses preparing a plan of care need to consider the client’s health beliefs before they suggest a change in health behaviors.

A

Health Behavior

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9
Q

a highly personal state in which the individual’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished.

A

Illness

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10
Q

when individual become ill, they behave in certain ways that sociologist considered. A coping mechanism involves the ways individuals describe, monitor and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the healthcare system.

A

Illness Behavior

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11
Q

a state of well being. Basic aspects of well being include self- responsibility; an ultimate goal; a dynamic; growing process; daily decision-making in the areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive healthcare, and emotional health; and most importantly, the whole being of the individual.

A

Wellness

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12
Q

the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection of toxin by the action of specific antibodies of sensitized white blood cells.

A

Immunity

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13
Q

the person is aware that something is wrong. A person usually recognize a physical sensation or a limitation in functioning but does not suspect a specific diagnosis

A

Stage 1 Symptom Experience-

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14
Q

If symptom persist and become sever, client assume the client role. At this point, the illness becomes a social phenomenon, and sic people seek confirmation from their families and social groups that they are indeed ill and that they be excused from normal duties and role expectations

A

Stage 2 Assumption of the Sick Role

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15
Q

if symptom persist despite the home remedies, become severe or require emergency care, the person is motivated to seek professional health service. In this stage the client seeks expert acknowledgement of the illness as well as the treatment

A

Stage 3 Medical Care Contact

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16
Q

the client depends on health care professionals for the relief os symptoms. The client accepts care, sympathy and protection from the demands and stresses of life. A client can adopt the dependent role in a health the disruption of a daily schedule.

A

Stage 4 Dependent Client Role

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17
Q

This stage can arrive suddenly such as when the symptoms appeared. In the care of chronic illness, the final stage may involve in an adjustment to a prolong reduction in health and functioning

A

Stage 5 Recovery of Rehabilitation

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18
Q

illness affect not only the client who is ill but also the family or significant others.

A

Impact of Illness to the Family

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19
Q

The member of the family who is ill
The seriousness and length of the illness
The cultural and social customs the family follows

A

effect and it extent depend chiefly on 3 factors

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20
Q

Role changes
Task assignments and increased demands on time
Increased stress due to anxiety about the outcome of the illness for the client and conflict about unaccustomed responsibilities
Financial problems
Loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss
Change in social customs

A

The changes that can occur in the family

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21
Q

Provide explanations about necessary adjustments

A

Nursing implications of Illness

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22
Q

Make arrangements whether possible to accommodate the client’s lifestyle

A

Nursing implications of Illness

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23
Q

Encourage other health professionals to become aware of the client;s lifestyle practices and to support healthy aspects of that lifestyle

A

Nursing implications of Illness

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24
Q

Reinforce desirable changes in practices with a view to making them permanent part of the client’s lifestyle

A

Nursing implications of Illness-

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25
Q

the extent to which any microorganism is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganisms present, the virulence and potency of the microorganisms (pathogenicity), the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the host, and the ability of the microorganisms to live in the host’s body.

A

Pathogen

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26
Q
  • common source are other humans, the client;s own microorganism, plants, animals, medical equipment, or general environment (soil and water).
A

Source of the Pathogen (Reservoir)

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27
Q

A carrier is a human or animal reservoir of a specific infectious agent that usually does not manifest any clinical signs of disease

A

Source of the Pathogen (Reservoir)

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28
Q

before an infection can establish itself in a host, the microorganism must leave the reservoir.

A

Portal of Exit-

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29
Q

Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Urinary tract
Reproductive tract
Blood and tissue

A

Common human reservoirs:

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30
Q

after a microorganism leaves the source or reservoir, it requires a means of transmission to reach another individual or host through a receptive portal of entry.

A

Mode of Transmission

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31
Q

involves immediate or direct transfer or microorganisms from individual to individual through touching, biting, kissing or sexual lintercourse.

A

Direct transmission

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32
Q

a form of direct transmission but can occur if the source and the host is within meter of each other.

A

Droplet spread

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33
Q

vehicle-borne or vector borne

A

Indirect transmission

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34
Q

any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a susceptible portal of entry

A

Vehicle

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35
Q

handkerchiefs, toys, soiled clothes, eating utensils, surgical instruments can act as vehicles. Food, water, blood, serum, plasma are other vehicles.

A

Fomites (inanimate materials or objects)

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36
Q

a vector in an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent.

A

Vector-borne transmission

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37
Q

may involve droplets or dust

A

Airborne transmissio

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38
Q

the residue evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host such as someone with tuberculosis, can remain in air for long periods.

A

Droplet nuclei

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39
Q

before the individual can become infected, microorganisms must enter the body.

A

Portal of Entry-

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40
Q

The skin to infectious agents, any break in the skin can readily serve as a __

A

portal entry

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41
Q

Medical interventions such a stubs, catheters, surgical wounds are common __

A

portal of entry.

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42
Q

any individual who is at risk for infection

A

Susceptible Host

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43
Q

someone at risk, an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely that others to acquire an infection

A

Compromised host-

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44
Q

seeks to prevent a disease or condition at a pre pathologic state; to stop someone from ever happening

A

Primary Prevention

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45
Q

Health education
Marriage counseling
Genetic screening
Good standard of nutrition adjusted to developmental phase of lids

A

Health Promotion

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46
Q

Use of specific immunization
Attention to personal hygiene
Use of environmental sanitation
Protection against occupational hazards
Protection from accidents
Avoidance to allergens
Protections from carcinogens
Use of specific nutrients

A

Specific Protection

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47
Q

“Health maintenance”. Seeks to identify specific illness or conditions at an early stage with prompt intervention to prevent ot limit disability; to prevent catastrophic effects that could occur if proper attention and treatment are not provided

A

Secondary Prevention

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48
Q

Case finding measures
Individual and mass screening survey
Prevent spread of communicable disease
Prevent complication and sequelae
Shorten period of disability

A

Early diagnosis and Prompt Treatment

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49
Q

Adequate treatment to arrest disease process and prevent further complication and sequelae
Provision of facilities to limit disability and prevent death

A

Disability Limitations

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50
Q

occurs after a disease or disability has occurred and the recovery process has begun; intent to halt the disease or injury process and assist the person in obtaining an optimal health status. To establish a high-level wellness. “To maximize use of remaining capacities”

A

Tertiary Prevention

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51
Q

Work therapy in hospital
Use of shelter colony

A

Restoration and Rehabilitation

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52
Q

it is a way of thinking that revolves around a philosophy of wholeness, wellness, and well-being

A

Health Promotion

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53
Q

Awareness of the relationship between lifestyle and illness and the development of health- promoting habits, such as getting adequate exercise, rest and relaxation; maintaining good nutrition; and controlling the use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs

A

Health Promotion

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54
Q

Parsons and Pender (2019) consider health promotion to be different from disease prevention

A

Health Promotion-

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55
Q

moved from being considered a goal or desired end point to a process to facilitate movement towards accomplishment of health goals

A

Health Promotion

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56
Q

It is both art and science of supporting people to make lifestyle changes and create an environmental conducive to health.

A

Health Promotion

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57
Q

“Prevention, a narrow sense, means avoiding the development of disease in the future, and, in the broader sense, consist of all interventions to limit progression of a disease”

A

Disease Prevention- Edelman and Kudzuma

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58
Q

a disease is a chieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a person’s system. Antibodies are proteins produced by te body to neutralize or destroy toxins or disease-carrying organisms. Antibodies are disease-specific. (CDC)

A

Immunity

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59
Q

a substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness- immunity.

A

Antigen

60
Q

If the protein originate in an individual’s own body, the antige

A

autoantigen.

61
Q

The immune response has two components:

A

antibody mediated defenses and cell-mediated defenses

62
Q

part of the body’s plasma proteins

A

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

63
Q

defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections.

A

The antibody-mediated responses

64
Q

occur through the T-cells system. On exposure to an antigen, the lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into the lymph system. These T cells pass into the general circulation.

A

Cell-mediated defenses or cellular immunity

65
Q

Helper T-cells, which help in the functions of the immune system
Cytotoxic T cells, which attack and kill microorganisms
Suppressor T-cells, which suppress the function of the helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.

A

3 Main groups of T-cells

66
Q

results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease;acquired through natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity.

A

Active Immunity

67
Q

include the clinical model, the role performance model, the adaptive model, the eudaimonistic model, the agent-host-environmental model, health-illness scales.

A

Health Models

68
Q

individuals are viewed as physiologic systems with related functions, and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury. It is considered the state of not being “sick”

A

Clinical Model

69
Q

individuals who can fulfill their roles are healthy even though he has migraines. It is assumed in this model that sickness is inability to perform one’s work role.

A

Role Performance Model

70
Q

health is a creative process; disease is a failure in adaptation or maladaptation. The aim of treatments is to restore the ability of the individual to adapt and to cope.

A

Adaptive Model-

71
Q

incorporates a comprehensive view of health. Health is seen as the condition of actualization or realization of an individual’s potential. Actualization is the apex of fully developed personality, described by Abraham Maslow. Illness is a condition that prevent self-actualization

A

Eudaimonistic Model

72
Q

The model is used primarily in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness, although identification of risk factors that result from interactions of agent, host and environment are helpful in promoting and maintaining health

A

Agent-Host-Environment Model-

73
Q

Wellness is an integrated method of functioning which is oriented towards maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable.

A

Dunn’s Health model

74
Q

___ described a health grid in which a health axis and the environmental axis intersect. The health axis ranges from wellness to death and the environmental axis from a very favorable environment to a very unfavorable one.

A

Dunn

75
Q

A graphical illustration of well-being concept first proposed by __. It proposes the well-being includes mental and emotional health, as well as the presence or absence of illness.

A

Travis’ Health-Illness Continuum

76
Q

proposes that individuals can move farther to the right, towards greater health and well-being, passing through the stages of awareness, education, and growth. Worsening states of health are reflected by signs, symptoms and disability. In addition, a person’s outlook can affect wellness.

A

Illness-Wellness Continuum

77
Q

A psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors.

A

Health Belief Model:

78
Q

he model includes individual perceptions, modifying factors, and variables likely to affect initiating action.

A

Health Belief Model:

79
Q

Murdaugh et al. (2019) have modified this health belief model to develop health promotion model because the health belief model explains health-protecting or preventive behaviors but not emphasize health-promoting behaviors.

A

Health Belief Model:

80
Q

a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services.

A

health belief model

81
Q

suggests that people’s beliefs about health problems, perceived benefits of action and barriers to action, and self-efficacy explain engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior. A stimulus, or cue to action, must also be present in order to trigger the health-promoting behavior.

A

health belief model

82
Q

Human needs ranked on an ascending scale according to how essential the needs are: Physiological needs, Safety and Security, Love and Belonging, Self-Esteem, and Self-Actualization

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

83
Q

often represented as a pyramid, with the more basic needs at the bottom.

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

84
Q

motivation to arise at the next stage, each prior stage must be satisfied by an individual.

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

85
Q

The hierarchy has been used to explain how effort and motivation are correlated in the conext of human behavior.

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

86
Q

Each of these individual levels contains a certain amount of internal sensation that must be met in order for an individual to complete their hierarchy.

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

87
Q

The goal in Maslow’s hierarchy is to attain the level or stage of __

A

self-actualization.

88
Q

Triad is composed of the agent, host and environment.

A

epidiamolic triad/triangle

89
Q

The triad consists of an ___ that brings the host and agent together. In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from as source to that host.

A

external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment

90
Q

A number of models of disease causation have been proposed.

A

Ecologic Health Model:

91
Q

Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease.

A

Ecologic Health Model:

92
Q

The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.

A

epidiaimolic triad

93
Q

In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to that host.

A

Ecologic Health Model:

94
Q

Agent, host, and environmental factors interrelate in a variety of complex ways to produce disease.

A

Ecologic Health Model:

95
Q

Different diseases require different balances and interactions of these three components.

A

Ecologic Health Model:

96
Q

Development of appropriate, practical, and effective public health measures to control or prevent disease usually requires assessment of all three components and their interactions.

A

Ecologic Health Model

97
Q

Man is viewed as a physiologic being.

A

Clinical Health Model:

98
Q

The absence of signs and symptoms of disease indicates health.

A

Clinical Health Model

99
Q

Illness would be the presence of conspicuous signs and symptoms of disease.

A

Clinical Health Model:

100
Q

People who use this model of health to guide their use of healthcare services may not seek preventive health services , or they mat wait until they are very ill to seek care.

A

Clinical Health Model:

101
Q

Clinical model is the conventional model of the discipline of medicine.

A

Clinical Health Model:

102
Q

Health is viewed in terms of capacity to adapt.

A

Adaptive Health Model

103
Q

The concept of a system as applied to an individual.

A

Adaptive Health Model:

104
Q

Roy conceptualizes the person in a holistic perspective

A

Adaptive Health Model:

105
Q

Individual aspects of parts act together to form a unified being. Additionally, as living systems, persons are in constant interaction with their environments.

A

Adaptive Health Model:

106
Q

Between the system and the environment occurs an exchange of information, matter, and energy.

A

Adaptive Health Model

107
Q

Characteristics of a system include inputs, outputs, controls, and feedback.

A

Adaptive Health Model

108
Q

A nurse’s role in the adaptation model is to manipulate stimuli by removing, decreasing, decreasing, increasing, or altering stimuli.

A

Six-Step Nursing Process-

109
Q

Assess the behaviors manifested from the four adaptive modes.
Assess the stimuli, categorize them as focal, contextual, or residual.
Make a statement or nursing diagnosis of the person’s adaptive state.
Set a goal to promote adaptation.
Implement interventions aimed at managing the stimuli.
Evaluate whether the adaptive goal has been met.

A

Six-Step Nursing Process

110
Q

a person’s physiological coping mechanism. The body attempts to adapt via regulation of our bodily processes, including neurochemical and endocrine systems.

A

Regulator

111
Q

person’s mental coping mechanism. A person uses his brain to cope via self-concept, independence, and role functioning adaptive modes.

A

Cognator

112
Q

how the regulator and cognator mechanisms are manifested; in other words, they are the external expressions of the above and internal processes.

A

Four Adaptive Modes

113
Q

involved in the function and activities of living organisms. These are the actual processes put in motion by the regulator subsystem.

A

Physiological-Physical Mode

114
Q

In this mode, the goal of coping is to have a sense of unity, meaning the purposefulness in the universe, and a sense of identity integrity. This includes body image and self-ideals.

A

Self-Concept Group Identity Mode

115
Q

This mode focuses on the primary, secondary, and tertiary roles that a person occupies in society and knowing where they stand as a member of society.

A

Role of Function Mode

116
Q

This mode focuses on attaining relational integrity through giving and receiving of love, respect and value. This is achieved with effective communication and relations.

A

Interdependence Mode

117
Q

The various modes and subsystems meet the needs of the environment. These are usually stable processes (e.g. breathing, spiritual realization, successful relationship).

A

Integrated Process

118
Q

The cognator and regulator are challenged by the environment’s needs but are working to meet the needs (e.g.. Grief, starting with a new job, compensatory breathing).

A

Compensatory Process

119
Q

The modes and subsystems are not adequately meeting the environmental challenge (e.g., hypoxia, unresolved loss, abusive relationships).

A

Compromised Process

120
Q

As long as you are able to perform societal functions and roles you are healthy.

A

Role Performance Health Model:

121
Q

depicts health as the ability to fulfill one’s customary social roles. Thus if a young mother is able to adequately carry out her childcare activities, she would be deemed healthy. If she cannot perform these activities, she would be considered ill.

A

Role Performance Health Model

122
Q

The problem with this view of health is the distressful and stultifying nature of many people’s occupational or familial roles. Scholars are now placing emphasis on the quality of experience in social roles and the degree of choice about occupancy of these roles (Thomas, 1997a).

A

Role Performance Health Model

123
Q

Can individuals trapped in unsatisfying jobs or marriages achieve optimal health? What is the health impact of juggling multiple roles or experiencing role conflict? What if performance in one role (worker, for example) so dominates one’s existence that performance in another role (parent) is compromised?

A

Role Performance Health Model:

124
Q

Considers emotional, spiritual and other dimensions to be important aspects of physical wellness.

A

Holistic Health Model

125
Q

describes the holistic care model as a ”practice that has healing the whole person as its goal.

A

American Holistic Nurses Association

126
Q

This model treats each patient as an individual participating in their own care and takes their preferences and beliefs into account instead of simply focusing on their physical ailments.

A

Holistic Health Model

127
Q

Many variables influence an individual’s health status, beliefs, and behaviors or practices.

A

Factors Affecting Health as a Multifactorial Phenomenon

128
Q

include biological, psychologic, and cognitive dimensions.

A

Internal Variables

129
Q

They are described as non modifiable variables because, for most part, they cannot be changed.

A

Internal Variables

130
Q

influences biological characteristics, innate temperament, activity level, and intellectual potential

A

Genetic Makeup

131
Q

influence the distribution of disease. Certain acquired and genetic diseases are more common in one sex than in the other.

A

Sex

132
Q

distribution of disease varies with age.

A

Age

133
Q

has a major impact on health status.

A

Developmental level

134
Q

psychologic (emotional) factors influencing health include mind-body interactions and self-concept.

A

Psychological Dimension

135
Q

can affect health status positively and negatively. Emotional distress may influence the immune system through the central nervous system and endocrine alterations.

A

Mind-Body interactions

136
Q

is how an individual feels about self and perceives the physical self, needs, roles, and abilities.

A

Self-concept

137
Q

or intellectual factors influencing health include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs.

A

Cognitive Dimension

138
Q

refers to an individual’s general way of living, including those living conditions and individual patterns of behavior that are influenced by sociocultural factors and personal characteristics. Lifestyle choices may have positive or negative effects on health.

A

Lifestyle

139
Q

actices that have potentially negative effects on health are often referred to as ___.

A

risk factors.

140
Q

Environment, standards of living, family and cultural beliefs, social support networks

A

External Variables:

141
Q

people are becoming increasingly aware of their environment and how it affects their health and level of wellness.

A

Environment

142
Q

individual’s standard of living (reflecting occupation, income, and education) is related to health morbidity and morality. Hygiene, food habits, and teh ability to seek healthcare advice and follow health regimes vary by income level.

A

Standards of Living

143
Q

the family passes on patterns of daily living and lifestyle to offspring. Emotional health depends on a social environment that is free of excessive tension and does not isolate the individual from others.

A

Family and cultural Beliefs

144
Q

also influences how an individual perceives, experiences, and copes with health and illness. Each culture has ideas about health and illness.

A

Culture

145
Q

also plays an important role I health behaviors. Clients who are not fluent in the dominant language may misinterpret information they are given or unsuccessful in communicating their beliefs and preferences.

A

Language

146
Q

having a support network (family, friends, or a confidant) and job satisfaction can facilitate healthy behaviors. Support persons also provide motivation for an ill individual to become well again.

A

Social Support Network

1st Term (15 decks)

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