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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

-consists of structures used to acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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2
Q

required for the body’s cells to synthesize the chemical energy molecule, ATP.

A

OXYGEN

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3
Q

a by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood.

A

CARBON DIOXIDE

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4
Q

Regulation of blood pH
Voice Production
Olfaction
Innate immunity

A

FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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5
Q

Nose, Pharynx (throat), Larynx

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

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6
Q

Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

A

Lower Respiratory Tract

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7
Q

simply movement of air into and out of the lungs.

A

Ventilation

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8
Q

diffusion of gases across cell membranes.

A

Respiration

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9
Q

movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood.

A

External respiration

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10
Q

movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells.

A

Internal respiration

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11
Q

encompasses the structure from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation,

A

Conducting Zone-

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12
Q

solely within the lungs and include some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli.
Where gas exchange occurs.

A

Respiratory Zone (cellular respiration)

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13
Q

Ventilation
External Respiration
Gas Transport
Internal Respiration

A

4 simultaneous process of respiratory zone

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14
Q
  1. Visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face
  2. Composed of hyaline cartilage; bridge consists of bone
A

External Nose

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15
Q
  1. pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells w/ ilia and goblet cells.
  2. Extends from the nares to the choanae.
A

Nasal Cavity

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16
Q
  1. nostrils; external opening of the nose.
  2. Stratified squamous epithelium w/ coarse hairs
A

Narse

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17
Q

opening into the pharynx.

A

Choanae

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18
Q

partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts.

A

Nasal septum

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19
Q

forms the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the nasal cavity and oral cavity.

A

Hard palate

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20
Q

3 bony ridges on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity; increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and cause air to churn, so that it can be cleansed, humidified and warmed.

A

Conchae

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21
Q

carry tears from the eyes, open into the nasal cavity.

A

Nasolacrimal ducts

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22
Q

air -filled spaces within bone
Reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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23
Q

Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

A

Parts of Paranasal sinuses

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24
Q

traps dust
cilia sweep the debris laden mucus toward the pharynx, then swallowed > stomach acidity kills the bacteria in the mucus.
Air is warmed/ humidified by the blood vessels underlying the mucous membrane.

A

functions of the nose

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25
Q
  1. An involuntary response triggered when foreign substances dislodge from the nasal cavity.
  2. Sensory receptors detect foreign substances > action potentials are conducted along the trigeminal nerve (CN V) > medulla oblongata > reflex
A

Sneeze Reflex

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26
Q

inflammation of mucous membrane of a sinus; inflamed and swollen and produces excess mucous.

A

Sinusitis

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27
Q

common passageway for both the respiratory and the digestive systems.

A

Pharynx

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28
Q

most superior part of pharynx, and is the continuation of nose from conchae.

A

Nasopharynx

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29
Q

middle part of pharynx, begins at soft palate

A

Oropharynx

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30
Q

soft palate elevated > closes the nasopharynx> prevents food from passing into the nasopharynx.

A

swallowing reflex

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31
Q

where food and drinks pass through to esophagus, spans the posterior length of larynx.

A

Laryngopharynx

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32
Q
  1. voice box
  2. Extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea
  3. Maintains an open airway.
  4. Protects the airway during swallowing.
  5. Produces voice.
  6. Has 9 cartilages; 3 paired, 3 unpaired.
A

Larynx

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33
Q

single and largest cartilage, attached superioirly to the hyoid bone

A

Thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple)

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34
Q
  1. most inferior cartilage of the larynx.
  2. Base of the larynx where other cartilages rest.
A

Cricoid cartilage

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35
Q
  1. consists of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline.
  2. It’s superior part projects superiorly as a free flap toward the tongue,
  3. Protects the airway during swallowing by preventing swallowed materials from entering the larynx by covering the glottis.
A

Epiglottis

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36
Q
  1. Windpipe’ where air flows into the lungs.
  2. Attached to the larynx’ inferior to the cricoid cartilage, esophagus is posterior to it.
  3. 16-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage; posterior wall of the trachea is devoid of cartilage.
  4. Divides into the right and left primary bronchi at T5.
  5. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia and goblet cells.
A

Trachea

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37
Q

sensory receptors> action potentials > vagus nerves (CN10) > medulla > oblongata > cough reflex > smooth muscle of the trachea contracts > decreasing the trachea’s diameter > air moves rapidly through the trachea > expel mucus and foreign substances

A

cough reflex

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38
Q

extends to the lungs

A

maim/primary bronchi

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39
Q

an important landmark for reading x rays, sensitive mucous membranes, ridge of cartilage in between bronchi.

A

carina

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40
Q

consists of trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs.

A

Tracheobronchial tree

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41
Q

has cartilage plates, lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

A

Lobar/secondary bronchi

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42
Q

supply subdivisions within each lung lobe.

A

Segmental/tertiary bronchi

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43
Q

less than 1mm in diameter and has less cartilage and more smooth muscle, ciliated simple columnar.

A

Bronchioles

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44
Q

no cartilage in their walls, but the smooth muscle layer is prominent, ciliated simple cuboidal.

A

Terminal bronchioles

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45
Q

smooth muscles relax, making the bronchiole larger.

A

Bronchodilation

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46
Q

when smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole smaller.

A

Bronchoconstriction-

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47
Q

severe bronchoconstriction.

A

Asthma attack

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48
Q

help counterfeit asthma attack.

A

Albuterol

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49
Q

small, air-filled chambers where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other.

A

Alveoli-

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50
Q

the small the formed respiratory bronchioles, the number of alveoli increases.

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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51
Q

long, branching hallways with many open doorways that open to the alveoli.

A

Alveolar ducts

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52
Q

squamous epithelial cells.

A

Alveolar sacs (Type I)

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53
Q

surfactant secreting cells.

A

Alveolar sacs (Type II) pneumocytes

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54
Q

principal organs of respiration.

A

lungs

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55
Q

Cone-shaped; base resting on the diaphragm and apex extending superiorly about 2.5cm above the clavicle.

A

lungs

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56
Q

has three loves: superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe.

A

right lung

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57
Q

has two superior lobe, inferior lobe.

A

left lung

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58
Q

Lobes are separated by deep, prominent __ on the lung surface.

A

fissures

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59
Q

portion of the lungs that is in contact with the diaphragm.

A

base

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60
Q

portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle.

A

apex

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61
Q

indention on the medial surrounding face of the lung.

62
Q

all structures passing through hilum.

A

root of the lung

63
Q

3 large section sin the right lung.

64
Q

medial indention in the left lung.

A

cardiac notch

65
Q

subdivided lung lobes.

A

Broncho pulmonary segments

66
Q

subdivided bronchopulmonary segments.

67
Q
  1. deep to the connective tissue that surrounds each lung, called the visceral pleura.
  2. Drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura.
A

Superficial lymphatic vessels

68
Q
  1. follow the bronchi.
  2. Drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissues.
A

Deep lymphatic vessels

69
Q

Where gas exchange between air and blood occurs.

A

respiratory membrane

70
Q

chemical, secreted by cells within the walls of the alveoli that reduces the tendency of alveoli to recoil.

A

Surfactant

71
Q

Muscles change the volume and wall of the thoracic cavity

A

MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION

72
Q

increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

muscles of inspiration

73
Q

large dome of skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

74
Q
  1. elevate the ribs and sternum.
  2. as ribs are elevated, costal cartilage allow lateral rib movement and lateral expansion of the thoracic cavity.
A

external intercostals

75
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle of inspiration

76
Q

pectoralis major and scalene muscles

A

external intercostals

77
Q

During ___ more air moves into the lungs because all inspiratory muscles are active.

A

labored breathing

78
Q

movement of air into the lungs.

A

Inspiration/ Inhalation

79
Q

movement of air out of the lungs.

A

Expiration/Exhalation-

80
Q

Thoracic volume and lung volume decreases during quiet respiration.

A

LUNG RECOIL

81
Q

causes the alveoli to recoil property due to water molecules.

A

Surface tension

82
Q

Lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium.

A

Surfactant

83
Q

Single layer on the surface of the thin fluid layer lining the alveoli, reducing surface tension.

A

Surfactant

84
Q

surface tension causing the alveoli to recoil can be ten times greater.

A

(-) surfactant

85
Q

reduces the tendency of the lung to collapse

A

(+) surfactant

86
Q
  1. Volume of air inspired or expired within each breath.
  2. Increases during physical activity.
A

Tidal volume (500 ml)

87
Q

Air that can be inspired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (3000 ml)

88
Q

Air that can be expired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume.

A

Expiratory reserve volume (1100 ml)

89
Q

Volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximum expiration,

A

Residual volume (1200 ml)

90
Q

sums of two or more respiratory volumes.

A

RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES-

91
Q

ERV +RV; Amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.

A

Functional residual capacity

92
Q

TV + IRV; Amount of air person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration.

A

Inspiratory Capacity

93
Q

IRV + TV + ERV; The amximum volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration.

A

Vital capacity

94
Q

IRV + ERV + TV + RV

A

Total lung capacity

95
Q

Diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

A

GAS EXCHANGE

96
Q

where gas exchange does not occur respiratory passage ways, such as bonchioles, brionchi and trachea.
Anatomical dead space

A

Anatomical dead space

97
Q
  1. oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries because the Po2 in the alveoli is greater than that in the pulmonary capillaries.
  2. CO2 diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli because the Pco2 is greater in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli.
A

Movement of Gases in the Lungs

98
Q

Oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the interstitial fluid. Po2 is lower in the interstitial fluid in the capillary. Oxygen then diffuses from the interstitial fluid into cells. Po2 is less than in the interstitial fluid.

A

Movement of Gases in the Tissues

99
Q

Low PO2
High Pco2
Low pH
High temperature

A

Factors that increase the amount of CO2 released from oxyhemoglobin:

100
Q

7% is transported as CO2 dissolved in the plasma.
23% is transported bound to blood proteins, primarily hemoglobin.
70% is transported in the form of bicarbonate Ions.

A

Carbon Dioxide Transport

101
Q

inside the red blood cells, increase the rate at which CO2 reacts with water form H+ and HCO3 and promotes the uptake of CO2 by red blood cells.

A

Carbonic anhydrase-enzyme

102
Q

Higher brain centers can modify the activity of the respiratory center.

A

Neural Control

103
Q

responsible for stimulating contraction of the diaphragm

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

104
Q

responsible for stimulating the external intercostals, internal intercostals, and abdominal muscle

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

105
Q

A part of the ventral respiratory group; is believed to establish the basic rhythm of respiration.

A

pre-Bötzinger complex

106
Q

play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration.

A

Pontine Respiratory Group (or pneumotaxic center)

107
Q

Involves the integration of a series of stimuli that start and stop inspiration:

A

Generation of Rhythmic Ventilation-

108
Q

Neurons in the medullary respiratory center spontaneously establish the basic rhythm of ventilation.

A

Starting inspiration

109
Q

Once inspiration begins, more and more neurons are gradually activated.

A

Increasing inspiration

110
Q

The neurons stimulating the muscles of respiration also stimulate the neurons in the medullary respiratory center that are responsible for stopping inspiration.

A

Stopping inspiration-

111
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor, external intercostalis, diaphragm

112
Q

muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostalis and abdominal muscles

113
Q

expiration is a passive process due to significant amounts of elastic tissue in the thorax and lungs.

A

quiet breathing

114
Q

more air moves into the lungs because all inspiratory muscles are active.

A

labored breathing

115
Q

2 factors that keep the lung from collapsing

A
  1. surfactant
  2. pressure in the pleural cavity
116
Q

what if the function of the internal intercostal, external intercostals, and transverse thoracic?

A

to stiffen the thoracic wall

117
Q

what prevents stiffening the thoracic wall?

A

prevents the thoracic cage from collapsing inward during respiration.

118
Q

contraction of the diaphragm, causes the TOP (CENTRAL TENDON) TO MOVE DOWNWARD.

A

normal quiet breathing

119
Q

facilitated by the RELAXATION OF THE ABDOMINAL MUSCLES which move the abdominal organs out of the way until a certain point of deep inspiration.

A

downward movement.

120
Q

the muscle that DEPRESS THORACIC VOLUME

A

internal intercostals

121
Q

this muscle is for forceful exhalation

A

transversus thoracis

122
Q

2 physical principles that govern the flow of air

A
  1. change in volume result in changes in pressure.
  2. air flows form an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
123
Q

pontine respiratory group has a connection with the medullary respiratory center, and appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration. what is this called?

A

fine-tuning the breathing pattern

123
Q

pontine respiratory group has a connection with the medullary respiratory center, and appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration. what is this called?

A

fine-tuning the breathing pattern

124
Q

pontine respiratory group has a connection with the medullary respiratory center, and appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration. what is this called?

A

fine-tuning the breathing pattern

125
Q

surrounds each lung

126
Q

lines the walls of the thorax, diaphragm, and mediastinum

A

parietal pleura

127
Q

covers the surface of the lung

A

visceral pleura

128
Q

functions of the pleural fluid

A

lubricant and hold the pleural membranes together

129
Q

contraction of the diaphragm will bring the diaphragm?

130
Q

main muscle of respiration

131
Q

contraction of your internal intercostals will?

A

elevate the ribs

132
Q

largest change in the thoracic cavity volume is due to contraction of the diaphragm

A

inspiration

133
Q

normal, quiet expiration > respiratory muscles are relaxed because of the elastic properties of the thorax and lungs

A

expiration

134
Q

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract forcefully

A

labored breathing

135
Q

the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases, such as air

A

partial pressure

136
Q

measurement of the concentration of gases

A

partial pressure

137
Q

1.5% of the oxygen remains dissolved in the plasma

A

oxygen transport

138
Q

oxygen combines reversibly with the heme groups of HgB

A

oxyhemoglobin (98.5%)

139
Q

limiting the extent of inspiration

A

hering-breur reflex

140
Q

levels of CO2 in the blood is the major driving force regulating breathing

A

chemical control of breathing

141
Q

effects of exercising

A
  1. breathing increase abruptly
  2. breathing increases gradually
142
Q

Controls the respiratory system

A

Medulla oblongata

143
Q

Extension of the soft palate

144
Q

How many alveoli’s are in the lung?

145
Q

parts of the respiratory membrane

A

1.alveolar cell layer
2. capillary endothelial layer
3. interstitial space between alveolar layer and the capillary layer.

146
Q

the role of thoracic wall

A

assists in ventilation of air

147
Q

it is an anatomical dead space plus volume of any alveoli with lower than normal gas exchange

A

physiological dead space

148
Q

a measure of the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand

A

lung compliance

149
Q

the principal regulator of respiratory rate

A

carbon dioxide

150
Q

how does he cerebral cortex and limbic system can affect ventilation.

A

rate and depth of breathing is controlled both voluntarily and involuntarily by the cerebral cortex

151
Q

highest level of exercise that
can be performed without the causing significant
change in blood pH

A

Anaerobic Threshold

1st Term (15 decks)

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