RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
-consists of structures used to acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
A
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
2
Q
required for the body’s cells to synthesize the chemical energy molecule, ATP.
A
OXYGEN
3
Q
a by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood.
A
CARBON DIOXIDE
4
Q
Regulation of blood pH
Voice Production
Olfaction
Innate immunity
A
FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
5
Q
Nose, Pharynx (throat), Larynx
A
Upper Respiratory Tract
6
Q
Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
A
Lower Respiratory Tract
7
Q
simply movement of air into and out of the lungs.
A
Ventilation
8
Q
diffusion of gases across cell membranes.
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Respiration
9
Q
movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood.
A
External respiration
10
Q
movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells.
A
Internal respiration
11
Q
encompasses the structure from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation,
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Conducting Zone-
12
Q
solely within the lungs and include some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli.
Where gas exchange occurs.
A
Respiratory Zone (cellular respiration)
13
Q
Ventilation
External Respiration
Gas Transport
Internal Respiration
A
4 simultaneous process of respiratory zone
14
Q
- Visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face
- Composed of hyaline cartilage; bridge consists of bone
A
External Nose
15
Q
- pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells w/ ilia and goblet cells.
- Extends from the nares to the choanae.
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Nasal Cavity
16
Q
- nostrils; external opening of the nose.
- Stratified squamous epithelium w/ coarse hairs
A
Narse
17
Q
opening into the pharynx.
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Choanae
18
Q
partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts.
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Nasal septum
19
Q
forms the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the nasal cavity and oral cavity.
A
Hard palate
20
Q
3 bony ridges on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity; increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and cause air to churn, so that it can be cleansed, humidified and warmed.
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Conchae
21
Q
carry tears from the eyes, open into the nasal cavity.
A
Nasolacrimal ducts
22
Q
air -filled spaces within bone
Reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers
A
Paranasal Sinuses
23
Q
Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
A
Parts of Paranasal sinuses
24
Q
traps dust
cilia sweep the debris laden mucus toward the pharynx, then swallowed > stomach acidity kills the bacteria in the mucus.
Air is warmed/ humidified by the blood vessels underlying the mucous membrane.
A
functions of the nose
25
1. An involuntary response triggered when foreign substances dislodge from the nasal cavity.
2. Sensory receptors detect foreign substances > action potentials are conducted along the trigeminal nerve (CN V) > medulla oblongata > reflex
Sneeze Reflex
26
inflammation of mucous membrane of a sinus; inflamed and swollen and produces excess mucous.
Sinusitis
27
common passageway for both the respiratory and the digestive systems.
Pharynx
28
most superior part of pharynx, and is the continuation of nose from conchae.
Nasopharynx
29
middle part of pharynx, begins at soft palate
Oropharynx
30
soft palate elevated > closes the nasopharynx> prevents food from passing into the nasopharynx.
swallowing reflex
31
where food and drinks pass through to esophagus, spans the posterior length of larynx.
Laryngopharynx
32
1. voice box
2. Extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea
3. Maintains an open airway.
4. Protects the airway during swallowing.
5. Produces voice.
6. Has 9 cartilages; 3 paired, 3 unpaired.
Larynx
33
single and largest cartilage, attached superioirly to the hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage (adam's apple)
34
1. most inferior cartilage of the larynx.
2. Base of the larynx where other cartilages rest.
Cricoid cartilage
35
1. consists of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline.
2. It’s superior part projects superiorly as a free flap toward the tongue,
3. Protects the airway during swallowing by preventing swallowed materials from entering the larynx by covering the glottis.
Epiglottis
36
1. Windpipe’ where air flows into the lungs.
2. Attached to the larynx’ inferior to the cricoid cartilage, esophagus is posterior to it.
3. 16-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage; posterior wall of the trachea is devoid of cartilage.
4. Divides into the right and left primary bronchi at T5.
5. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia and goblet cells.
Trachea
37
sensory receptors> action potentials > vagus nerves (CN10) > medulla > oblongata > cough reflex > smooth muscle of the trachea contracts > decreasing the trachea’s diameter > air moves rapidly through the trachea > expel mucus and foreign substances
cough reflex
38
extends to the lungs
maim/primary bronchi
39
an important landmark for reading x rays, sensitive mucous membranes, ridge of cartilage in between bronchi.
carina
40
consists of trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs.
Tracheobronchial tree
41
has cartilage plates, lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Lobar/secondary bronchi
42
supply subdivisions within each lung lobe.
Segmental/tertiary bronchi
43
less than 1mm in diameter and has less cartilage and more smooth muscle, ciliated simple columnar.
Bronchioles
44
no cartilage in their walls, but the smooth muscle layer is prominent, ciliated simple cuboidal.
Terminal bronchioles
45
smooth muscles relax, making the bronchiole larger.
Bronchodilation
46
when smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole smaller.
Bronchoconstriction-
47
severe bronchoconstriction.
Asthma attack
48
help counterfeit asthma attack.
Albuterol
49
small, air-filled chambers where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other.
Alveoli-
50
the small the formed respiratory bronchioles, the number of alveoli increases.
Respiratory bronchioles
51
long, branching hallways with many open doorways that open to the alveoli.
Alveolar ducts
52
squamous epithelial cells.
Alveolar sacs (Type I)
53
surfactant secreting cells.
Alveolar sacs (Type II) pneumocytes
54
principal organs of respiration.
lungs
55
Cone-shaped; base resting on the diaphragm and apex extending superiorly about 2.5cm above the clavicle.
lungs
56
has three loves: superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe.
right lung
57
has two superior lobe, inferior lobe.
left lung
58
Lobes are separated by deep, prominent __ on the lung surface.
fissures
59
portion of the lungs that is in contact with the diaphragm.
base
60
portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle.
apex
61
indention on the medial surrounding face of the lung.
hilum
62
all structures passing through hilum.
root of the lung
63
3 large section sin the right lung.
lobes
64
medial indention in the left lung.
cardiac notch
65
subdivided lung lobes.
Broncho pulmonary segments
66
subdivided bronchopulmonary segments.
Lobules
67
1. deep to the connective tissue that surrounds each lung, called the visceral pleura.
2. Drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura.
Superficial lymphatic vessels
68
1. follow the bronchi.
2. Drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissues.
Deep lymphatic vessels
69
Where gas exchange between air and blood occurs.
respiratory membrane
70
chemical, secreted by cells within the walls of the alveoli that reduces the tendency of alveoli to recoil.
Surfactant
71
Muscles change the volume and wall of the thoracic cavity
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
72
increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
muscles of inspiration
73
large dome of skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
diaphragm
74
1. elevate the ribs and sternum.
2. as ribs are elevated, costal cartilage allow lateral rib movement and lateral expansion of the thoracic cavity.
external intercostals
75
diaphragm
muscle of inspiration
76
pectoralis major and scalene muscles
external intercostals
77
During ___ more air moves into the lungs because all inspiratory muscles are active.
labored breathing
78
movement of air into the lungs.
Inspiration/ Inhalation
79
movement of air out of the lungs.
Expiration/Exhalation-
80
Thoracic volume and lung volume decreases during quiet respiration.
LUNG RECOIL
81
causes the alveoli to recoil property due to water molecules.
Surface tension
82
Lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium.
Surfactant
83
Single layer on the surface of the thin fluid layer lining the alveoli, reducing surface tension.
Surfactant
84
surface tension causing the alveoli to recoil can be ten times greater.
(-) surfactant
85
reduces the tendency of the lung to collapse
(+) surfactant
86
1. Volume of air inspired or expired within each breath.
2. Increases during physical activity.
Tidal volume (500 ml)
87
Air that can be inspired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume (3000 ml)
88
Air that can be expired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume.
Expiratory reserve volume (1100 ml)
89
Volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximum expiration,
Residual volume (1200 ml)
90
sums of two or more respiratory volumes.
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES-
91
ERV +RV; Amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.
Functional residual capacity
92
TV + IRV; Amount of air person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration.
Inspiratory Capacity
93
IRV + TV + ERV; The amximum volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration.
Vital capacity
94
IRV + ERV + TV + RV
Total lung capacity
95
Diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
GAS EXCHANGE
96
where gas exchange does not occur respiratory passage ways, such as bonchioles, brionchi and trachea.
Anatomical dead space
Anatomical dead space
97
1. oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries because the Po2 in the alveoli is greater than that in the pulmonary capillaries.
2. CO2 diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli because the Pco2 is greater in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli.
Movement of Gases in the Lungs
98
Oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the interstitial fluid. Po2 is lower in the interstitial fluid in the capillary. Oxygen then diffuses from the interstitial fluid into cells. Po2 is less than in the interstitial fluid.
Movement of Gases in the Tissues
99
Low PO2
High Pco2
Low pH
High temperature
Factors that increase the amount of CO2 released from oxyhemoglobin:
100
7% is transported as CO2 dissolved in the plasma.
23% is transported bound to blood proteins, primarily hemoglobin.
70% is transported in the form of bicarbonate Ions.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
101
inside the red blood cells, increase the rate at which CO2 reacts with water form H+ and HCO3 and promotes the uptake of CO2 by red blood cells.
Carbonic anhydrase-enzyme
102
Higher brain centers can modify the activity of the respiratory center.
Neural Control
103
responsible for stimulating contraction of the diaphragm
Dorsal Respiratory Group
104
responsible for stimulating the external intercostals, internal intercostals, and abdominal muscle
Ventral Respiratory Group
105
A part of the ventral respiratory group; is believed to establish the basic rhythm of respiration.
pre-Bötzinger complex
106
play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration.
Pontine Respiratory Group (or pneumotaxic center)
107
Involves the integration of a series of stimuli that start and stop inspiration:
Generation of Rhythmic Ventilation-
108
Neurons in the medullary respiratory center spontaneously establish the basic rhythm of ventilation.
Starting inspiration
109
Once inspiration begins, more and more neurons are gradually activated.
Increasing inspiration
110
The neurons stimulating the muscles of respiration also stimulate the neurons in the medullary respiratory center that are responsible for stopping inspiration.
Stopping inspiration-
111
muscles of inspiration
sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor, external intercostalis, diaphragm
112
muscles of expiration
internal intercostalis and abdominal muscles
113
expiration is a passive process due to significant amounts of elastic tissue in the thorax and lungs.
quiet breathing
114
more air moves into the lungs because all inspiratory muscles are active.
labored breathing
115
2 factors that keep the lung from collapsing
1. surfactant
2. pressure in the pleural cavity
116
what if the function of the internal intercostal, external intercostals, and transverse thoracic?
to stiffen the thoracic wall
117
what prevents stiffening the thoracic wall?
prevents the thoracic cage from collapsing inward during respiration.
118
contraction of the diaphragm, causes the TOP (CENTRAL TENDON) TO MOVE DOWNWARD.
normal quiet breathing
119
facilitated by the RELAXATION OF THE ABDOMINAL MUSCLES which move the abdominal organs out of the way until a certain point of deep inspiration.
downward movement.
120
the muscle that DEPRESS THORACIC VOLUME
internal intercostals
121
this muscle is for forceful exhalation
transversus thoracis
122
2 physical principles that govern the flow of air
1. change in volume result in changes in pressure.
2. air flows form an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
123
pontine respiratory group has a connection with the medullary respiratory center, and appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration. what is this called?
fine-tuning the breathing pattern
123
pontine respiratory group has a connection with the medullary respiratory center, and appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration. what is this called?
fine-tuning the breathing pattern
124
pontine respiratory group has a connection with the medullary respiratory center, and appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration. what is this called?
fine-tuning the breathing pattern
125
surrounds each lung
pleura
126
lines the walls of the thorax, diaphragm, and mediastinum
parietal pleura
127
covers the surface of the lung
visceral pleura
128
functions of the pleural fluid
lubricant and hold the pleural membranes together
129
contraction of the diaphragm will bring the diaphragm?
lower
130
main muscle of respiration
diaphragm
131
contraction of your internal intercostals will?
elevate the ribs
132
largest change in the thoracic cavity volume is due to contraction of the diaphragm
inspiration
133
normal, quiet expiration > respiratory muscles are relaxed because of the elastic properties of the thorax and lungs
expiration
134
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract forcefully
labored breathing
135
the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases, such as air
partial pressure
136
measurement of the concentration of gases
partial pressure
137
1.5% of the oxygen remains dissolved in the plasma
oxygen transport
138
oxygen combines reversibly with the heme groups of HgB
oxyhemoglobin (98.5%)
139
limiting the extent of inspiration
hering-breur reflex
140
levels of CO2 in the blood is the major driving force regulating breathing
chemical control of breathing
141
effects of exercising
1. breathing increase abruptly
2. breathing increases gradually
142
Controls the respiratory system
Medulla oblongata
143
Extension of the soft palate
Uvula
144
How many alveoli’s are in the lung?
300m
145
parts of the respiratory membrane
1.alveolar cell layer
2. capillary endothelial layer
3. interstitial space between alveolar layer and the capillary layer.
146
the role of thoracic wall
assists in ventilation of air
147
it is an anatomical dead space plus volume of any alveoli with lower than normal gas exchange
physiological dead space
148
a measure of the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand
lung compliance
149
the principal regulator of respiratory rate
carbon dioxide
150
how does he cerebral cortex and limbic system can affect ventilation.
rate and depth of breathing is controlled both voluntarily and involuntarily by the cerebral cortex
151
highest level of exercise that
can be performed without the causing significant
change in blood pH
Anaerobic Threshold
