Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Terminology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

7 purposes of the Urinary System:

A
  1. Cleansing the blood and ridding the body of wastes
  2. Regulation of pH
  3. Regulation of blood pressure
  4. Regulating the concentration of solutes in the blood
  5. Determining the concentration of RBC
  6. Performs the final synthesis step of Vitamin D production
  7. Providing the anatomical structures to store urine until the body is able to dispose of it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does the urinary system’s ability to filter blood reside?

A

2-3 million tufts of specialized capillaries (glomeruli) distributed between the two kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the first part of the nephron?

A

The glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal urine output volume:

A

1-2 liters/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the minimum urine output volume, what is it called when the body produces less than this, and what can cause this?

A

-500mL/day
-oliguria
-severe dehydration or renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the virtual absence of urine and the excessive production of urine:

A

-anuria
-polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Location of the kidneys:

A

Either side of the spine in the retroperitoneal space between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the internal anatomy of the kidney:

A

-Outer region: renal cortex
-Inner region: medulla
-Renal columns: connective tissue extensions from the cortex to the medulla that divides the kidney into 6-8 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the anatomy of the ureters:

A
  • approximately 30 cm long
    -the inner mucosa is lined with transitional stratified epithelium and scattered goblet cells that secrete mucus
    -longitudinal and circular smooth muscles create the peristaltic contractions that move the urine into the bladder
    -a loose layer of collagen and fat anchors the ureters between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdomen wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the anatomy of the urinary bladder:

A

-partially retroperitoneal (outside the peritoneal cavity)
-the peritoneal covered dome projects into the abdomen when distended with urine
-interior surface is made of transitional cellular epithelium; when empty it resembles columnar epithelia, when distended it resembles squamous epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the anatomy of the urethra:

A

-transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
-the proximal urethra is lined by transitional epithelium
-the terminal portion is stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium
-in males, there is pseudostratified columnar between the other two types
-the distal urethra is colonized by bacteria/fungi/viruses which render urine unsterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the anatomy of Nephrons:

A

-Functional unit of the kidney
-afferent arteriole leads to renal corpuscle
-renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus surrounded by Bowman’s capsule
-PCT
-loop of henle
-DCT
-collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What tissue type lines the vasculature of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are all renal corpuscles, PCTs, and DCTs found?

A

Renal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the microanatomy of Bowman’s capsule:

A

-parietal layer is composed of simple squamous epithelium
-visceral layer (over the glomerulus) consists of podocytes, which extend pedicels to cover the glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the PCT:

A

-composed of simple cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli
-the microvilli increase surface area for reabsorption and secretion
-these cells actively transport ions across their membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the loop of Henle:

A

-descending thick portion consists of simple cuboidal epithelium:
-permeable to water, impermeable to ions
-hypertonic, therefore absorbs water
-ascending thick portion consists of simple cuboidal epithelium
-impermeable to water, permeable to ions
-descending and ascending thin portions consist of simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the DCT:

A

-formed by simple cuboidal epithelium
-fewer microvilli
-cells pump against conc. gradient, although less mitochondria than PCT
-sensitive to endocrine hormones:
-anti-diuretic hormone
-aldosterone
-parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is anti-diuretic hormone?

A

-increases H2O absorption, therefore decreasing the volume of urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

-released when Na conc. is low, causes Na reabsorption, which causes water reabsorption, and this increase of water volume increases blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is parathyroid hormone?

A

-maintains/controls Ca concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the collecting ducts:

A

-sensitive to hormones
-each duct collects from several nephrons
-lined with simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens when collecting ducts are stimulated by ADH?

A

-cells will insert aquaporin channel proteins into their membranes, allowing water to pass from the duct lumen into the interstitial spaces to be recovered by the vasa recta
-this allows for the recovery of large amounts of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens in the absence of ADH?

A

-aquaporin channel proteins are not inserted, resulting in the excretion of the water
-results in very dilute urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is osmosis?

A

-the movement of water through a membrane to even out concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens when osmolarity goes up?

A

-filtration and urine formation decrease and water is retained to decrease the concentration of solutes dissolved in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens when osmolarity goes down?

A

-filtration and urine formation increase, removing water from the system through the urine to increase the concentration of solutes dissolved in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the regulation of osmolarity an example of?

A

-homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is GFR influenced by?

A

-hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure on either side of the capillary membrane of the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When does glomerular filtration occur?

A

-when glomerular hydrostatic pressure exceeds the luminal hydrostatic pressure of Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

A

-the volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute
-about 125mL/min produced in men
-about 105mL/min produced in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does decreased blood pressure affect GFR?

A

-decreases GFR

33
Q

Where is the most water recovered?

A

-PCT, loop of Henle, DCT

34
Q

What does the filtrate produced by the renal corpuscle resemble?

A

-blood but without cells and large proteins

35
Q

Describe reabsorption and secretion in the loop of Henle:

A

-the descending and ascending portions of the loop are designed to recover Na+ and water filtered by the glomerulus
-solutes and water recovered here are returned to circulation via the vasa recta
-the thick portion of the ascending loop is completely impermeable to water due to the absence of aquaporin proteins, so only ions are pumped

36
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

-peritubular capillaries around the loop of Henle

37
Q

What does Aldosterone increase in the basal membrane of the DCT and collecting duct?

A

-Na+
-K+
-ATPase

38
Q

What are the results of the movement of Na+ out of the lumen of the collecting duct?

A

-a negative charge that promotes the movement of Cl- out of the lumen into the interstitial space

39
Q

What happens when the PTH receptors in DCT cells bind to PTH?

A

-the insertion of calcium channels on their luminal surface
-these channels enhance Ca++ recovery from the forming urine
-as Na+ is pumped out of the cell, the resulting electrochemical gradient attracts Ca++ into the cell

40
Q

Describe the relationship between the collecting ducts and the recovery of water:

A

-if the blood becomes hyperosmotic the collecting ducts recover more water to dilute the blood
-if the blood becomes hyposmotic, the collecting ducts recover less water, concentrating the blood

41
Q

Name the combining form(s) meaning “urinary bladder”

A

-cyst/o
-vesic/o

42
Q

Name the combining form(s) meaning “kidney”

A

-nephr/o
-ren/o

43
Q

Name the combining form(s) meaning “renal pelvis”

A

-pyel/o

44
Q

Name the combining form(s) meaning “ureter”

A

-ureter/o

45
Q

Name the combining form(s) meaning “urethra”

A

-urethr/o

46
Q

What is albuminuria?

A

-abnormal condition of protein (albumin) in the urine

47
Q

What is anuria?

A

-abnormal condition of no urine production

48
Q

What is dysuria?

A

-painful urination

49
Q

What is glycosuria?

A

-abnormal condition of glucose in the urine

50
Q

What is Hematuria?

A

-abnormal condition of blood in the urine

51
Q

What is nephrolithiasis?

A

-abnormal condition of stones in the kidney

52
Q

What is renal failure?

A

-condition in which the kidneys stop functioning

53
Q

What is uremia?

A

-condition of high levels of urea in the blood

54
Q

What is a BUN test?

A

-Blood Urea Nitrogen test measures the amount of urea in the blood

55
Q

What is a cystoscopy?

A

-visual examination of the urinary bladder with a cystoscope

56
Q

What is a VCUG?

A

-Voiding Cystourethrogram is x-ray films of the bladder and urethra taken after the bladder is filled with a contrast material and while the patient is expelling urine

57
Q

What is urography?

A

-x-ray imaging of the urinary tract after the injection of contrast material

58
Q

What is dialysis?

A

-the manual or medically assisted separation of waste materials (urea, creatinine, uric acid) from the blood

59
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

-shock waves are beamed into a patient to crush urinary tract stones, which are then passed out of the body with the urine

60
Q

What is a renal transplantation?

A

-a donor kidney is transferred to a recipient whose kidneys have both failed

61
Q

What is urinary catheterization?

A

-a catheter is passed through the urethra and into the bladder for drainage of urine

62
Q

What does ARF stand for?

A

-Acute Renal Failure

63
Q

What does BUN stand for?

A

-Blood Urea Nitrogen

64
Q

What does CAPD stand for?

A

-Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

65
Q

What does CKD stand for?

A

-Chronic Kidney Disease

66
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

-Glomerular Filtration Rate

67
Q

What does HD stand for?

A

-Hemodialysis

68
Q

What does KUB stand for?

A

-Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (x-ray imaging)

69
Q

What does RP stand for?

A

-Retrograde Pyelogram

70
Q

What does UA stand for?

A

-Urinalysis

71
Q

What does UTI stand for?

A

-Urinary Tract Infection

72
Q

What does VCUG stand for?

A

-Voiding Cystourethrogram

73
Q

What is depicted in this image?

A

-renal corpuscle

74
Q

What is depicted in this image?

A

-proximal and distal tubules

75
Q

What is depicted in this image?

A

-medulla, Henle’s loop thick portions

76
Q

What is depicted in this image?

A

-transitional epithelium (urothelium)

77
Q

Is this urothelium relaxed or distended?

A

-distended: looks like squamous epithelium

78
Q

Is this urothelium relaxed or distended?

A

-relaxed: looks like columnar epithelium

Anatomy & Terminology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions