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Anatomy & Terminology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function(s) of the digestive system?

A

-break down foods
-release the nutrients
-absorb the nutrients

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2
Q

Where does the GI tract begin/end?

A

begins at the mouth and ends at the anus

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3
Q

True or false: food/waste within the alimentary canal is considered to be outside the body.

A

True

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4
Q

How are mechanical and chemical digestion begun in the mouth?

A

Teeth and tongue begin mechanical, salivary glands begin chemical.

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5
Q

What are the four main tissues that comprise the alimentary tract?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa

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6
Q

What is the mucosa comprised of?

A

-Epithelium (in contact with digested food)
-Lamina propria (layer of connective tissue)
-Muscularis mucosa (thin smooth muscle layer)

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7
Q

What is the predominant epithelium in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

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8
Q

What is the predominant epithelium in the stomach and intestines?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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9
Q

What other two cells are found among the epithelium and what are their functions?

A

-Goblet cells: secreting mucus and fluid into the lumen
-Enteroendocrine cells: secreting hormones into the interstitial spaces between cells

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10
Q

What does the lamina propria consist of, and what does it do?

A

-Loose connective tissue
-Numerous blood and lymphatic vessels that transport nutrients
-Serves as an immune function by housing clusters of lymphocytes (makes up the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, aka MALT)

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11
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Lymphocyte clusters in the distal ileum that protect the body from foodborne bacteria/other foreign matter

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12
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

-Immediately beneath the mucosa
-Dense connective tissue
-Connects the mucosa to the muscularis
-Includes blood/lymphatic vessels and submucosal glands that release digestive secretions

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13
Q

What is the muscularis externa?

A

-Third layer of the alimentary canal
-Double layer of smooth muscle: inner circular layer + outer longitudinal layer
-Contracts to move food (peristalsis)

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14
Q

What is the serosa?

A

-Superficial to the muscularis
-Present only within the abdominal cavity
-Consists of a layer of visceral peritoneum + a layer of loose connective tissue
-Holds the alimentary canal near the ventral surface of the vertebral column

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15
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

-Holds digestive organs within the abdominal cavity
-Broad serous membrane made up of squamous tissue surrounded by connective tissue
-Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall
-Visceral peritoneum envelops the abdominal organs

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16
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

-Chewing & mixing food
-Begins chemical and mechanical breakdown of food
-Moistens and dissolves
-Cleans & lubricates the teeth/oral cavity
-Some antimicrobial activity

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17
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

-Propels food from oral cavity to esophagus
-Lubricates food & passageways

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18
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

-Propels food to the stomach via peristalsis
-Lubricates food & passageways

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19
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

-Mixes food to form chyme
-Chemical breakdown of proteins (HCl)
-Low pH is antimicrobial
-Secretes intrinsic factor required for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine

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20
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

-Mixes chyme with digestive juices
-Propels food slowly for digestion & absorption
-Absorbs broken down carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins/minerals, & water

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21
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

-Further food breakdown
-Absorbs most residual water, electrolytes, & vitamins produced by enteric bacteria
-Propels feces to rectum
-Eliminates feces

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22
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Smooth muscle contractions in intestines that moves food back and forth

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23
Q

What are the accessory organs to the digestive system?

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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24
Q

What are the six activities of digestive processes?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical/physical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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25
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

-Submandibular glands
-Sublingual glands
-Parotid glands

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26
Q

What is saliva?

A

-95.5% water
-Contains salivary amylase for digestion
-Initiates carbohydrate breakdown
-Contains lingual lipase

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27
Q

Where are the major salivary glands located?

A

Outside the oral mucosa and deliver saliva through ducts

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28
Q

What does the stomach mucosa epithelial lining consist of, and what does it do?

A

Surface mucous cells that secrete protective alkaline mucous

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29
Q

What are gastric pits/glands?

A

-Gastric pits dot the surface of the stomach epithelium
-They lead to gastric glands which secrete gastric juice

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30
Q

What protects the stomach from pathogens?

A

-MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
-Peyer’s patches

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31
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

Produce HCl and intrinsic factor (allows SI to absorb vitamins)

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32
Q

What is the purpose of HCl in the stomach?

A

The high acidity (pH 1.5-3.5) and is needed to activate pepsinogen into pepsin

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33
Q

What are chief cells?

A

Secrete pepsinogen, an inactive proenzyme form of pepsin

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34
Q

Where does the most absorption occur in the digestive system?

A

Small intestine

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35
Q

Why is the large surface area of the small intestine necessary?

A

For complex processes of digestion and absorption

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36
Q

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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37
Q

What differentiates the mucosa/submucosa of the small intestine from other mucosae?

A

-Circular folds
-Villi
-Microvilli (brush border)

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38
Q

What is the purpose of villi//microvilli in the small intestine?

A

Increasing the surface area more than 600X

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39
Q

Describe chemical digestion in the small intestine:

A

-Completion of the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates that began in the stomach
-Lipids arrive mostly undigested, so they are focused on with bile and the enzyme pancreatic juice
-Intestinal juice combines with pancreatic juice
-Most water is absorbed by osmosis

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40
Q

What are the four major organic compounds?

A

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Fats
-Nucleic acid

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41
Q

What are the four main regions of the large intestine?

A

-Cecum
-Colon
-Rectum
-Anus

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42
Q

Describe the histology of the large intestine:

A

-Few enzyme-secreting cells
-No circular folds or villi
-Mucosa is simple columnar epithelium made mostly of enterocytes and goblet cells
-Goblet cells secrete mucus to ease the movement of feces
-Enterocytes absorb water and salts as well as vitamins produced by intestinal bacteria

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43
Q

Which vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine due to bacterial activity?

A

B & K

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44
Q

What are most bacteria that enter the alimentary canal killed by?

A

-Lysozyme
-Defensins
-HCl
-Protein-digesting enzymes

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45
Q

What is referred to as bacterial flora?

A

Trillions of bacteria living within the large intestine

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46
Q

What do many bacterial flora do?

A

-Facilitate chemical digestion and absorption
-Synthesize certain vitamins: mainly biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin K

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47
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

The liver-inferior to the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, protected by the ribs

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48
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

-“Gate to the liver”
-Where the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver

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49
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

-Delivers partially deoxygenated blood containing nutrients absorbed from the small intestine
-Supplies more oxygen to the liver than the smaller hepatic arteries

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50
Q

What type of capillary is common in the liver?

A

Sinusoids

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51
Q

What are the three main components of the liver?

A

-Hepatocytes
-Bile canaliculi
-Hepatic sinusoids

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52
Q

What are hepatic laminae?

A

Plates of hepatocytes that radiate outward from the portal vein in each hepatic lobule

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53
Q

What happens to the bile produced by hepatocytes?

A

-Small ducts accumulate the bile
-Flows first into bile ductules then bile ducts
-Bile ducts unite to form the right and left hepatic ducts
-R & L hepatic ducts merge & exit the liver as the common hepatic duct
-This joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder forming the common bile duct that brings the bile to the small intestine

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54
Q

What is the purpose of bile?

A

-Lipids are hydrophobic
-Must be broken down before the watery small intestine
-Bile emulsifies lipids into smaller globules

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55
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

-Lies transversely in the retroperitoneum behind the stomach
-Head nestles into the curvature of the duodenum
-Body extends to the left about 15cm
-Mix of endocrine and exocrine

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56
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

-Pancreas produces over a liter per day
-Clear and mostly water, & some salts, Na bicarbonate, digestive enzymes
-Slightly alkaline (pH 7.1-8.2) to buffer acidic gastric juice
-Inactivates pepsin
-Pancreatic enzymes active in digestion of sugars, proteins, and fats

57
Q

What are pancreatic enzymes?

A

-Pancreas produces protein-digesting enzymes in inactive forms (zymogen)
-Enzymes activated in the duodenum

58
Q

What does enteropeptidase do and what is the result?

A

-Stimulates the activation of trypsin from trypsinogen
-This in turn changes procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen into carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin

59
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

-8-10cm long
-Nested in a shallow area on the posterior aspect of the right lobe of the liver
-Stores, concentrates, and propels the bile into the duodenum via the common bile duct

60
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

-Large food molecules must be broken down into subunits that are small enough to be absorbed
-This is accomplished by enzymes through hydrolysis

61
Q

What are the three most readily absorbed monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

62
Q

What carbohydrates can the digestive system break down?

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose, glycogen, starch

63
Q

What enzyme does most of the starch and carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine?

A

Pancreatic amylase

64
Q

What do sucrase, maltase, and lactase do?

A

Sucrase: splits sucrose into 1 fructose and 1 glucose
Maltase: splits maltose into 2 glucose
Lactase: splits lactose into 1 glucose and 1 galactose

65
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds to form long chains

66
Q

How does digestion of protein begin?

A

In the stomach where HCl and pepsin break them into smaller polypeptides

67
Q

How are proteins digested in the small intestine?

A

Pancreatic enzymes including chymotrypsin and trypsin, which act on specific bonds

68
Q

How are cells of the brush border involved in protein digestion?

A

Secrete enzymes like aminopeptidase and dipeptidase, which make the peptide chains small enough to enter the blood stream

69
Q

What are the most common dietary lipids?

A

Triglycerides, a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acid chains

70
Q

What three lipases are responsible for lipid digestion?

A

Lingual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase

70
Q

What three lipases are responsible for lipid digestion?

A

Lingual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase

71
Q

Where does virtually all lipid digestion occur?

A

Small intestine

72
Q

What is the only consequential source of lipase?

A

Pancreas

73
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do to each triglyceride?

A

Breaks it down into two free fatty acids and a monoglyceride

74
Q

What two types of pancreatic nuclease are responsible for digesting nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonuclease
Ribonuclease

75
Q

What are nucleotides further broken down into and by what brush border enzymes?

A

Broken down into pentoses, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases by nucleosidase and phosphatase

76
Q

Roughly how much water enters the small intestine daily, and how much is from foods/beverages?

A

9 liters, 2.3 liters from food/beverages

77
Q

What is water absorption driven by?

A

The concentration gradient of water: higher concentration in chyme than in epithelial cells

78
Q

What does the combining form an/o mean?

A

Anus

79
Q

What does the combining form append/o and appendic/o mean?

A

Appendix

80
Q

What does the combining form cholecyst/o mean?

A

Gallbladder

81
Q

What does the combining form col/o and colon/o mean?

A

Colon

82
Q

What does the combining form duoden/o mean?

A

Duodenum

83
Q

What does the combining form esophag/o mean?

A

Esophagus

84
Q

What does the combining form gastr/o mean?

A

Stomach

85
Q

What does the combining form hepat/o mean?

A

Liver

86
Q

What does the combining form ile/o mean?

A

Ileum

87
Q

What does the combining form jejun/o mean?

A

Jejunum

88
Q

What does the combining form or/o mean?

A

Mouth

89
Q

What does the combining form pancreat/o mean?

A

Pancreas

90
Q

What does the combining form pharyng/o mean?

A

Pharynx

91
Q

What does the combining form proct/o mean?

A

Anus + rectum

92
Q

What does the combining form rect/o mean?

A

Rectum

93
Q

What does the combining form sigmoid/o mean?

A

Sigmoid colon

94
Q

What does the combining form stomat/o mean?

A

mouth

95
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

Abnormal condition of gallstones

96
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells

97
Q

What is colonic polyposis?

A

Condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon

98
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Abnormal condition of diverticula in the wall of the intestine (often the colon)

99
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

Inflammation and infection within diverticula

100
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

GERD is a condition in which contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus

101
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver

102
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

IBD is the inflammation of the terminal portion of the ileum (crohn disease) or inflammation of the colon (ulcerative colitis)

103
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrome?

A

IBS is a collection of symptoms that include: cramping, abdominal bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. Cause is unknown

104
Q

What is hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Liver cancer

105
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellow colouration of the skin and other tissues caused by high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia)

106
Q

What is abdominal computed tomography?

A

CT scan of the abdominal organs

107
Q

What is abdominal magnetic resonance imaging?

A

MRI scan of the abdominal organs

108
Q

What is abdominal ultrasonography?

A

Ultrasound of the abdomen

109
Q

What is a barium enema?

A

Barium is injected into the anus and rectum, and x-ray images are taken

110
Q

What is an upper GI series?

A

A barium swallow is barium ingested by mouth and x-ray images are taken of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine

111
Q

What is a cholangiography?

A

X-ray examination of the bile ducts after the injection of contrast material through the liver or a catheter from the mouth, esophagus, and stomach into the bile ducts

112
Q

What is a gastrointestinal endoscopy?

A

Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract with an endoscope

113
Q

What is a hemoccult test?

A

Feces are placed on paper containing the chemical guaiac which reacts with hidden (occult) blood. Screening test for colon cancer

114
Q

What is a liver function test?

A

Measurements of liver enzymes and other substances in the blood, high levels indicate liver damage

115
Q

What is a stool culture?

A

Feces are placed in a growth medium to test for microorganisms

116
Q

What is a virtual colonoscopy?

A

CT and MRI scans to produce 2 & 3D images of the colon

117
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Surgical creation of an opening between two gastrointestinal organs

118
Q

What is a colostomy?

A

Surgical creating of a new opening of the colon to the outside of the body

119
Q

What is an ileostomy?

A

Surgical creation of a new opening of the ileum to the outside of the body

120
Q

What does ALT/AST stand for?

A

Alanine Transaminase and Aspartate Transaminase (Liver enzymes)

121
Q

What does BE stand for?

A

Barium Enema

122
Q

What does ERCP stand for?

A

Endoscopic Retrograde CholangioPancreatography

123
Q

What does GB stand for?

A

GallBladder

124
Q

What does GERD stand for?

A

GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease

125
Q

What does GI stand for?

A

GastroIntestinal

126
Q

What does IBD stand for?

A

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

127
Q

What does IBS stand for?

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

128
Q

What does LFT stand for?

A

Liver Function Test

129
Q

What does NPO mean?

A

Nil Per Os (nothing by mouth)

130
Q

What does TPN stand for?

A

Total Parenteral Nutrition

131
Q

What part of the GI tract is this and what epithelial tissue lines the lumen of this part?

A

Esophagus-lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

132
Q

Identify the organ depicted in this image, the function of the encircled structures, and the type of epithelial tissue lining these structures:

A

-Stomach wall
-Gastric pits + glands
-Simple columnar epithelium

133
Q

What does this image depict?

A

Duodenum section of the small intestine

134
Q

What does this image depict?

A

Jejunum section of the small intestine

135
Q

What does this image depict?

A

Ileum section of the small intestine

136
Q

What organ is depicted in this image, and what are the three layers shown in the image?

A

-Colon
-Mucosa (darkest purple)
-Submucosa (middle layer)
-Muscularis (lighter purple)

137
Q

What is depicted in this image and what is structure indicated by the circle?

A

-Rectum
-Anal column

Anatomy & Terminology (13 decks)

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