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Anatomy & Terminology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

-exchanging gases; CO2 for O2

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2
Q

Name the two zones of the respiratory system:

A

-conducting zone
-respiratory zone

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3
Q

Which zone does gas exchange occur in?

A

-respiratory zone

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4
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

-several bones that help form the walls of the nasal cavity that have air-containing spaces
-frontal sinus
-maxillary sinus
-sphenoidal sinus
-ethmoidal sinus

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5
Q

What are the functions of the sinuses?

A

-producing mucus
-lightening the weight of the skull

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6
Q

The conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by what type of tissue?

A

-respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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7
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

-specialized columnar epithelial cells that produce mucus to trap debris

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia of the respiratory epithelium?

A

-removing the mucus and debris from the nasal cavity with a constant beating motion
-sweeping materials towards the throat to be swallowed

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9
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

-a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with the nasal cavities

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10
Q

What are the three major regions of the pharynx?

A

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

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11
Q

Where are samples taken from to test for strep throat?

A

-oropharynx

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12
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx?

A

-stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized

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13
Q

As the nasopharynx becomes the oropharynx, the epithelium changes from what to what?

A

-from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous (non-keratinized)

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14
Q

Name the two distinct sets of tonsils in the oropharynx:

A

-palatine
-lingual

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15
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located?

A

-inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx

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16
Q

What does the laryngopharynx do?

A

-continues to the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge

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17
Q

What is the larynx continuous with?

A

-the laryngopharynx

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18
Q

From what tissue does the larynx transition into what other tissue?

A

-it transitions from stratified squamous epithelium into pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium + goblet cells

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19
Q

What do the cilia in the larynx do?

A

-beat the mucus upward towards the laryngopharynx, where it can be swallowed down the esophagus

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20
Q

Describe the anatomy of the trachea:

A

-extends from the larynx down toward the lungs
-formed by 16-20 stacked C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue
-inside lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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21
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

-the trachea branches into the right and left primary (main stem) bronchi
-these bronchi are also lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium + goblet cells

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22
Q

What does the respiratory zone include?

A

-structures that are directly involved with gas exchange
-begins where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole (smallest type)
-alveolar duct
-alveoli (simple squamous epithelium)

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23
Q

Where and how do O2 and CO2 exchange in the respiratory zone?

A

-passive diffusion through the simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli
-(non-polar molecules pass through the non-polar plasma membranes which are made of fat)

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24
Q

What do the alveoli include?

A

-alveolar duct (tube of smooth muscle and connective tissue)
-alveolus (one of the small sacs attached to the ducts)
-alveolar sac (cluster of individual alveoli)

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25
Q

Two main facts about lung tissue:

A

-majority is open space
-comprised of lots of connective tissue

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26
Q

Describe type I alveolar cells:

A

-simple squamous epithelium formed by these cells is attached to a thin, elastic basement membrane
-this epithelium is extremely thin and borders the endothelial membrane of capillaries

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27
Q

What is respiratory membrane?

A

-formed by the alveoli and capillary membranes
-0.5mm thick
-allows gasses to cross by simple diffusion

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28
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the lungs:

A

-pyramid shaped
-connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi
-bordered by the diaphragm on the inferior surface

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29
Q

What are the lungs enclosed by?

A

-pleurae (serous membrane) which are attached to the mediastinum

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30
Q

Why do the lungs require blood from pulmonary circulation to perform their function?

A

-blood supply contains deoxygenated blood and travels to the lungs where erythrocytes pick up oxygen to be transported to other tissues

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31
Q

Describe the process of pulmonary circulation:

A

-pulmonary artery arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated arterial blood to the alveoli
-the pulmonary branches into smaller and smaller branches until it forms the pulmonary capillary network
-the capillaries become so thin that when they reach to alveolar wall, the respiratory membrane is created
-after gas exchange occurs, it drains through pulmonary veins, which exit the lungs through the hilum

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32
Q

What is the difference between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura?

A

-visceral pleura lines the lungs
-parietal lines the visceral

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33
Q

What is the the pleural cavity?

A

-the space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains pleural fluid
-this allows the lungs to expand and contract smoothly by reducing friction

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34
Q

Which cells secrete pleural fluid?

A

-mesothelial cells

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35
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

-the mechanical act of breathing by moving air in and out of the lungs

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36
Q

What are the major mechanisms that drive pulmonary ventilation?

A

-atmospheric pressure
-alveolar pressure
-intrapleural pressure

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37
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

-the pressure of the air within the pleural cavity
-approximately -4 mmHg throughout breathing cycle

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38
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

-the difference between the intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressures
-determines the size of the lungs
-higher transpulmonary pressure=larger lung

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39
Q

Name some physical factors that affect breathing:

A

-the contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers of the diaphragm and thorax
-the adhesive nature of pleural fluid allows the lungs to be pulled outward during inspiration
-recoil of the thoracic wall compresses the lungs
-most pressure changes caused by diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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40
Q

In which direction does air flow?

A

-from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

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41
Q

Which is greater: intra-alveolar pressure or intrapleural pressure?

A

-intra-alveolar

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42
Q

Which muscle groups are used during inspiration?

A

-diaphragm
-external intercostal

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43
Q

What causes expiration?

A

-expiration is passive-does not require energy
-elasticity of the lung tissue
-relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
-interpulmonary pressure becomes higher than atmospheric pressure

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44
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

-when blood is oxygenated and CO2 is removed from the body

45
Q

What causes gasses to diffuse faster?

A

-greater partial pressure difference between the two areas

46
Q

Name the two sites of gas exchange and what occurs there:

A

-in the lungs where O2 is picked up and CO2 is released
-at the tissues, where O2 is released and CO2 is picked up

47
Q

What is external respiration?

A

-the exchange of gasses with the external environment and occurs in the alveoli

48
Q

What happens to the O2 in external respiration?

A

-a small amount of O2 dissolves directly into the plasma
-most is picked up by erythrocytes and bound to hemoglobin

49
Q

What is occurring in this image?

A

-gas exchange in the alveolus
-CO2 leaves the erythrocyte
-O2 is picked up by the erythrocyte

50
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

-gas exchange in the internal body tissues

51
Q

What is occurring in this image?

A

-gas exchange in the body tissues
-O2 leaves erythrocyte
-CO2 is picked up by erythrocyte

52
Q

Name the three major mechanisms of CO2 transport in the blood:

A

-CO2 molecules dissolved in blood
-HCO3- (bicarbonate) dissolved in plasma
-similar to O2 transport by erythrocytes

53
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “adenoid”?

A

adenoid/o

54
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “alveoli”?

A

alveol/o

55
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “bronchial tube”?

A

bronch/o

56
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “bronchiole”?

A

bronchiol/o

57
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “blue”?

A

cyan/o

58
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “epiglottis”?

A

epiglott/o

59
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “larynx”?

A

laryng/o

60
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “nose”?

A

nas/o
rhin/o

61
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “pharynx”?

A

pharyng/o

62
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “diaphragm”?

A

phren/o

63
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “lung”?

A

pneumon/o
pulmon/o

64
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “tonsils”?

A

tonsill/o

65
Q

What are the combining form(s) meaning “trachea”?

A

trache/o

66
Q

What is asphyxia?

A

deficiency of O2 and increase of CO2 in blood and tissues that can lead to unconsciousness or death

67
Q

What is asthma?

A

spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction

68
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

collapsed lung: atel/o means incomplete, -ectasis means dilation or expansion

69
Q

What is emphysema?

A

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

70
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

spitting up blood

71
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

blood from respiratory tract in the pleural cavity

72
Q

What is pneumoconiosis?

A

abnormal condition of dust (coni/o) in the lungs

73
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

abnormal condition of the lungs marked by inflammation and collection of infected material in air sacs

74
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

infectious and inflammatory disease caused by bacteria (bacilli), lungs and other organs are affected, causes coughing, hemoptysis, pleuritic pain

75
Q

What is a bronchoscopy

A

visual examination of the bronchial tubes with an endoscope

76
Q

What is a chest x-ray film?

A

x-ray image of the chest in an anteroposterior, posteroanterior, or lateral view

77
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

Computed Tomography is cross-sectional x-ray images of the chest

78
Q

What is a laryngoscopy?

A

visual examination of the larynx via laryngoscope

79
Q

What is an MRI?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is the use of magnetic waves and radiofrequency waves to create images of the chest in three planes of the body

80
Q

What is pulmonary angiography?

A

x-ray images of the blood vessels in the lung after an injection of contrast

81
Q

What is a PFT?

A

a Pulmonary Function Test is the measurement of the ventilation of the lungs, using a spirometer to measure the air coming in and out of the lungs

82
Q

What is a sputum test?

A

examination of mucus coughed up from a patient’s lungs to detect infection

83
Q

What is a tuberculin test?

A

test for previous or current infection with tuberculosis based on skin reaction to agents

84
Q

What is a ventilation-perfusion scan?

A

a nuclear medicine test that uses radioactive material to examine the air and blood flow in the lungs

85
Q

What is an endotracheal intubation?

A

tube placed through the nose or mouth to establish an air way when patient is unable to breath on their own

86
Q

What is a thoracentesis?

A

needle inserted into the pleural space to drain a pleural effusion

87
Q

What is a thoracotomy?

A

incision of the chest to perform a pneumonectomy or lobectomy

88
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck and the insertion of a tube to create an airway

89
Q

What does ABG mean?

A

Arterial Blood Gas

90
Q

What does ARDS mean?

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

91
Q

What does CO2 mean?

A

Carbon Dioxide

92
Q

What does COPD mean?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

93
Q

What does CPAP mean?

A

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

94
Q

What does CPR mean?

A

CardioPulmonary Resuscitation

95
Q

What does CXR mean?

A

Chest X-Ray

96
Q

What does O2 mean?

A

Oxygen

97
Q

What does MDI mean?

A

Metered-Dose Inhaler

98
Q

What does PE mean?

A

Pulmonary Embolism

99
Q

What does PEEP mean?

A

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

100
Q

What does PFT mean?

A

Pulmonary Function Test

101
Q

What does SOB mean?

A

Shortness Of Breath

102
Q

What does URI mean?

A

Upper Respiratory Infection

103
Q

What does VATS mean?

A

Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery

104
Q

What does VQ mean?

A

Ventilation-Perfusion scan

105
Q

What type of tissue is depicted here?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

106
Q

What type of tissue is depicted here?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

107
Q

What type of tissue is depicted here?

A

hyaline cartilage

108
Q

What type of tissue is depicted here? (Inner part of image)

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

109
Q

What type of tissue is depicted here?

A

Respiratory epithelium

Anatomy & Terminology (13 decks)

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