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Anatomy & Terminology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

What is excitability?

A

Plasma membranes can change their electrical states from polarized to depolarized

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3
Q

What creates striations?

A

The organization of actin and myosin proteins

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle:

A

-Voluntarily stops and starts movement
-Is multinucleate and striated
-Protects internal organs
-Contributes to homeostasis by generating heat

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5
Q

Cardiac muscle:

A

-Only found in the heart
-Mononucleated and striated
-Shorter fibres than skeletal muscle
-Extensively branched
-Connected by intercalated disks that contain gap junctions and desmosomes

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6
Q

Smooth muscle:

A

-Involuntarily controlled
-Not striated
-spindle-shaped fibres
-Mononucleated
-Shorter than other muscle types
-Triggered by hormones, ANS, local factors
-Nuclei twist/shorten when contracted

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7
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Skeletal

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8
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Cardiac

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9
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Smooth

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10
Q

What combining forms mean muscle?

A

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

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11
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

An inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres

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12
Q

What is electromyography?

A

Recording of the electrical activity of muscle tissue to reveal the strength of muscles

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13
Q

What is a muscle biopsy?

A

The removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

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14
Q

What does the bone matrix act as a reservoir for?

A

Minerals important to bodily function, like calcium and phosphorus

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15
Q

What are calcium ions essential for?

A

Muscle contractions and controlling the flow of other ions involved in the transmission of nerve impulses

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16
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue
Red bone marrow is the site of hematopoiesis

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17
Q

What are long bones?

A

-Cylindrical
-Function as levers
-Include arms (humerus), legs (femur), fingers (metacarpals), toes (metatarsals)

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18
Q

What are short bones?

A

-Cube-like shape
-Provide stability and support
-Includes wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

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19
Q

What are flat bones?

A

-Thin and often curved
-Serve as points of attachment for muscles and protection for internal organs
-Includes cranium, scapulae, sternum, ribs

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20
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

-No easily characterized shape
-Includes vertebrae, sinus-containing facial bones

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21
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

-Small, round
-Form in tendons to protect them
-Includes knees (patellae)

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22
Q

How many bones in the adult human skeleton?

A

206

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23
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

-80 bones
-Head, neck, chest, back
-Protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
-Attachment site for muscles of the head, neck, back, shoulders, hips

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24
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

-126 bones
-All limb bones
-Responsible for body movement
-Pectoral and pelvic girdles

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25
Q

What are bone markings?

A

-Surface features of bones

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26
Q

What are articulations?

A

-Where two bone surfaces come together
-Facilitate the function of the articulation
-Include knee, hip, elbow, shoulder

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27
Q

What are projections?

A

-Area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone
-Attachment points for tendons and ligaments
-Includes vertebral processes, greater and lesser trochanter

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28
Q

What is a hole?

A

-Opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter
-Includes foramen magnum, calcaneal sulcus, hypophyseal fossa

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29
Q

What is the combining form meaning joint?

A

arthr/o

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30
Q

What is the combining form meaning cartilage?

A

chondr/o

31
Q

What is the combining form meaning rib?

A

cost/o

32
Q

What is the combining form meaning skull?

A

crani/o

33
Q

What is the combining form meaning ligament?

A

ligament/o

34
Q

What is the combining form meaning bone marrow?

A

myel/o

35
Q

What is the combining form meaning bone?

A

oste/o

36
Q

What is the combining form meaning pelvis/hipbone?

A

pelv/o

37
Q

What is the combining forms meaning vertebra?

A

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

38
Q

What is the combining forms meaning tendon?

A

ten/o, tendin/o

39
Q

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons: connect muscle to bone
Ligaments: connect bone to bone

40
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine and hip

41
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist

42
Q

What is gouty arthritis?

A

Inflammation of the joints caused by excessive uric acid

43
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Decrease in bone density with thinning and weakening of bone

44
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling, and stiffening in the small joints of the hands and feet

45
Q

What is an antinuclear antibody test?

A

Test in which a sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

46
Q

What is arthrocentesis?

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint

47
Q

What is arthrography?

A

X-ray imaging of a joint

48
Q

What is arthroscopy?

A

Visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope

49
Q

What is a bone density test?

A

Low-energy x-rays used to image bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to detect areas of bone deficiency

50
Q

What is a bone scan?

A

Procedure in which a radioactive substance is injected intravenously and its uptake in bones is measured with a special scanning device

51
Q

What is a calcium level?

A

Measurement of the amount of calcium in a sample of blood (serum) to evaluate bone disease

52
Q

What is erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

Measurement of the rate at which RBCs fall to the bottom of a test tube, high rates are associated with inflammatory diseases

53
Q

What is a uric acid test?

A

Measurement of the amount of uric acid in a sample of blood, high levels associated with gouty arthritis

54
Q

What is arthroplasty?

A

Surgical repair of a joint

55
Q

What is laminectomy?

A

Surgical removal of a piece of backbone (lamina) to relieve pressure on nerves from a herniated disc

56
Q

What is a microscopic discectomy?

A

Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disc with and incision 1-2in long and visualization using an operating microscope

57
Q

What is a vertebroplasty?

A

Surgical repair of vertebrae using special cement injected into backbones to strengthen them and relieve pain

58
Q

What does ACL stand for?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

59
Q

What does ANA stand for?

A

AntiNuclear Antibody

60
Q

What does C1-C7 stand for?

A

Cervical vertebrae

61
Q

What does Ca stand for?

A

Calcium

62
Q

What does DEXA stand for?

A

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

63
Q

What does DJD stand for?

A

Degenerative Joint Disease

64
Q

What does DOMS stand for?

A

Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness

65
Q

What does EMG stand for?

A

Electromyography

66
Q

What does ESR stand for?

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

67
Q

What does IM stand for?

A

IntraMuscular

68
Q

What does L1-L5 stand for?

A

Lumbar vertebrae

69
Q

What does NSAID stand for?

A

NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

70
Q

What does ortho stand for?

A

Orthopedics

71
Q

What does PT stand for?

A

Physical Therapy

72
Q

What does ROM stand for?

A

Range Of Motion

73
Q

What does T1-T12 stand for?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

Anatomy & Terminology (13 decks)

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