Musculoskeletal System Flashcards by Andie Zupan

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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What is excitability?

Plasma membranes can change their electrical states from polarized to depolarized

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What creates striations?

The organization of actin and myosin proteins

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Skeletal muscle:

-Voluntarily stops and starts movement
-Is multinucleate and striated
-Protects internal organs
-Contributes to homeostasis by generating heat

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Cardiac muscle:

-Only found in the heart
-Mononucleated and striated
-Shorter fibres than skeletal muscle
-Extensively branched
-Connected by intercalated disks that contain gap junctions and desmosomes

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Smooth muscle:

-Involuntarily controlled
-Not striated
-spindle-shaped fibres
-Mononucleated
-Shorter than other muscle types
-Triggered by hormones, ANS, local factors
-Nuclei twist/shorten when contracted

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What type of muscle is this?

Skeletal

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What type of muscle is this?

Cardiac

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What type of muscle is this?

Smooth

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What combining forms mean muscle?

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

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What is muscular dystrophy?

An inherited disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres

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What is electromyography?

Recording of the electrical activity of muscle tissue to reveal the strength of muscles

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What is a muscle biopsy?

The removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

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What does the bone matrix act as a reservoir for?

Minerals important to bodily function, like calcium and phosphorus

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What are calcium ions essential for?

Muscle contractions and controlling the flow of other ions involved in the transmission of nerve impulses

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What are the two types of bone marrow?

Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue
Red bone marrow is the site of hematopoiesis

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What are long bones?

-Cylindrical
-Function as levers
-Include arms (humerus), legs (femur), fingers (metacarpals), toes (metatarsals)

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What are short bones?

-Cube-like shape
-Provide stability and support
-Includes wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

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What are flat bones?

-Thin and often curved
-Serve as points of attachment for muscles and protection for internal organs
-Includes cranium, scapulae, sternum, ribs

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What are irregular bones?

-No easily characterized shape
-Includes vertebrae, sinus-containing facial bones

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What are sesamoid bones?

-Small, round
-Form in tendons to protect them
-Includes knees (patellae)

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How many bones in the adult human skeleton?

206

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What is the axial skeleton?

-80 bones
-Head, neck, chest, back
-Protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
-Attachment site for muscles of the head, neck, back, shoulders, hips

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What is the appendicular skeleton?

-126 bones
-All limb bones
-Responsible for body movement
-Pectoral and pelvic girdles

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What are bone markings?

-Surface features of bones

What are articulations?

-Where two bone surfaces come together -Facilitate the function of the articulation -Include knee, hip, elbow, shoulder

What are projections?

-Area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone -Attachment points for tendons and ligaments -Includes vertebral processes, greater and lesser trochanter

What is a hole?

-Opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter -Includes foramen magnum, calcaneal sulcus, hypophyseal fossa

What is the combining form meaning joint?

arthr/o

What is the combining form meaning cartilage?

chondr/o

What is the combining form meaning rib?

cost/o

What is the combining form meaning skull?

crani/o

What is the combining form meaning ligament?

ligament/o

What is the combining form meaning bone marrow?

myel/o

What is the combining form meaning bone?

oste/o

What is the combining form meaning pelvis/hipbone?

pelv/o

What is the combining forms meaning vertebra?

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

What is the combining forms meaning tendon?

ten/o, tendin/o

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

Tendons: connect muscle to bone Ligaments: connect bone to bone

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine and hip

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist

What is gouty arthritis?

Inflammation of the joints caused by excessive uric acid

What is osteoporosis?

Decrease in bone density with thinning and weakening of bone

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling, and stiffening in the small joints of the hands and feet

What is an antinuclear antibody test?

Test in which a sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

What is arthrocentesis?

surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint

What is arthrography?

X-ray imaging of a joint

What is arthroscopy?

Visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope

What is a bone density test?

Low-energy x-rays used to image bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to detect areas of bone deficiency

What is a bone scan?

Procedure in which a radioactive substance is injected intravenously and its uptake in bones is measured with a special scanning device

What is a calcium level?

Measurement of the amount of calcium in a sample of blood (serum) to evaluate bone disease

What is erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Measurement of the rate at which RBCs fall to the bottom of a test tube, high rates are associated with inflammatory diseases

What is a uric acid test?

Measurement of the amount of uric acid in a sample of blood, high levels associated with gouty arthritis

What is arthroplasty?

Surgical repair of a joint

What is laminectomy?

Surgical removal of a piece of backbone (lamina) to relieve pressure on nerves from a herniated disc

What is a microscopic discectomy?

Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disc with and incision 1-2in long and visualization using an operating microscope

What is a vertebroplasty?

Surgical repair of vertebrae using special cement injected into backbones to strengthen them and relieve pain

What does ACL stand for?

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

What does ANA stand for?

AntiNuclear Antibody

What does C1-C7 stand for?

Cervical vertebrae

What does Ca stand for?

Calcium

What does DEXA stand for?

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

What does DJD stand for?

Degenerative Joint Disease

What does DOMS stand for?

Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness

What does EMG stand for?

Electromyography

What does ESR stand for?

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

What does IM stand for?

IntraMuscular

What does L1-L5 stand for?

Lumbar vertebrae

What does NSAID stand for?

NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

What does ortho stand for?

Orthopedics

What does PT stand for?

Physical Therapy

What does ROM stand for?

Range Of Motion

What does T1-T12 stand for?

Thoracic vertebrae