Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Terminology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

The thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What separates the heart from the other mediastinal structures?

A

Pericardium/pericardial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many chambers does the heart consist of?

A

Four: left & right atria, left & right ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which chambers act as the primary pumping chambers?

A

The left & right ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two main circuits of circulation?

A

Pulmonary circuit: transports blood to and from the lungs so it can pick up oxygen
Systemic circuit: transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk which bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries, which in turn become the pulmonary capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is special about pulmonary trunk arteries?

A

They are the only arteries in the post-natal body that carry deoxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is special about pulmonary veins?

A

They are the only post-natal veins that carry oxygenated blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What path does the oxygenated blood follow after the pulmonary veins?

A

Left atrium - left ventricle - the aorta - the branches of the systemic circuit - systemic capillaries - gas and waste exchange with the body tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What path does the deoxygenated blood follow after delivering oxygen through the systemic capillaries?

A

The capillaries become venules - venules become veins - two major systemic veins: superior and inferior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the serous pericardium consist of?

A

-The parietal pericardium, fused to the fibrous pericardium
-The visceral pericardium/epicardium, fused to the heart (part of the heart wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the pericardial cavity lie?

A

Between the epicardium and the pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the outermost layer of the wall of the heart have in common with the innermost layer of the pericardium? What is it also known as?

A

They are the same structure, and is also known as the epicardium or the visceral pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the middle layer of the heart? Describe its anatomy:

A

-The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart, made mostly of cardiac muscle cells
-Built upon a framework of collagenous fibers that insulate the atria from the ventricles
-The contraction of the myocardium pumps blood through the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the innermost layer of the heart? Describe its anatomy:

A

-The endocardium lines the chambers where the blood circulates
-Made of simple squamous epithelium aka endothelium, continuous with the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is pericardial fluid?

A

A pleural fluid that lies in between the visceral and parietal layers of the heart, normally sterile, reduces friction caused by the constant movement of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is the lumen smaller in the left ventricle?

A

Because the myocardium has to be much thicker to pressurize the blood enough to travel through the systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

Valves between the atria and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Valves at the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between diastole and systole?

A

Diastole = relaxed
Systole = contracted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between a tricuspid and a bicuspid valve?

A

Tri = three
bi = two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do fluids flow according to?

A

Pressure gradients: from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What role does pressure play in the circulation of blood?

A

-during diastole the blood will flow into the atria from the veins (high to low pressure)
-the pressure in the atria rises during atrial systole and the blood moves into the ventricles (lower pressure)
-during ventricular systole the pressure rises and the blood flows into the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle and into the aorta from the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are arteries and what is their purpose?

A

-Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
-Branch until their smallest form, arterioles
-Arterioles deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are veins and what is their purpose?

A

Veins are lower pressure vessels than arteries, and carry deoxygenated blood and other waste materials to the heart and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the lumen of blood vessels?

A

The hollow passageway through which blood flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Inner: tunica intima
Middle: tunica media
Outer: tunica externa/adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three layers of an artery comprised of?

A

Tunica intima: endothelium, internal elastic membrane
Tunica media: smooth muscle, elastic fiber
Tunica externa: external elastic membrane, vasa vasorum, nervi vasorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the three layers of a vein comprised of?

A

Tunica intima: endothelium
Tunica media: smooth muscle
Tunica externa: vasa vasorum and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the vasa vasorum?

A

a network of smaller blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, like elastic arteries and large veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why do veins in the outer limbs of the body have valves?

A

Being so far from the heart means the blood pressure is a lot lower, so the valves prevent the blood from flowing in the wrong direction, due to gravity or other factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is one of the primary causes of clot formation in blood vessels?

A

Damage to the endothelial lining exposing the blood to the collagenous fibers beneath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is next to the endothelial tissue in blood vessels and what is its purpose?

A

-The basement membrane or basal lamina
-Binds the endothelium to the connective tissue
-Provides strength while maintaining flexibility
-Allows materials to pass through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What type of connective tissue does the thin outer layer of the tunica intima contain?

A

Areolar tissue consisting primarily of elastic fibers for flexibility and collagenous fibers for strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the valves in the veins of the outer limbs made of?

A

Sections of thickened endothelium reinforced with connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the thickest layer in arteries that is also much thicker in arteries than it is in veins?

A

The tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the thickest layer in veins that is also usually thicker in veins than in arteries?

A

The tunica externa, aka the tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the general purpose and anatomy of capillaries:

A

-Capillaries supply blood to the tissues through perfusion
-Walls are made of endothelial tissue surrounded by a basement membrane and occasionally smooth fibers
-Must allow substances to pass through them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the three major types of capillaries?

A

-Continuous
-Fenestrated
-Sinusoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

-The most common
-Complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells
-Ones not associated with the brain are rich in transport vesicles and contribute to either endocytosis or exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

-Contain fenestrations in addition to tight junctions in the endothelial lining
-Permeable to larger molecules
-Common in the small intestine and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are sinusoid capillaries?

A

-Least common
-Flattened
-Extensive intercellular gaps
-Incomplete basement membranes
-Large openings allow for largest molecules (including plasma proteins and even cells)
-Found in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, many endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is plasma?

A

-90% water
-10% dissolved proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, lipids, vitamins
-Significant elements are albumin, immunoglobulins (antibodies) and fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is serum?

A

-Plasma without clotting factors
-Formed when blood is collected and induced to clot
-The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin forms strands that trap all cellular elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are formed elements?

A

-Comprise 45% of blood volume
-99% RBC (red blood cells)
-Rest is WBC (white blood cells) and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

-Carry hemoglobin
-An RBC circulates for about 120 days before being removed by the liver, bone marrow, or spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

-Protect the body against infection
-Most are in the peripheral tissues and lymphatic system at any given time
-Five types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the five types of WBC?

A

-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
-Monocytes
-Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are platelets?

A

-Created in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes
-Each one remains in circulation for 9-12 days
-Also called thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

-The processes by which blood vessels are repaired after injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the four phases of hemostasis?

A

-Vascular
-Platelet
-Coagulation
-Fibrinolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the vascular phase of hemostasis?

A

-Rupture of a blood vessel causes vascular spasm
(contraction of the smooth muscle lining the vessel)
-Reduces the diameter of the vessel, reducing blood loss
-Lasts about 30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the platelet phase of hemostasis?

A

-Aggregating platelets are activated
-Releasing factors that promote fibrin accumulation
-Combination of the vascular and platelet phase called primary hemostasis
-Exposure of materials beneath endothelial lining causes platelets to stick to the endothelial cells (adhesion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the coagulation phase of hemostasis?

A

-Cascade of enzymes and factors that result in a blood clot

56
Q

What is the fibrinolysis phase of hemostasis?

A

-Controlled by plasmin
-As the wound is closed and tissue repair commences, fibrin itself is broken down slowly

57
Q

What does angi/o mean?

A

Vessel

58
Q

What does aort/o mean?

A

Aorta

59
Q

What does arteri/o mean?

A

Artery

60
Q

What does arteriol/o mean?

A

Arteriole

61
Q

What does cardi/o mean?

A

Heart

62
Q

What does coron/o mean?

A

Heart

63
Q

What does phleb/o mean?

A

Vein

64
Q

What does ven/o mean?

A

Vein

65
Q

What does venul/o mean?

A

Venule

66
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall or breakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis

67
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to the heart muscle, aka angina pectoris (pect/o meaning chest)

68
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

Abnormal heartbeat rhythm, e.g. fibrillation or flutter

69
Q

What is artherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of arteries with a collection of cholesterol-like plaque

70
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood, blood accumulates in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema

71
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure
Essential hypertension is without apparent cause
Secondary is caused by another illness

72
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack (an infarct is an area of necrotic tissue)

73
Q

What is shock?

A

A group of symptoms (paleness, weak pulse, shallow breathing) indicating poor oxygen supply to tissues and insufficient return of blood flow to the heart

74
Q

What is an angiography?

A

Recording via x-ray blood vessels after the injection of contrast into the blood stream

75
Q

What is cardiac catheterization?

A

Introducing a catheter into a coronary blood vessel to measure pressure and flow patterns

76
Q

What are cardiac enzyme tests?

A

Measurements of enzymes released into the blood stream after an MI

77
Q

What is a doppler ultrasound?

A

Measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves

78
Q

What is echocardiography?

A

Images of the heart produced using sound waves

79
Q

What is electrocardiography?

A

Recording electricity flowing through the heart

80
Q

What is holter monitoring?

A

Detection of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that involves having the patient wear a compact version of an electrocardiograph for 24 hours

81
Q

What are lipid tests?

A

Measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood

82
Q

What are lipoprotein tests?

A

Measurements of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood

83
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging?

A

Producing an image by beaming magnetic waves at the heart to give detailed information about congenital heart disease, cardiac masses, and large blood vessel diseases

84
Q

What is a MUGA scan?

A

Imaging the motion of the heart wall muscles and assessing the function of the heart via a multiple-gated acquisition scan, which uses radioactive chemicals

85
Q

What is positron emission tomography?

A

A PET scan is radioactive particles injected into the blood stream and into the heart to acquire cross-sectional images of the flow of blood and functional activity of the heart

86
Q

What is a stress test?

A

An electrocardiogram + blood pressure + heart rate measurements showing the heart’s response to physical exertion using a treadmill

87
Q

What is a technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan?

A

A radioactive pharmaceutical is injected intravenously to show perfusion of blood in the heart muscle. It is taken up in the area of an MI producing “hot spots”

88
Q

What is a thallium-201 scan?

A

A radioactive test that shows where injected thallium-201 (radioactive substance) localizes in the heart muscle

89
Q

What is a cardiac catheter ablation?

A

Flexible tube threaded through blood vessels into the heart to destroy (ablate) abnormal tissue causing arrhythmias

90
Q

What is cardioversion?

A

Brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia, aka defibrillation

91
Q

What is coronary artery bypass grafting?

A

A CABG is when vessels are taken from the patient’s legs or chest and connected to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages

92
Q

What is an endarterectomy?

A

Surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery to remove fatty deposits and clots

93
Q

What is a heart transplant?

A

A donor heart is transferred to a patient whose own heart cannot sustain them

94
Q

What is percutaneous coronary intervention?

A

PCI is a balloon-tipped catheter threaded into a coronary artery to compress fatty deposits and open the artery. Stents create wider openings that make the recurrence of blockages less likely

95
Q

What is thrombolytic therapy?

A

Drugs such as tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) and streptokinase are injected into a patient’s bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack

96
Q

What does ACS stand for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome

97
Q

What does AED stand for?

A

Automated External Defibrillator

98
Q

What does AMI stand for?

A

Acute Myocardial Infarction

99
Q

What does BP stand for?

A

Blood pressure

100
Q

What does CABG stand for?

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

101
Q

What does CAD stand for?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

102
Q

What does CCU stand for?

A

Coronary Care Unit

103
Q

What does CHF stand for?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

104
Q

What does CPR stand for?

A

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

105
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiography

106
Q

What does ECHO mean?

A

Echocardiography

107
Q

What does HDL stand for?

A

High-Density Lipoprotein

108
Q

What does HTN stand for?

A

Hypertension

109
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

110
Q

What does LDL stand for?

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein

111
Q

What does PCI stand for?

A

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

112
Q

What type of tissue is shown in this image?

A

Cardiac muscle (cardiac myocytes)

113
Q

What is being pointed to in this image?

A

Intercalated disks

114
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Elastic artery

115
Q

What does this image depict?

A

The tunica intima of an elastic artery

116
Q

What does this image depict?

A

Tunica media of an elastic artery

117
Q

What does this image depict?

A

Tunica adventitia of an elastic artery

118
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Large vein

119
Q

What does this image depict?

A

Tunica intima of a large vein

120
Q

What is depicted in this image?

A

The small tunica media of a large vein

121
Q

What is depicted in this image?

A

Tunica adventitia of a large vein

122
Q

What does this image depict?

A

Top: muscular (distributing) artery
Bottom: medium vein (companion to the muscular artery, fewer distinct layers)

123
Q

What does this image depict?

A

Vein valve

124
Q

What is depicted in this image?

A

Sinusoid capillaries

125
Q

Name the cell depicted here:

A

RBC

126
Q

Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):

A

Platelets

127
Q

Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):

A

Neutrophil

128
Q

Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):

A

Eosinophil

129
Q

Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):

A

Basophil

130
Q

Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):

A

Lymphocyte (large)

131
Q

Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):

A

Lymphocyte (small)

132
Q

Name the cell depicted here (excluding RBCs):

A

Monocyte

133
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

-As phagocytes, they attack and digest bacteria
-Usually the first WBC on the scene of an infection
-Lifespan of only 3-4 days

134
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

-Phagocytic
-Target parasites and antibody-labeled foreign molecules rather than cells

135
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

-Phagocytic
-Release histamine
-Produce heparin
-Increased basophils can indicate leukemia

136
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

-Mostly reside in lymph nodes
-Circulate between lymphatic and circulatory systems
-Include B cells (produce antibodies)
-Include natural killer (NK) cells (destroy foreign and infected cells)
-Include T cells (control cellular immunity)

137
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

-Large phagocytic cells
-Pass from the circulatory system to the peripheral tissues
-Then transform into macrophages and act as roving sentries
-Signal to activate B cells to create antibodies

138
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

-Also called thrombocytes
-Play a critical role in blood coagulation

Anatomy & Terminology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions