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Embryology > Urinary System 1 > Flashcards

Urinary System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?

A

Somites

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2
Q

What lies between the somites and lateral plate mesoderm?

A

A mesoderm component call intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

What is derived from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Urinary Systems

Reproductive Systems

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4
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm induce?

A

Paraxial mesoderm induces kidney-forming ability of the intermediate mesoderm

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5
Q

What are the three transcription factors that drive nephric tubule development?

A

Lim1

Pax2

Pax8

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6
Q

Where are Lim1, Pax2 and Pax8 expressed?

A

In the intermediate mesoderm which lies between the somites and the lateral plate mesoderm

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7
Q

What has occured upon evolution from lower forms to higher forms?

A

Development complexity of the kidney and its functional efficiency have vastly increased

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8
Q

How does the urinary system develop?

A

In an organized fashion involving “generations” of nephric tubules

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9
Q

What is the 1st generation of nephric tubule development?

A

Development in the cervical region of the embryo - representing the -pronephros

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10
Q

What is the second generation of nephric tubules?

A

Development in the thoraco-lumbar region representing the -mesonephros

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11
Q

What is the 3rd generation of nephric tubules?

A

Development in the sacral region representing the

-metanephros

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12
Q

Of the 3 generations what is the most functional capable structure?

A

Metanephros

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13
Q

What occus as the most caudal metanephros develops and becomes functional?

A

The pronephros and mesonephros atrophy

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14
Q

What occurs at approximately time of somite development?

A

Cells of intermediate mesoderm in cervical region give rise to inner visceral layer and outer parietal layer.

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15
Q

What is the cavity formed between inner visceral layer and outer parietal layer?

A

Nephrocele

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16
Q

What are nephrotomes?

A

Cords of cells that grow out from parietal (dorsal) wall and form pronephric tubules

17
Q

What occurs at the distal end of each pronephric tubule?

A

Grows and extends laterally then moves caudally to fuse with same region of growing cells of the tubule right behind it

18
Q

What is the pronephric duct?

A

Site where distal end of each successive tubule fuses

19
Q

What occurs as more pronephric tubules form?

A

They fuse with the ever growing duct

THe duct grows toward the cloaca and becomes canalised (duct is initially solid)

20
Q

What does first glomeruli start as?

A

Starts as tufts of capillaries branching from dorsal aorta in pronephros

21
Q

Tufts push and invaginate into wall of pronephric tubule to form intermal glomeruli

A
22
Q

What is Bowmans Capsule

A

Invaginated epithelium around each glomerulus

23
Q

Funciton of internal glomerulus

A

Filtration producing a flitrate that moves to the pronephric tubule

Water and electrolytes are re-absorbed and waste products move to the pronephric duct then cloaca

24
Q

What is the urogential ridge?

A

Proliferation of intermediate mesoderm in the thoraco-lumbar region and projects into the peritoneal cavity

25
Q

When does the urogenital ridge begin to form?

A

Post-somite stage of development

26
Q

What develops around each mesonephric tubule?

A

Peri-tubular capillar network

27
Q

What does the peri-tubular capillary network aid in?

A

Greater capability of reabsorption of water and electrolytes

28
Q

How does mesonephros differ from pronephros?

A

Greater size

Pronephros - one tubule at level of each somite

Mesonephros - multiple mesonephric tubules at each somite

29
Q

What supplies blood to mesonephros and pronephros?

A

Dorsal aorta

30
Q

What two structure give rise to the metanephros form of the excretory organ?

A

Ureteric bud - outgrowth of mesonephric duct

Region of Urinary ridge - Metanephric mass

31
Q

Where does development of metanephros take place?

A

Sacral region of the embryo

32
Q

What induces metanephric tissue to give rise to metanephric tubules?

A

Collecting ducts

33
Q

What influences final arrangement of kidney in mammals?

A

Manner in which widened end of ureteric buds develop

34
Q

What is the metanephric blastema or mass composed of?

A

Mesenchyme

35
Q

What is needed for survival of metanephric mesenchyme?

A

Ureteric bud

36
Q

What does GDNF do?

A

GDNF = Glial-derived neurotrophic factor

  • Secreted by mesenchyme and stimulates bud to become highly branched
37
Q

What do Wnt6 and Wnt 9b do?

A

Induce mesenchyme to form tubular epithelium which will be part of tubule

38
Q

What is the comma part of the tubule formation part of?

A

Develops into podocytes

39
Q

Function of podocytes?

A

Secret VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

  • VEGF induces capillaries to branch and future formation of glomerulus

Embryology (25 decks)

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