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Embryology > Genital System I > Flashcards

Genital System I Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layer to mammary glands originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

What embryonic germ layers do vagina and vestibule originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

What embryonic germ layers do penis and clitoris originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

What embryonic germ layer do gonads originate from?

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

What embryonic does the following originate from?

Uterus, cervix

A

Mesoderm

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6
Q

What embryonic does the following originate from?

Epididymis, ductus deferens

A

Mesoderm

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7
Q

What embryonic does the following originate from?

Accessory sex glands

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

Where does the initial step in sex determination occur?

A

At fertilization

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9
Q

What 3 embryological events occur in development occur in the 1st trimester?

A
  1. Migration of primordial germ cells from yolk sac
  2. Sex cords develop in gonad, paramesonephric ducts develop
  3. Sex evident structures
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10
Q

What event begins in 1st semester and ends in 2nd trimester?

A

Development of male ducts and testes

OR

Development of female ducts and ovaries

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11
Q

What occurs in 2nd trimester?

A

Formation of broad ligament

Testicular descent in bull and ram

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12
Q

What embryological event occurs in development occurs in the 3rd trimester?

A

Testicular descent in boar and human as well as colt

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13
Q

Where do primordial germ cells originate from?

A

During formation of mesoderm and endoderm a population of epiblast cells are put aside for formation of the germ line

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14
Q

Where are these primordial germ cells displaced from and to where?

A

Displace from EMBRYONIC DISK to the DEFINITIVE YOLK SAC and part of the ALLANTOIS

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15
Q

What is primordial germ cell migration driven by?

A

Chemotaxis

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16
Q

What is terotomata?

A

Primordial germ cells that dont migrate properly, they can become tumours which have teeth, bone or any kind of development due to the stem cells function they have

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17
Q

What is the gonadal ridge also known as and why?

A

Bipotetential gonad because at this time of development it is capable of differentiating allong two different paths

  • Ovary
  • Testes
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18
Q

In relation to the kidneys, where does the gonadal ridge form?

A

Medial to the embryonic kidney

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19
Q

What occurs when primordial germ cells arrive in gonadal ridge?

A

They stimulate cells around them to proliferate causing ridge elongation

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20
Q

3 origins of gonadal ridge cells?

A

Local mesenchymal cells

Coelomic Epithelium

Cells from mesonephric tubules

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21
Q

What forms compact strands of tissue called primitive sex cords?

A

Cells from degenerating mesonephric tubules

22
Q

What is WT-1 gene required for?

A

Required for formation of gonads

23
Q

What is the function of Lim-1 gene?

A

Required for formation of gonads

24
Q

What factor induces differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells?

A

Steroidogenesis Factor 1

25
Q

What occurs beside the mesonephros is developing?

A

A new pair of ducts appear

Paramesonephric aka Mullerian ducts

26
Q

What is known as sexually indifferent stage?

A

When mesonephros and paramesonephric ducts are developing along sid each other

27
Q

What regulates sexual differentiation?

A

SRY

28
Q

What does the Y chromosome contain that cause for a male to become?

A

A gen called Sex Determining Region on Y chromosome (SRY)

29
Q

What form of sex differentiation is referred to as Genetic Sex Differentiation?

A

SRY

30
Q

Events leading to development of male reproductive system

A

SRY Protein —> Testes Develop —> Sertoli cells secrete Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and Dihydrosterosterone (DHT) —–> AMH and testosterone degenerate paramesonephric duct.

Sertoli cells secrete Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and Dihydrosterosterone (DHT) —–> Desert Hedgehog (DHH) gene causes differentiation of fetal leydig cells –> DHT —> Development of penis, scrotum and accessory sex glands

Desert Hedgehog (DHH) gene causes differentiation of fetal leydig cells –> Testosterone –> Development of male duct system

31
Q

Developmental Sequence of the testes

A

Undifferentiated sex cords allign with rete tubules. Mesonephric tubules penetrate into the primitive gonad but have not yet connected with rete tubules

Rete tubules and mesonephric tubules become interconnected

Sex cords become epithelial in nature

Paramesonephric duct begins to degenerate

32
Q

What does the connection between rete tubules and mesonephric tubules provide?

A

Continuity between undifferentiated sex cords

33
Q

What causes for the degeneration of paramesonephric duct?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

34
Q

What do primitive sex cords proliferate into?

A

Seminiferous cords that are solid tubules containing germ cells

35
Q

What do mesenchymal cells between sex cords develop into?

A

Leydig cells

36
Q

What is sertoli function with spermatocyte?

A

Form blood testes barrier by surrounding developing spermatocyte

Maintain elevated levels of testosterone around these cells which help them develop

37
Q

What occurs at puberty in developmental sequence of the testes?

A

Seminiferous cords become seminiferous tubules (canalnicularize)

And there is continuity between rete testis and efferent ducts

38
Q

What are responsible for carrying sperm through to the urethra

A

Efferent ducts

Epididymis

Ductus Deferens

39
Q

What are 4 accessory sex glands?

A

Prostate

Bulbourethral glands

Seminal vesicles

Ampullae Ductus Deferentis

40
Q

What accessory sex gland does a cat lack?

A

Seminal vesicles

41
Q

What do seminal vesicles and ampullae ductus deferentis develop from?

A

Epithelial evaginations from mesonephric duct

42
Q

What do the prostate and bulbourethral glands arise from?

A

Epithelial evagination from the urogenital sinus

43
Q

What two layers of peritoneum cover the testis?

A

Visceral vaginal tunic

Parietal vaginal tunic

44
Q

What are the 2 stages of testes descent?

A

Transabdominal phase

Inguinal-scrotal phase

45
Q

Explain transabdominal phase

A

Retroperitoneal testes attached caudally to gubernaculum

Peritoneal cells form a junction with gubernaculum in the inguinal region

Gubernaculum grows toward scrotal region

46
Q

Explain inguinal-scrotal phase

A

Once gubernaculum penetrate inguinal ring, rapid growth of the gubernaculum moves testes into inguinal canal - rapid growth dependent on testosterone

Gubernaculum shrinks once testes are in inguinal region

Shrinkage pulls testes deeper into scrotum

47
Q

What covers the testis?

A

inner visceral vaginal tunic

48
Q

what is the spermatic cord?

A

Ductus deferens

Nerves

Testicular artery and vein

Vaginal Fluids

49
Q

What allows for testis to move around with in the scrotum?

A

The outer parietal vaginal tunic does not touch the visceral vaginal tunic and a vaginal cavity is created to allow for movement of testis within scrotum

50
Q

What is failure of testes to descend known as?

A

Cryptorchidism

Embryology (25 decks)

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