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Embryology > Basic Principles of Development > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is conceptus?

A

Product of conception including embryo/fetus and fetal membranes

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2
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

1st cleavage of zygote to establishment of major organ systems

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3
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

Consists of growth and organ refinement up to the point of birth

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4
Q

What are the 2 major events required for embryonic development?

A
  1. Increase in cell number or cell proliferation
  2. Cell specialization of differentiation
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5
Q

What is occuring during cell proliferation?

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

What is differntiation?

A

A gradual process whereby specialized cell types develop from less specialized ones

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7
Q

Two key parts to cordination via communication?

A

Timing

Amount (intensity)

of communication

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8
Q

4 Response to cell signalling?

A

Change Morphology

Divide

Differentiate

Apoptosis

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9
Q

5 Types of signaling

A

Paracrine

Contact-dependent

Autocrine

Synaptic

Endocrine

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10
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Short range, however, doesnt require direct cell to cell contact

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11
Q

What is contact-dependent signaling

A

Short range, cell giving off signal must be in direct contact with target cell

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12
Q

3 forms of contact-dependent signaling

A

Membrane protein on one cell binding to specific receptor on adjacent cell

Secretion of ligand into the extracellular matrix that binds receptor on target cell

Signal directly being transmitted from the cytoplasm of one cell into the cytoplasm of another via gap junctions

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13
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Cell(s) can send molecules to cells of similar type or even to themselves

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14
Q

Why is autocrine signaling very pertinent for development?

A

Groups of a particular cell type signal to a group of similar cells to follow a common developmental fate

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15
Q

Difference between endocrine signalling and synaptic

A

Endocrine is slow acting but long lived

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16
Q

What must first occur in order for differentiation to occur?

A

Cells first need to become committed to a specific cell fate

17
Q

What are two aspects of cell commitment?

A

Cell specification - reversible process

Cell determination - irreversible

18
Q

What is differentiation regulated by?

A

Difference in gene expression

All cells in embryo have same genome, however, some individuals have genes that re repressed

19
Q

What is induction

A

Process by which presence of one tissue influences the development of others

20
Q

What is cell competency?

A

Cell can only be induced when the signaling molecules moving to the target cell can be interpreted

ie., Induction of lens by optic vesicle

21
Q

What is the critical period?

A

Window of Time durring which signaling molecules and or signaling receptors are present to cause induction

22
Q

What is cellular totipoteny?

A

Blastomeres that can form all cells of embryo proper

23
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

Zygote and first few genearations of cells that develop

24
Q

What is pluriopotency?

A

Durring development cells become more restricted in developmental potential

25
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of 3 germ layers

26
Q

What is multipotency?

A

Cells within germ layers exibit several developmental potentials

27
Q

What is unipotency

A

Tissue-specific precursor cells that produce single types of differentiated cells

eg. satelite cells producing skeletal muscle cells

28
Q

What is terminal differentiation?

A

When cells reach a specific stage of development where they have fully matured and no longer divide

29
Q

What is patterning?

A

Process of embryonic cells organizing into tissues and organs

30
Q

What drives patterning?

A

Regional gene expression

31
Q

What is regional gene expression?

A

Differential expression of genes in different parts of the embryo

32
Q

What are homeobox containing genes?

A

180bp conserved DNA sequence shared by some genes

Specify the identity of a particular body segment

33
Q

What do hox genes control>

A

The segmental development of the embryo

34
Q

The fine patterning of the dorso-ventral axis of the developing nervous system results from the relative concentrations of which two factors?

A
  1. TGF-beta family members
  2. Sonic hedghog (Shh)
35
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Mechanism by which tissues and organs are shaped

36
Q

Relationship of patterning and morphogenesis?

A

Patterning gathers cells into regions to form organs while morphogenesis internaly shapes them

Embryology (25 decks)

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