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Embryology > Teratology I > Flashcards

Teratology I Flashcards

1
Q

4 Causes of teratology?

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Nutritional
  3. Infectious
  4. Toxins
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2
Q

Definition of teratogen

A

Increases the occurence of structural or functional abnormalities in the offspring after administration to:

Either parent before conception

Female during pregnancy

Directly to the developing fetus

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3
Q

What does susceptibility vary with?

A

Developmental stage at time of exposure

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4
Q

What occurs if exposure occurs durring predifferentiation (1-32 cells)

A

Interferes with implantation

Typically ends in death

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5
Q

What occurs if exposure occurs during early differentiation (gastrulation, patterning, morphogenesis)

A

Impacts on structural development

Greatest impacts of teratogens

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6
Q

What occurs if exposure occurs during Advanced organogenesis?

A

Major structural abnormalities

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7
Q

Difference between exposure at early differentitation and advance organogenesis?

A

Early differentiation - can have complete absence of organ

Advanced organogenesis - At least portion of organ present

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8
Q

What is Aneuploidy?

A

Abnormal number of chromosomes

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9
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

More than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes

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10
Q

What is most common result of chromosome abnormalities?

A

Most are aborted

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11
Q

Affect of gametogenesis arrests in females

A

Longer they are arrested the greater the chance of abnormalities

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12
Q

What is the most common chromosomal abnormality in the horse?

A

XO, only a single sex chromosome is present

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13
Q

What is dysgenesis?

A

Abnormal-growth

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14
Q

What are chimeras?

A

Sharing of genetic material because of vascular anastomoses in twins of opposite sex

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15
Q

What are freemartins in cows/

A

Male sex hormones of male twin influence female twin, male can be affected too

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16
Q

What is intersex

A

External characteristics of both male and female, cant tell difference whether male or female

17
Q

What are the most common reasons for abnormal chromosome structure?

A

Radiation

Chemicals

18
Q

Two possible abnormal chromosome structures

A
  1. Chromosome breakage or deletions
  2. Translocations, inversion and centric fusion
19
Q

Abnormality caused by assisted reproductive technologies?

A

Large offspring syndrome in cattle and sheep

20
Q

What is hydroallantois

A

One of the membranes of placenta has a lot of H2O

21
Q

What is the gene in sheep which causes for large offspring syndrome

A

Insulin growth factor 2 (IGF2)

22
Q

WHat is the importance of placenta differences?

A

Different types of drugs which cant cross placenta in one species may cross in another

23
Q

What is the importance of SER?

A

Any chemical/drug/toxin that requires metabolic activation to act as teratogen requires presence of SER

24
Q

What does effect of toxicity depend upon?

A

Route or site of exposure

Amount or dose

Duration

Frequency or rate of exposure

Individuals genetic resistance, developmental stage, health status and age

25
Q

Forms of absorbtion?

A

Oral

Mucous membranes

Skin

IV/IM

26
Q

Why are teratogens not specific, and what does this result in?

A

Teratogens are usually not specific because of common pathways

Therefore can see different manifestations with same teratogen

27
Q

What are 5 common pathways

A

Cell division

Mitochondria

Cell migration

Blood vessel

Limb development

28
Q

9 Teratogen Mechanisms

A

Precursors, lack of

Mutation

Altered DNA

Reduced Energy Source

Enzyme inhibition

Mitotic Interference

Osmolar Imbalances

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Altered Membranes

29
Q

What is syndactyly

A

Failure of cell death between digits

Fusion of digits

30
Q

6 causes of abnormal embryogenesis

A

Mechanical Disruption

Cell Death

Failure of Cell interaction

Altered Differentiation Schedules

Impaired Morphogenetic movement

Reduced Biosynthesis

31
Q

4 types of mechanical disruption

A

Hematoma

Tumor

Xrays

Edema

32
Q

What does ectopic ureters mean

A

Ureters dont end up where they should, not connecting to bladder

33
Q

Two examples of Impaired morphogenic movement

A

Ectopic ureters

Arthogryposis

34
Q

Two ways that arthogryposis occurs

A

Extrinsic

  • Crowding
  • decreased amniotic fluid

Intrinsic

  • Neurological
  • Connective tissue abnormalities
35
Q

3 characterizations of Arthogryposis

A

Joint Contracture - Joint is smaller

Muscle weakness

Fibrosis

Embryology (25 decks)

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