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Human Physiology > Urinary System 1 > Flashcards

Urinary System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four main components of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

what 5 things are happening during the filtration system

A

1.) elimination of metabolic wastes
2.) regulation of ion levels
3.) regulation of acid-base balance
4.) regulation of blood pressure
5.) elimination of biologically active molecules

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3
Q

what are the four main functions of the kidneys

A

1.) filter blood
2.) formation of calcitriol
3.) production and release of erythropoietin
4.) potential to engage in gluconeogenesis

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4
Q

what does calcitriol do

A

increases absorption of calcium from small intestine to increase blood calcium concentration

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5
Q

what does erythropoietin do

A

stimulates red bone marrow to increase red blood cell production

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6
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
helps to maintain glucose levels

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7
Q

between which vertebrae are the kidneys located

A

T12 and L3 (in the retroperitoneal)

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8
Q

what are the functions of the fibrous capsule of the kidney

A

maintains kidney’s shape
protects it from trauma
prevents pathogen penetration

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9
Q

what does the perinephric fat of the kidney do

A

cushions and supports kidney

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10
Q

what does the renal fascia of the kidney do

A

anchors kidney to surrounding structures

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11
Q

what does the paranephric fat of the kidney do

A

cushions and supports kidney

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12
Q

what is renal ptosis

A

sagging of kidney due to loss of adipose
usually occurs in those with very little fat
ureter may kink and block urinary flow - renal failure

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13
Q

define hydronephrosis

A

swelling of the kidney caused by urine backup

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14
Q

what is renal agenesis

A

failure to develop a kidney
usually unilateral

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15
Q

what is a pelvic kidney

A

developing kidney fails to migrate from pelvic cavity

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16
Q

what is a horseshoe kidney

A

inferior parts of kidneys are fused

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17
Q

what is a supernumerary kidney

A

extra kidney

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18
Q

what are the two regions of functional kidney tissue

A

renal cortex and renal medulla

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19
Q

what are the renal columns

A

extensions of cortex projecting into the medulla

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20
Q

what are the renal pyramids

A

portion of medulla dividing by renal columns

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21
Q

what is the corticomedullary junction

A

where the wide base of medulla meets the cortex

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22
Q

what does a renal lobe include

A

renal pyramid and portions of columns
cortex in that area as well

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23
Q

what does the renal sinus include

A

drainage area
minor and major calyces and renal pelvis

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24
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the kidney

A

T10-T12
innervates blood vessels and juxtaglomerular apparatus
decreases urine production

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25
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney

A

vagus nerve
unknown

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26
Q

what is a nephron and what does it include

A

functional filtration unit of kidney
made of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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27
Q

what is a glomerulus

A

capillary loops
blood enters afferent arteriole
blood exits efferent arteriole

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28
Q

what does the capsular space between two layers of glomerular capsule do

A

receives filtrate which is modified to form urine

29
Q

what are the three parts to a renal tubule

A

proximal converted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

30
Q

what do juxtumedullary nephrons do

A

help establish salt concentration gradient in interstitial space
allows for regulation of urine concentration by ADH

31
Q

what do principal cells do

A

responsive to hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

32
Q

what to intercalated cells do

A

help regulate urine pH and blood pH

33
Q

what do the granular cells of the JG apparatus do

A

contract when stimulated by stretch or sympathetic
make, store, and release renin

34
Q

what does the macula dense of the JG apparatus do

A

detect changes in NaCl concentration of fluid in lumen of DCT

35
Q

what is the path of tubular fluid (filtrate) once it enters the proximal converted tubule

A

PCT
nephron loop
DCT
collecting tubules
collecting ducts
papillar duct

36
Q

what is the flow of urine

A

papillary duct
renal sinus
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra

37
Q

explain the first step of urine formation: glomerular filtration

A

occurs in glomerular capillaries
blood moves into glomerular through afferent arteriole
water and solutes leave blood and enter renal corpuscle due to pressure differences
substances in the corpuscle are now called filtrate

38
Q

explain the second step of urine formation: tubular reabsorption

A

substances like water and vital solutes move from lumen of tubules and collecting ducts to blood
excess solutes, waste products, and some water stays within the tubular fluid

39
Q

explain the third step of urine formation: tubular secretion

A

selective materials move out of blood and into the tubular fluid to be excreted

40
Q

what are some characteristics of the filtration membrane

A

porous, thin, and negatively charged
formed by glomerulus and visceral layer of glomerular capsule

41
Q

what are the three layers of the filtration membrane from innermost to outermost

A

endothelium, basement membrane, and visceral layer

42
Q

what are some characteristics of the endothelium of glomerulus

A

innermost layer of membrane
fenestrated to allow substances to move through it
fenestrations are not too big so prevents large substances from moving through them

43
Q

what are some characteristics of the basement membrane of glomerulus

A

middle layer of membrane
made of glycoprotein and proteoglycan
also restricts large plasma proteins

44
Q

what are some characteristics of the visceral layer of glomerular capsule

A

outermost later
made of podocytes
restrict passage of most small proteins

45
Q

what are some features of podocytes

A

make up the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
have long processes (pedicels)
support capillary wall
have filtration slits

46
Q

what are mesangial cells and what is their function

A

cells between glomerular capillary loops
phagocytic, contractile, and signaling properties

47
Q

what gets filtered through the glomerulus

A

water
glucose
amino acids
ion
urea
hormones
vitamins B and C
ketones
some proteins

48
Q

what are the three categories of substances in blood

A

freely filtered
not filtered
limited filtration

49
Q

what are freely filtered things in blood

A

small substances like water, glucose, amino acids, and ions
pass easily through membrane

50
Q

what are not filtered things in blood

A

formed elements and large proteins
cannot pass through filtration membrane

51
Q

what are things whose filtration is limited in blood

A

proteins of intermediate size
usually blocked because of size or negative charge

52
Q

what is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

A

blood pressure in glomerulus
pushes water and some solutes out into the renal corpuscle
60 mmHg

53
Q

what are two things required for filtration to occur

A

larger diameter of afferent arteriole
smaller diameter of efferent arteriole

54
Q

what does increasing blood pressure do to glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

raises it

55
Q

what is blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)

A

osmotic pressure in the blood due to dissolved solutes
draws fluid back into glomerulus
32 mmHg

56
Q

what is capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

A

pressure in glomerular capsule due to filtrate
impedes movement of additional fluid
18 mmHg

57
Q

what is the net filtration pressure (NFP) equation

A

HPg - (OPg + HPc)

58
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed
mL/min

59
Q

what is the average glomerular filtration rate

A

125 mL/min

60
Q

what happens when you increase net filtration pressure

A

increased glomerular filtration rate
increased solutes and water remaining in tubular fluid
increased substance in urine
decreased filtrate reabsorption

61
Q

what are the two things that alter glomerular filtration rate

A

changing luminal diameter of afferent arteriole
altering surface area of filtration membrane
(intrinsic and extrinsic controls)

62
Q

what is renal autoregulation

A

a type of intrinsic control
kidney maintains constant blood pressure and GFR in spite of changes in systemic arterial pressure
functions by myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

63
Q

explain myogenic response in terms of the kidney

A

afferent arteriole’s control of its smooth muscle in response to stretch
increased blood pressure, more stretch, contraction to get it back to normal
decreased blood pressure, less stretch, smooth muscle relaxes to get it to dilate

64
Q

explain the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

backup to the myogenic response
if blood pressure increases, NaCl in tubular fluid increases
this is detected by macula dense cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus
we get further vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole

65
Q

what happens when blood pressure decreases below 80 mmHg

A

arterioles are at maximum dilation
decrease in glomerular blood pressure and GFR
less urine

66
Q

what happens when blood pressure is over 180 mmHg

A

arterioles at maximum constriction
increased glomerular blood pressure and GFR
urine formation increasing

67
Q

how do neural and hormonal control of the glomerular filtration work

A

types of extrinic controls
involve physiologic processes to change GFR

68
Q

how does sympathetic stimulation effect GFR

A

during exercise or emergency, GFR decreases
afferent and efferent vessels constrict
renin released, angiotensin 2 is produced
mesangial cells contract which decreases surface area of glomerulus, therefore decreasing GFR
water is conserved

69
Q

how does parasympathetic stimulation effect GFR

A

peptide hormone released from cardiac muscle cells when atria stretch
afferent arterioles relax
no release of renin, mesangial cells relax
increase in filtration surface area, increased GFR
more urine, less blood volume and pressure

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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