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Urinary System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four main components of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

what 5 things are happening during the filtration system

A

1.) elimination of metabolic wastes
2.) regulation of ion levels
3.) regulation of acid-base balance
4.) regulation of blood pressure
5.) elimination of biologically active molecules

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3
Q

what are the four main functions of the kidneys

A

1.) filter blood
2.) formation of calcitriol
3.) production and release of erythropoietin
4.) potential to engage in gluconeogenesis

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4
Q

what does calcitriol do

A

increases absorption of calcium from small intestine to increase blood calcium concentration

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5
Q

what does erythropoietin do

A

stimulates red bone marrow to increase red blood cell production

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6
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
helps to maintain glucose levels

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7
Q

between which vertebrae are the kidneys located

A

T12 and L3 (in the retroperitoneal)

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8
Q

what are the functions of the fibrous capsule of the kidney

A

maintains kidney’s shape
protects it from trauma
prevents pathogen penetration

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9
Q

what does the perinephric fat of the kidney do

A

cushions and supports kidney

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10
Q

what does the renal fascia of the kidney do

A

anchors kidney to surrounding structures

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11
Q

what does the paranephric fat of the kidney do

A

cushions and supports kidney

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12
Q

what is renal ptosis

A

sagging of kidney due to loss of adipose
usually occurs in those with very little fat
ureter may kink and block urinary flow - renal failure

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13
Q

define hydronephrosis

A

swelling of the kidney caused by urine backup

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14
Q

what is renal agenesis

A

failure to develop a kidney
usually unilateral

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15
Q

what is a pelvic kidney

A

developing kidney fails to migrate from pelvic cavity

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16
Q

what is a horseshoe kidney

A

inferior parts of kidneys are fused

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17
Q

what is a supernumerary kidney

A

extra kidney

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18
Q

what are the two regions of functional kidney tissue

A

renal cortex and renal medulla

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19
Q

what are the renal columns

A

extensions of cortex projecting into the medulla

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20
Q

what are the renal pyramids

A

portion of medulla dividing by renal columns

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21
Q

what is the corticomedullary junction

A

where the wide base of medulla meets the cortex

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22
Q

what does a renal lobe include

A

renal pyramid and portions of columns
cortex in that area as well

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23
Q

what does the renal sinus include

A

drainage area
minor and major calyces and renal pelvis

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24
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation of the kidney

A

T10-T12
innervates blood vessels and juxtaglomerular apparatus
decreases urine production

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25
what is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney
vagus nerve unknown
26
what is a nephron and what does it include
functional filtration unit of kidney made of renal corpuscle and renal tubule
27
what is a glomerulus
capillary loops blood enters afferent arteriole blood exits efferent arteriole
28
what does the capsular space between two layers of glomerular capsule do
receives filtrate which is modified to form urine
29
what are the three parts to a renal tubule
proximal converted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
30
what do juxtumedullary nephrons do
help establish salt concentration gradient in interstitial space allows for regulation of urine concentration by ADH
31
what do principal cells do
responsive to hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
32
what to intercalated cells do
help regulate urine pH and blood pH
33
what do the granular cells of the JG apparatus do
contract when stimulated by stretch or sympathetic make, store, and release renin
34
what does the macula dense of the JG apparatus do
detect changes in NaCl concentration of fluid in lumen of DCT
35
what is the path of tubular fluid (filtrate) once it enters the proximal converted tubule
PCT nephron loop DCT collecting tubules collecting ducts papillar duct
36
what is the flow of urine
papillary duct renal sinus minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra
37
explain the first step of urine formation: glomerular filtration
occurs in glomerular capillaries blood moves into glomerular through afferent arteriole water and solutes leave blood and enter renal corpuscle due to pressure differences substances in the corpuscle are now called filtrate
38
explain the second step of urine formation: tubular reabsorption
substances like water and vital solutes move from lumen of tubules and collecting ducts to blood excess solutes, waste products, and some water stays within the tubular fluid
39
explain the third step of urine formation: tubular secretion
selective materials move out of blood and into the tubular fluid to be excreted
40
what are some characteristics of the filtration membrane
porous, thin, and negatively charged formed by glomerulus and visceral layer of glomerular capsule
41
what are the three layers of the filtration membrane from innermost to outermost
endothelium, basement membrane, and visceral layer
42
what are some characteristics of the endothelium of glomerulus
innermost layer of membrane fenestrated to allow substances to move through it fenestrations are not too big so prevents large substances from moving through them
43
what are some characteristics of the basement membrane of glomerulus
middle layer of membrane made of glycoprotein and proteoglycan also restricts large plasma proteins
44
what are some characteristics of the visceral layer of glomerular capsule
outermost later made of podocytes restrict passage of most small proteins
45
what are some features of podocytes
make up the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule have long processes (pedicels) support capillary wall have filtration slits
46
what are mesangial cells and what is their function
cells between glomerular capillary loops phagocytic, contractile, and signaling properties
47
what gets filtered through the glomerulus
water glucose amino acids ion urea hormones vitamins B and C ketones some proteins
48
what are the three categories of substances in blood
freely filtered not filtered limited filtration
49
what are freely filtered things in blood
small substances like water, glucose, amino acids, and ions pass easily through membrane
50
what are not filtered things in blood
formed elements and large proteins cannot pass through filtration membrane
51
what are things whose filtration is limited in blood
proteins of intermediate size usually blocked because of size or negative charge
52
what is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)
blood pressure in glomerulus pushes water and some solutes out into the renal corpuscle 60 mmHg
53
what are two things required for filtration to occur
larger diameter of afferent arteriole smaller diameter of efferent arteriole
54
what does increasing blood pressure do to glomerular hydrostatic pressure
raises it
55
what is blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)
osmotic pressure in the blood due to dissolved solutes draws fluid back into glomerulus 32 mmHg
56
what is capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
pressure in glomerular capsule due to filtrate impedes movement of additional fluid 18 mmHg
57
what is the net filtration pressure (NFP) equation
HPg - (OPg + HPc)
58
what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed mL/min
59
what is the average glomerular filtration rate
125 mL/min
60
what happens when you increase net filtration pressure
increased glomerular filtration rate increased solutes and water remaining in tubular fluid increased substance in urine decreased filtrate reabsorption
61
what are the two things that alter glomerular filtration rate
changing luminal diameter of afferent arteriole altering surface area of filtration membrane (intrinsic and extrinsic controls)
62
what is renal autoregulation
a type of intrinsic control kidney maintains constant blood pressure and GFR in spite of changes in systemic arterial pressure functions by myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
63
explain myogenic response in terms of the kidney
afferent arteriole's control of its smooth muscle in response to stretch increased blood pressure, more stretch, contraction to get it back to normal decreased blood pressure, less stretch, smooth muscle relaxes to get it to dilate
64
explain the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
backup to the myogenic response if blood pressure increases, NaCl in tubular fluid increases this is detected by macula dense cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus we get further vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole
65
what happens when blood pressure decreases below 80 mmHg
arterioles are at maximum dilation decrease in glomerular blood pressure and GFR less urine
66
what happens when blood pressure is over 180 mmHg
arterioles at maximum constriction increased glomerular blood pressure and GFR urine formation increasing
67
how do neural and hormonal control of the glomerular filtration work
types of extrinic controls involve physiologic processes to change GFR
68
how does sympathetic stimulation effect GFR
during exercise or emergency, GFR decreases afferent and efferent vessels constrict renin released, angiotensin 2 is produced mesangial cells contract which decreases surface area of glomerulus, therefore decreasing GFR **water is conserved**
69
how does parasympathetic stimulation effect GFR
peptide hormone released from cardiac muscle cells when atria stretch afferent arterioles relax no release of renin, mesangial cells relax increase in filtration surface area, increased GFR **more urine, less blood volume and pressure**

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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