Respiratory System 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what controls and innervates breathing

A

innervated by smooth muscle and glands that are innervated by axons of lower motor neurons of autonomic nervous system
controlled by autonomic brainstem nuclei

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2
Q

what controls and innervates breathing muscles

A

innervated by lower motor neurons of somatic nervous system
controlled by brainstem autonomic nuclei, cerebral cortex, and somatic nervous system

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3
Q

how are the rate and depth of breathing altered

A

either through reflexes in the brainstem or controlled by the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

define the respiratory center

A

autonomic nuclei in the brainstem that coordinate breathing
clusters of neurons in the pons and medulla oblongata which control rate and depth of breathing

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5
Q

define the ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

generates breathing rhythm and is an integrative center
has four main nuclei: botzinger, pre-botzinger, nucleus retro-ambiguous, and nucleus ambiguous

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6
Q

define botzingner complex

A

a part of the ventral respiratory group
controls expiration by sending expiratory signals

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7
Q

define pre-botzinger complex

A

a part of the ventral respiratory group
acts as pacemaker neurons
sets eupnea to roughly 12-16 breaths per minute

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8
Q

define nucleus retro-ambiguous

A

a part of the ventral respiratory group
inspiratory and expiratory functions
controls mainly inspiratory signals

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9
Q

define nucleus ambiguous

A

a part of the ventral respiratory group
posterior to other nuclei groups
controls some inspiratory process by controlling things like the uvula and pharynx muscles

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10
Q

define the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

main nuclei is nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS)
receives peripheral signals from different receptors
sends signals to inspiration muscles

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11
Q

what are the two pontine respiratory centers

A

pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

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12
Q

define pneumotaxic center (parabrachial nucleus)

A

part of the pontine respiratory center
upper aspect of pons
smooths out transition between inspiration and expiration
fine tunes respiratory rate and depth

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13
Q

define apneustic center

A

part of the pontine respiratory center
lower aspect of pons
controls prolonged inspiration

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14
Q

how are breathing rate and depth determined

A

how long respiratory center is active
depth determined by how actively respiratory center stimulates respiratory muscles

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15
Q

explain how quiet breathing occurs

A

begins when inspiratory neurons in the prebotinger complex of VRG fire to excite skeletal muscle causing them to contract which draws air in

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16
Q

explain how the phrenic nerve works with the respiratory center

A

stems from VRG and DRG come together in the spinal cord
1 nerve comes out each at C3-C5 and come together to form the phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm

17
Q

explain how the intercostal nerves work with the respiratory center

A

stems from VRG and DRG come together in the spinal cord
1 nerve comes out each at T1-T11 and each go to intercostal and abdominal muscles

18
Q

what are the three chemical factors that influence breathing rate and depth

A

central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors
muscle chemoreceptors

19
Q

define chemoreceptors and their function

A

chemical receptors that monitor concentrations of H+, PCO2 and PO2

20
Q

how do chemoreceptors work to control breathing rate and depth

A

chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata bring info to DRG which then talks to VRG
VRG triggers response

21
Q

what causes ventilation increase which is detected by chemoreceptors

A

increase in H+ of CSF
increase in blood H+ or PCO2

22
Q

what causes ventilation decrease which is detected by chemoreceptors

A

decrease in H+ or PCO2

23
Q

what do central chemoreceptors in medulla do

A

monitor pH (H+) changes of CSF

24
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies do

A

monitor changes in CO2, H+, and O2 in the blood
carotid bodies send signals to glossopharyngeal nerve
aortic bodies send signals to vagus nerve
both end up at the respiratory center

25
what is the major stimulus affecting breathing
blood CO2 levels
26
why does declining PO2 levels only have a slight effect on ventilation
we have a huge reservoir of oxygen bound to hemoglobin must drop below 60mmHg to become major stimulus for breathing
27
explain how muscle chemoreceptors influence breathing rate and depth
skeletal muscles are sensitive to changes in H+ (pH) and K+ concentrations decreased pH or increased K+ stimulates increase of breathing
28
explain how muscle and joint proprioceptors influence breathing rate and depth
include internal receptors for mechanical stimuli; detect movement signals have to go to spinal cord first ex. muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint pressure receptors
29
explain how irritant receptors influence breathing rate and depth
when you have something in your airway, irritant receptors communicate with respiratory centers through the vagus nerve causes decrease of airflow in and things like coughing to get irritant out
30
explain how baroreceptors influence breathing rate and depth
found in pleura and smooth muscle of bronchioles respond to stretch hering-breuer reflex - prevents over inflation of lungs turns on at >800 mL
31
what does the hypothalamus do
increases ventilation is body is warm decreases ventilation if body is cold
32
what does the limbic system do
alters breathing rate due to things like pain and anxiety
33
what does the frontal lobe (motor cortex) do
controls voluntary changes in breathing patterns