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Human Physiology > The Cardiovascular System 2 > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

explain congestive heart failure

A

impaired ability of heart to pump blood so it backs up

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2
Q

explain systemic edema

A

occurs when right ventricle is impaired
more blood remaining in systemic circulation

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3
Q

explain pulmonary edema

A

occurs when left ventricle is impaired
more blood remains in pulmonary circulation and in lungs

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4
Q

define cardiomegaly

A

heart becomes enlarged due to high blood pressure and/or coronary heart disease
less overlap of myofilaments so less forceful contraction

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5
Q

define hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

heart walls grow inwards which narrows opening for blood to pass through
decreases cardiac output

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6
Q

what does the right marginal branch supply

A

right heart boarder

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7
Q

what does the posterior interventricular artery supply

A

posterior left and right ventricles

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8
Q

what does the circumflex artery supply

A

left atrium and ventricle

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9
Q

what does the anterior interventricular artery supply

A

anterior surface of ventricles and most of interventricular septum

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10
Q

when is the coronary circulation flowing

A

between heart contractions

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11
Q

define arterial anastomoses

A

connections between vessels allowing blood to arrive by more than one route
aka detour

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12
Q

do all coronary veins dump into the coronary sinus

A

no, some dump directly into the right atrium

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13
Q

define coronary heart disease

A

when cholesterol deposits in the heart arteries (atherosclerosis) and causes inflammation

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14
Q

define coronary spasm

A

sudden narrowing of vessels caused when muscles in your heart’s arteries suddenly tighten up and restrict blood flow
leads to angina or myocardial infarction

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15
Q

define angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
can be caused by coronary artery disease that flares during strenuous activity
felt on left side of body and is treated with vascular dilation

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16
Q

define myocardial infarction

A

heart attack
sudden and complete occlusion of coronary artery
amount of dead tissue determines severity

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17
Q

what are cardiac conducting cells and what do they do

A

form the conduction system of the heart
only 1% of all cardiac cells
don’t contract because they don’t have sarcomeres
initiates and propagates action potentials

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18
Q

what are cardiac contractile cells and what do they do

A

initiate action potentials and contract
99% of cardiac cells
contractile cells with sarcomeres
generate force to push blood out of heart

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19
Q

what are gap junctions and what do they do

A

protein pores between sarcolemma of adjacent cells
allows flow of ions and action potential between the cardiac contractile cells

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20
Q

what are some features of cardiac contractile cells

A

short
branched
interconnected
uninucleated
striated
supported by endomysium (areolar connective tissue)

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21
Q

what are some features of the sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a sarcomere
forms t-tubules extending into sarcoplasmic reticulum that overlie Z-discs

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22
Q

what are some features of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

surrounds bundles of myofilaments (myofibrils)
stores calcium
no terminal cisternae or triads

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23
Q

what are some features of myofilaments

A

arranged in sarcomeres
thin and thick filaments
organization gives striated appearence

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24
Q

what is the functional unit of muscle contractile cells

A

sarcomeres

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25
when is the optimal length of a sarcomere in a cardiac contractile cell vs skeletal muscle cell
cardiac muscle cell: when ventricles are stretching and filling skeletal muscle cell: at rest difference in the length-tension relationship
26
what do intercalated discs do
link cardiac contractile cells together mechanically and electrically have desmosomes and gap junctions
27
what are desmosomes
mechanical junctions between protein filaments to prevent cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart act like Velcro
28
what does myoglobin do
globular protein that binds oxygen when the muscle is at rest
29
what does creatine kinase do
catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from creative phosphate to ADP yielding ATP and creatine
30
what is the main function of the conduction system
allows impulses to travel much faster to cause effective pumping
31
define autorhythmicity
ability of cardiac conducting cells to spontaneously depolarize no need for brain's input
32
what is the sequence of excitation
SA node, AV node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and purkinje fibers
33
what are some features of the SA node
found in the superior right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava primary pacemaker that initiates and sets heartbeat initiates depolarization
34
what prevents the SA node from making the heart beat 100 bpm
nerves (vagal tone) in the heart parasympathetic activity that keeps our resting heart rate slower
35
what does the internodal pathway do
pathway between SA and AV node that allows the action potential to travel between the two
36
what does the Bachmann's bundle do
allow action potentials to spread from right to left atrium allows the atria to depolarize together
37
what are some features of the AV node
found on the floor of the right atrium passes depolarization to the ventricles
38
why is there a 0.1 second delay before the AV node sends the action potential to the AV bundle
AV node has fewer gap junctions AV node fibers have a smaller diameter which means a slower conduction speed delay allows atria to contract and finish ventricular filling
39
what are some features of the atrioventricular bundle
aka bundle of His goes from AV node, through right ventricle, and into the interventricular septum where it divides into left and right bundle branches
40
what are some features of right and left bundle branches
found along the interventricular septum and excites its cells sends impulses towards heart apex
41
what are some features of the purkinje fibers
run along the margin of the ventricles spreads action potentials through the ventricles towards the base of the heart
42
what are the two events of heart contraction
conduction system that initiates and propagates action potentials (depolarization) cardiac contractile cells that contract
43
what is pacemaker potential and in which cardiac cell would you find this
spontaneously changing membrane potentials that initiate action potentials found in cardiac conducting cells
44
define action potential
sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane to trigger rhythmic contractions of heart occurs at threshold
45
explain the electrical events of cardiac contractile cells
46
explain electrical events of cardiac conducting cells
47
explain the mechanical events of cardiac contractile cells
48
define tetany
sustained contraction only seen in skeletal muscle cells
49
explain the absolute refractory period of cardiac cells
cardiac muscle cells have long absolute refractory periods meaning cell cannot fire new action potential during refractory longer refractory period because of plateau allows the heart to relax and fill
50
what is excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle
acetylcholine causes action potential to begin excitation contraction coupling calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum due to voltage changes (voltage activated calcium release (VACR))
51
what is excitation contraction coupling in cardiac muscle
action potential originates spontaneously in heart's SA node calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum is used for muscle contraction, very little comes from extracellular fluid (calcium activated calcium release (CACR))
52
what is the optimal length of a sarcomere
when there is a maximum overlap of actin and myosin most amount of cross bridges can be formed
53
explain why cardiac contractile cell's optimal sarcomere length is when the heart is filling
heart fills and stretches, more stretching means more cross bridge formation, more cross bridge formation means more forceful contraction, more forceful contraction means more stroke volume, more stroke volume means more cardiac output
54
define functional syncytium
another word for heart chamber named this way because it functions as a singular unit
55
define ischemia
poor blood flow, specifically to the heart muscle cells in our case
56
explain the differences and similarities between the electrical events of both conducting and contractile cells
conducting: no resting phase (unstable resting membrane potential), RMP is -60 mV, threshold is -40mV, T-type channels contractile: plateau phase, immediate rapid depolarization, stable resting membrane potential, RMP is -90 mV, no t-type channels
56
where is the cardiovascular control center located
medullar oblongata
57
what are the three parts of the cardiovascular control center
cardioinhibitory center (CI) cardioacceleratory center (CA) vasomotor center (VM)
58
where does the cardiovascular control center receive signals from
afferent nerves from: higher brain centers proprioreceptors (position) baroreceptors (stretch) chemoreceptors (chemicals)
59
along which pathways does the cardiovascular center send signals out to the peripheral nervous system
efferent nerves parasympathetic (vagus and vasomotor nerves) sympathetic (cardiac accelerator nerves)
60
explain how the cardioinhibitory center (CI) works
parasympathetic center decreases heart rate by inhibiting SA and AV node via the vagus nerve right vagus nerve does SA node left vagus nerve does AV node **has no effect on strength of contraction
61
explain how the cardioacceleratory center (CA) works
sympathetic center increases heart rate and contraction strength by stimulating SA node, AV node, and muscle contractile cells using sympathetic cardiac nerves
62
explain how the vasomotor center (VM) works
sympathetic center affects constriction and dilation of systemic vessels most blood vessel smooth muscle cells have a1 adrenergic receptors some blood vessel smooth muscle cells have b2 adrenergic receptors NE and EPI bind to a1 to cause vasoconstriction NE and EPI bind to b2 to cause vasodilation

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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