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Human Physiology > The Cardiovascular System 2 > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

explain congestive heart failure

A

impaired ability of heart to pump blood so it backs up

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2
Q

explain systemic edema

A

occurs when right ventricle is impaired
more blood remaining in systemic circulation

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3
Q

explain pulmonary edema

A

occurs when left ventricle is impaired
more blood remains in pulmonary circulation and in lungs

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4
Q

define cardiomegaly

A

heart becomes enlarged due to high blood pressure and/or coronary heart disease
less overlap of myofilaments so less forceful contraction

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5
Q

define hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

heart walls grow inwards which narrows opening for blood to pass through
decreases cardiac output

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6
Q

what does the right marginal branch supply

A

right heart boarder

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7
Q

what does the posterior interventricular artery supply

A

posterior left and right ventricles

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8
Q

what does the circumflex artery supply

A

left atrium and ventricle

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9
Q

what does the anterior interventricular artery supply

A

anterior surface of ventricles and most of interventricular septum

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10
Q

when is the coronary circulation flowing

A

between heart contractions

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11
Q

define arterial anastomoses

A

connections between vessels allowing blood to arrive by more than one route
aka detour

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12
Q

do all coronary veins dump into the coronary sinus

A

no, some dump directly into the right atrium

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13
Q

define coronary heart disease

A

when cholesterol deposits in the heart arteries (atherosclerosis) and causes inflammation

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14
Q

define coronary spasm

A

sudden narrowing of vessels caused when muscles in your heart’s arteries suddenly tighten up and restrict blood flow
leads to angina or myocardial infarction

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15
Q

define angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
can be caused by coronary artery disease that flares during strenuous activity
felt on left side of body and is treated with vascular dilation

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16
Q

define myocardial infarction

A

heart attack
sudden and complete occlusion of coronary artery
amount of dead tissue determines severity

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17
Q

what are cardiac conducting cells and what do they do

A

form the conduction system of the heart
only 1% of all cardiac cells
don’t contract because they don’t have sarcomeres
initiates and propagates action potentials

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18
Q

what are cardiac contractile cells and what do they do

A

initiate action potentials and contract
99% of cardiac cells
contractile cells with sarcomeres
generate force to push blood out of heart

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19
Q

what are gap junctions and what do they do

A

protein pores between sarcolemma of adjacent cells
allows flow of ions and action potential between the cardiac contractile cells

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20
Q

what are some features of cardiac contractile cells

A

short
branched
interconnected
uninucleated
striated
supported by endomysium (areolar connective tissue)

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21
Q

what are some features of the sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a sarcomere
forms t-tubules extending into sarcoplasmic reticulum that overlie Z-discs

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22
Q

what are some features of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

surrounds bundles of myofilaments (myofibrils)
stores calcium
no terminal cisternae or triads

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23
Q

what are some features of myofilaments

A

arranged in sarcomeres
thin and thick filaments
organization gives striated appearence

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24
Q

what is the functional unit of muscle contractile cells

A

sarcomeres

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25
Q

when is the optimal length of a sarcomere in a cardiac contractile cell vs skeletal muscle cell

A

cardiac muscle cell: when ventricles are stretching and filling
skeletal muscle cell: at rest
difference in the length-tension relationship

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26
Q

what do intercalated discs do

A

link cardiac contractile cells together mechanically and electrically
have desmosomes and gap junctions

27
Q

what are desmosomes

A

mechanical junctions between protein filaments to prevent cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart
act like Velcro

28
Q

what does myoglobin do

A

globular protein that binds oxygen when the muscle is at rest

29
Q

what does creatine kinase do

A

catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from creative phosphate to ADP yielding ATP and creatine

30
Q

what is the main function of the conduction system

A

allows impulses to travel much faster to cause effective pumping

31
Q

define autorhythmicity

A

ability of cardiac conducting cells to spontaneously depolarize
no need for brain’s input

32
Q

what is the sequence of excitation

A

SA node, AV node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and purkinje fibers

33
Q

what are some features of the SA node

A

found in the superior right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava
primary pacemaker that initiates and sets heartbeat
initiates depolarization

34
Q

what prevents the SA node from making the heart beat 100 bpm

A

nerves (vagal tone) in the heart
parasympathetic activity that keeps our resting heart rate slower

35
Q

what does the internodal pathway do

A

pathway between SA and AV node that allows the action potential to travel between the two

36
Q

what does the Bachmann’s bundle do

A

allow action potentials to spread from right to left atrium
allows the atria to depolarize together

37
Q

what are some features of the AV node

A

found on the floor of the right atrium
passes depolarization to the ventricles

38
Q

why is there a 0.1 second delay before the AV node sends the action potential to the AV bundle

A

AV node has fewer gap junctions
AV node fibers have a smaller diameter which means a slower conduction speed
delay allows atria to contract and finish ventricular filling

39
Q

what are some features of the atrioventricular bundle

A

aka bundle of His
goes from AV node, through right ventricle, and into the interventricular septum where it divides into left and right bundle branches

40
Q

what are some features of right and left bundle branches

A

found along the interventricular septum and excites its cells
sends impulses towards heart apex

41
Q

what are some features of the purkinje fibers

A

run along the margin of the ventricles
spreads action potentials through the ventricles towards the base of the heart

42
Q

what are the two events of heart contraction

A

conduction system that initiates and propagates action potentials (depolarization)
cardiac contractile cells that contract

43
Q

what is pacemaker potential and in which cardiac cell would you find this

A

spontaneously changing membrane potentials that initiate action potentials
found in cardiac conducting cells

44
Q

define action potential

A

sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane to trigger rhythmic contractions of heart
occurs at threshold

45
Q

explain the electrical events of cardiac contractile cells

A
46
Q

explain electrical events of cardiac conducting cells

A
47
Q

explain the mechanical events of cardiac contractile cells

A
48
Q

define tetany

A

sustained contraction
only seen in skeletal muscle cells

49
Q

explain the absolute refractory period of cardiac cells

A

cardiac muscle cells have long absolute refractory periods meaning cell cannot fire new action potential during refractory
longer refractory period because of plateau
allows the heart to relax and fill

50
Q

what is excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle

A

acetylcholine causes action potential to begin excitation contraction coupling
calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum due to voltage changes (voltage activated calcium release (VACR))

51
Q

what is excitation contraction coupling in cardiac muscle

A

action potential originates spontaneously in heart’s SA node
calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum is used for muscle contraction, very little comes from extracellular fluid (calcium activated calcium release (CACR))

52
Q

what is the optimal length of a sarcomere

A

when there is a maximum overlap of actin and myosin
most amount of cross bridges can be formed

53
Q

explain why cardiac contractile cell’s optimal sarcomere length is when the heart is filling

A

heart fills and stretches, more stretching means more cross bridge formation, more cross bridge formation means more forceful contraction, more forceful contraction means more stroke volume, more stroke volume means more cardiac output

54
Q

define functional syncytium

A

another word for heart chamber
named this way because it functions as a singular unit

55
Q

define ischemia

A

poor blood flow, specifically to the heart muscle cells in our case

56
Q

explain the differences and similarities between the electrical events of both conducting and contractile cells

A

conducting: no resting phase (unstable resting membrane potential), RMP is -60 mV, threshold is -40mV, T-type channels
contractile: plateau phase, immediate rapid depolarization, stable resting membrane potential, RMP is -90 mV, no t-type channels

56
Q

where is the cardiovascular control center located

A

medullar oblongata

57
Q

what are the three parts of the cardiovascular control center

A

cardioinhibitory center (CI)
cardioacceleratory center (CA)
vasomotor center (VM)

58
Q

where does the cardiovascular control center receive signals from

A

afferent nerves from:
higher brain centers
proprioreceptors (position)
baroreceptors (stretch)
chemoreceptors (chemicals)

59
Q

along which pathways does the cardiovascular center send signals out to the peripheral nervous system

A

efferent nerves
parasympathetic (vagus and vasomotor nerves)
sympathetic (cardiac accelerator nerves)

60
Q

explain how the cardioinhibitory center (CI) works

A

parasympathetic center
decreases heart rate by inhibiting SA and AV node via the vagus nerve
right vagus nerve does SA node
left vagus nerve does AV node
**has no effect on strength of contraction

61
Q

explain how the cardioacceleratory center (CA) works

A

sympathetic center
increases heart rate and contraction strength by stimulating SA node, AV node, and muscle contractile cells using sympathetic cardiac nerves

62
Q

explain how the vasomotor center (VM) works

A

sympathetic center
affects constriction and dilation of systemic vessels
most blood vessel smooth muscle cells have a1 adrenergic receptors
some blood vessel smooth muscle cells have b2 adrenergic receptors
NE and EPI bind to a1 to cause vasoconstriction
NE and EPI bind to b2 to cause vasodilation

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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