Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Cellular Functions 2 > Flashcards

Cellular Functions 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 substances with higher concentration inside the cell than out

A

potassium, magnesium, and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 substances with lower concentrations inside the cell than out

A

sodium, chloride, and calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

passive membrane transport

A

does not require energy
molecules move down a concentration gradient
two types: diffusion and osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of ions or molecules from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration
uses concentration gradient and kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

factors that influence diffusion

A

temp goes up, kinetic energy goes up, rate of diffusion goes up
big difference in concentration, faster rate of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

simple diffusion

A

molecules move unassisted between phospholipid molecules
small and non polar solutes like gasses and urea
dependent on concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport process for small charged or polar solutes
needs assistance from plasma membrane proteins
two types: channel-mediated diffusion and carrier-mediated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

channel-mediated diffusion

A

movement of small ions through water filled protein channels
important for nerve and muscle cells
use leak and gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

carrier-mediated diffusion

A

small polar molecules assisted across membrane by carrier protein
substance binds which causes shape change in carrier protein
allows substance to move down gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 types of gaited channels

A

voltage, chemically, and mechanically gated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

osmosis

A

passive movement of water through the plasma membrane
does not allow solutes to move through
happens due to differences in water concentration on either side of membrane
can go between molecules of bilayer or through aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by movement of water across semipermeable membrane
due to different in solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tonicity

A

ability of solutions to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

isotonic solution

A

cytosol and solution have same concentration of solutes
no net water movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solution has lower concentration of solutes and more water in cytosol
cells will lyse as water goes inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution has higher concentration of solutes and less water in cytosol
crenation: cells shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

active transport

A

movement of solute against its concentration gradient
two types: primate and secondary active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

primary active transport

A

type of transport that uses energy from breaking a phosphate bond in ATP
ex. ion pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

secondary active transport

A

moves substances against gradient
first uses electrical chemical gradient energy then eventually will use ATP to rid the cell of built up ions
two types: symport and antiport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

symport secondary active transport

A

two substances are moving in the same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

antiport secondary active transport

A

two substances are moving in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vesicular (bulk) transport

A

transporting large substance across the membrane in a vesicle
requires energy
exocytosis and endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

exocytosis

A

large substances secreted from cell in a vesicle
vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and contents are released outside of the cell
requires ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

endocytosis

A

cell uptake of large substances from external environment
pocket forms in membrane then pinches off with substances inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular eating
occurs when cell engulfs large particles external to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking
internalization of droplets of interstitial fluid containing dissolved solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

explain receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

ligand binds to surface receptors in clathrin coated pits
myosin and actin help pinch off the vesicle into the cell
enables the cell to obtain bulk quantities of substances
ex. transporting cholesterol from blood to inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

explain familial hypercholestermia

A

inherited genetic disorder where there is a defect in the LDL receptor so cholesterol cannot be taken out of the blood as easily
results in too much cholesterol in the blood which can build up in the arteries and cause atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

explain tight junctions

A

strands or rows of proteins that help link cells
prevents substances from passing between cells and requires them to move through the cells rather than between them
helps to maintain polarity of epithelia
ex. found in blood brain barrier

31
Q

adheren junctions

A

join the actin filament of neighboring cell together

32
Q

desmosomes

A

proteins that bind the intermediate filaments of neighboring cells
act like velcro to keep them from tearing apart
ex. found in heart muscle cells

33
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

attach one cell’s intermediate filaments to the basal lamina (extracelullar molecules) of another cell

34
Q

gap junctions

A

fluid-filled tunnels between adjacent cells that provide direct passageway for substances the travel between cells
allows small molecules and ions to move between cells
ex. found in heart cells and allow them to beat together

35
Q

what is a signal transduction pathway

A

diverse sequence of events that like receptor activation to cellular response

36
Q

explain lipid soluble chemical messengers

A

messengers can diffuse freely through the plasma membrane where they will bind to a receptor either in the cytoplasm or on the nucleus
binding triggers a genetic response

37
Q

explain water soluble chemical messengers

A

first messengers bind to receptors on surface of the cell
second messenger inside the cell will carry message throughout the cell and trigger a response (tell the cell what to do)

38
Q

explain channel linked receptors

A

ligand will bind to membrane protein receptor
receptor changes shape with then allows ions to enter the cell
ex. used in muscle and nerve cells to initial electrical changes in the membrane potential

39
Q

explain enzymatic receptors

A

two types: intrinsic and non intrinsic

intrinsic: enzyme is embedded into receptor

non-intrinsic: receptor has associated enzyme attached that will be activated upon activation of receptor

ligand binds to activate enzyme directly (intrinsic) or cause a shape change of reactor which activates associated enzyme (non-intrinsic)

40
Q

explain overall G-coupled protein receptor pathway

A

ligand binds to receptor which causes it to change shape
shape change activates G protein
activate G protein leaves receptor and attaches to and activates an effector protein
effector protein (sometimes ion channel) allows ions to come into the cell
ions help to form second messengers
second messengers will activate kinases which will then phosphorylate other things downstream

41
Q

explain the adenylyl cyclase and cyclic AMP pathway

A

ligand binds to receptor
Gs protein goes from GDP to GTP
adenylyl cyclase uses an ATP molecule to make cAMP (second messenger)
cAMP activates PKA which will then phosphorylate stuff

42
Q

explain the DAG and IP3 pathway

A

ligand binds to receptor
Gq protein changes from GDP to GTP
effector protein changes PIP2 to IP3 and DAG
IP3 causes activation and release of calcium in the ER
DAG and calcium activate kinase C
kinase C helps to cause cell response

43
Q

what is signal amplification

A

one messenger can cause millions of responses

44
Q

how can we reduce activity of communication pathways or stop it all together?

A

decrease concentration of ligand
alter affinity of receptor
remove receptors

45
Q

explain cell necrosis

A

cells are killed by harmful agents or mechanical damage
contents within cell are released once the cell ruptures

46
Q

explain apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
cells are tagged with marker to cause them to kill themselves
cell breaks apart (blebs) into several apoptotic bodies
helps remove harmful cell
used for things like removing tissue between fingers of developing limbs

47
Q

4 tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

48
Q

where would you find epithelial tissue

A

body surfaces
body cavities
forming the majority of glands

49
Q

4 functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection
selectively permeable
secretions
sensations

50
Q

features of exocrine glands

A

connect to surface of epithelium by ducts
tube helps with secretion
ex. sweat glands and mammary glands

51
Q

features of endocrine glands

A

no ducts
secrete hormones into the blood
ex. thyroid and adrenals

52
Q

3 parts to connective tissue

A

cells
protein fibers
ground substance

53
Q

2 cell types of connective tissue

A

resident cells and wandering cells

54
Q

features of resident cells of connective tissue

A

stationary, housed in CT
support, maintain, and repair extracellular matrix
ex. adipocytes, fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, and fixed macrophages

55
Q

features of wandering cells of connective tissue

A

move throughout CT
repair damaged extracellular matrix
type of leukocytes
help protect the body from harmful agents

56
Q

3 types of protein fibers of connective tissue

A

collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers

57
Q

features of reticular fibers of connective tissue

A

like collagen but thinner
found in high amounts in the stroma of some organs like the lymph nodes

58
Q

features of elastic fibers of connective tissue

A

made of elastin
stretch but mainly recoil
found in the skin and in walls of arteries

59
Q

features of the ground substance of connective tissue

A

molecular material produced by connective tissue cells
houses connective tissue cells and protein fibers
can have different consistencies depending on where it’s found

60
Q

what makes up the extracellular matrix

A

ground substance and protein fibers

61
Q

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

large molecule found in the ground substance of connective tissue
charged which attracts cations and makes water follow

62
Q

proteoglycans

A

a protein with an attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

63
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbs attached
bound CT cells and fibers to ground substance

64
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

protection
support and framework
binding of structures
storage
transport
immune protection

65
Q

4 types of body membranes

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

66
Q

functions of skeletal muscle tissue

A

moves skeleton and helps to thermoregulate the body

67
Q

functions of cardiac muscle tissue

A

pumps blood through the heart and blood vessels

68
Q

functions of smooth muscle tissue

A

moves and propels materials through internal organs
also controls size of lumens

69
Q

function of glial cells

A

protect, nourish, and support neurons
do not transmit nerve impulses

70
Q

function of neurons

A

receive, process, and transmit nerve impulses

71
Q

features of intracellular fluid

A

fluid within cells
makes up 2/3rds of our body fluid
allows some substances to pass

72
Q

features of extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside cells
made up of interstitial fluid and blood plasma
makes of 1/3rd of out body fluid

73
Q

features of interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluid around cells
makes of 2/3rds of extracellular fluid

74
Q

features of blood plasma

A

extracellular fluid within blood vessels
permeable
makes up 1/3rd of extracellular fluid

Human Physiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions