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Cellular Functions 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 substances with higher concentration inside the cell than out

A

potassium, magnesium, and amino acids

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2
Q

3 substances with lower concentrations inside the cell than out

A

sodium, chloride, and calcium

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3
Q

passive membrane transport

A

does not require energy
molecules move down a concentration gradient
two types: diffusion and osmosis

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4
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of ions or molecules from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration
uses concentration gradient and kinetic energy

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5
Q

factors that influence diffusion

A

temp goes up, kinetic energy goes up, rate of diffusion goes up
big difference in concentration, faster rate of diffusion

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6
Q

simple diffusion

A

molecules move unassisted between phospholipid molecules
small and non polar solutes like gasses and urea
dependent on concentration gradient

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7
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport process for small charged or polar solutes
needs assistance from plasma membrane proteins
two types: channel-mediated diffusion and carrier-mediated diffusion

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8
Q

channel-mediated diffusion

A

movement of small ions through water filled protein channels
important for nerve and muscle cells
use leak and gated channels

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9
Q

carrier-mediated diffusion

A

small polar molecules assisted across membrane by carrier protein
substance binds which causes shape change in carrier protein
allows substance to move down gradient

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10
Q

3 types of gaited channels

A

voltage, chemically, and mechanically gated

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11
Q

osmosis

A

passive movement of water through the plasma membrane
does not allow solutes to move through
happens due to differences in water concentration on either side of membrane
can go between molecules of bilayer or through aquaporins

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12
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by movement of water across semipermeable membrane
due to different in solute concentration

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13
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container

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14
Q

tonicity

A

ability of solutions to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis

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15
Q

isotonic solution

A

cytosol and solution have same concentration of solutes
no net water movement

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16
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solution has lower concentration of solutes and more water in cytosol
cells will lyse as water goes inside the cell

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17
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution has higher concentration of solutes and less water in cytosol
crenation: cells shrink

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18
Q

active transport

A

movement of solute against its concentration gradient
two types: primate and secondary active transport

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19
Q

primary active transport

A

type of transport that uses energy from breaking a phosphate bond in ATP
ex. ion pumps

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20
Q

secondary active transport

A

moves substances against gradient
first uses electrical chemical gradient energy then eventually will use ATP to rid the cell of built up ions
two types: symport and antiport

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21
Q

symport secondary active transport

A

two substances are moving in the same direction

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22
Q

antiport secondary active transport

A

two substances are moving in opposite directions

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23
Q

vesicular (bulk) transport

A

transporting large substance across the membrane in a vesicle
requires energy
exocytosis and endocytosis

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24
Q

exocytosis

A

large substances secreted from cell in a vesicle
vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and contents are released outside of the cell
requires ATP

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25
endocytosis
cell uptake of large substances from external environment pocket forms in membrane then pinches off with substances inside
26
phagocytosis
cellular eating occurs when cell engulfs large particles external to cell
27
pinocytosis
cell drinking internalization of droplets of interstitial fluid containing dissolved solutes
28
explain receptor-mediated endocytosis
ligand binds to surface receptors in clathrin coated pits myosin and actin help pinch off the vesicle into the cell enables the cell to obtain bulk quantities of substances ex. transporting cholesterol from blood to inside the cell
29
explain familial hypercholestermia
inherited genetic disorder where there is a defect in the LDL receptor so cholesterol cannot be taken out of the blood as easily results in too much cholesterol in the blood which can build up in the arteries and cause atherosclerosis
30
explain tight junctions
strands or rows of proteins that help link cells prevents substances from passing between cells and requires them to move through the cells rather than between them helps to maintain polarity of epithelia ex. found in blood brain barrier
31
adheren junctions
join the actin filament of neighboring cell together
32
desmosomes
proteins that bind the intermediate filaments of neighboring cells act like velcro to keep them from tearing apart ex. found in heart muscle cells
33
hemidesmosomes
attach one cell's intermediate filaments to the basal lamina (extracelullar molecules) of another cell
34
gap junctions
fluid-filled tunnels between adjacent cells that provide direct passageway for substances the travel between cells allows small molecules and ions to move between cells ex. found in heart cells and allow them to beat together
35
what is a signal transduction pathway
diverse sequence of events that like receptor activation to cellular response
36
explain lipid soluble chemical messengers
messengers can diffuse freely through the plasma membrane where they will bind to a receptor either in the cytoplasm or on the nucleus binding triggers a genetic response
37
explain water soluble chemical messengers
first messengers bind to receptors on surface of the cell second messenger inside the cell will carry message throughout the cell and trigger a response (tell the cell what to do)
38
explain channel linked receptors
ligand will bind to membrane protein receptor receptor changes shape with then allows ions to enter the cell ex. used in muscle and nerve cells to initial electrical changes in the membrane potential
39
explain enzymatic receptors
two types: intrinsic and non intrinsic intrinsic: enzyme is embedded into receptor non-intrinsic: receptor has associated enzyme attached that will be activated upon activation of receptor ligand binds to activate enzyme directly (intrinsic) or cause a shape change of reactor which activates associated enzyme (non-intrinsic)
40
explain overall G-coupled protein receptor pathway
ligand binds to receptor which causes it to change shape shape change activates G protein activate G protein leaves receptor and attaches to and activates an effector protein effector protein (sometimes ion channel) allows ions to come into the cell ions help to form second messengers second messengers will activate kinases which will then phosphorylate other things downstream
41
explain the adenylyl cyclase and cyclic AMP pathway
ligand binds to receptor Gs protein goes from GDP to GTP adenylyl cyclase uses an ATP molecule to make cAMP (second messenger) cAMP activates PKA which will then phosphorylate stuff
42
explain the DAG and IP3 pathway
ligand binds to receptor Gq protein changes from GDP to GTP effector protein changes PIP2 to IP3 and DAG IP3 causes activation and release of calcium in the ER DAG and calcium activate kinase C kinase C helps to cause cell response
43
what is signal amplification
one messenger can cause millions of responses
44
how can we reduce activity of communication pathways or stop it all together?
decrease concentration of ligand alter affinity of receptor remove receptors
45
explain cell necrosis
cells are killed by harmful agents or mechanical damage contents within cell are released once the cell ruptures
46
explain apoptosis
programmed cell death cells are tagged with marker to cause them to kill themselves cell breaks apart (blebs) into several apoptotic bodies helps remove harmful cell used for things like removing tissue between fingers of developing limbs
47
4 tissue types
epithelial connective muscle nervous
48
where would you find epithelial tissue
body surfaces body cavities forming the majority of glands
49
4 functions of epithelial tissue
protection selectively permeable secretions sensations
50
features of exocrine glands
connect to surface of epithelium by ducts tube helps with secretion ex. sweat glands and mammary glands
51
features of endocrine glands
no ducts secrete hormones into the blood ex. thyroid and adrenals
52
3 parts to connective tissue
cells protein fibers ground substance
53
2 cell types of connective tissue
resident cells and wandering cells
54
features of resident cells of connective tissue
stationary, housed in CT support, maintain, and repair extracellular matrix ex. adipocytes, fibroblasts, mesenchymal cells, and fixed macrophages
55
features of wandering cells of connective tissue
move throughout CT repair damaged extracellular matrix type of leukocytes help protect the body from harmful agents
56
3 types of protein fibers of connective tissue
collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers
57
features of reticular fibers of connective tissue
like collagen but thinner found in high amounts in the stroma of some organs like the lymph nodes
58
features of elastic fibers of connective tissue
made of elastin stretch but mainly recoil found in the skin and in walls of arteries
59
features of the ground substance of connective tissue
molecular material produced by connective tissue cells houses connective tissue cells and protein fibers can have different consistencies depending on where it's found
60
what makes up the extracellular matrix
ground substance and protein fibers
61
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
large molecule found in the ground substance of connective tissue charged which attracts cations and makes water follow
62
proteoglycans
a protein with an attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
63
glycoproteins
proteins with carbs attached bound CT cells and fibers to ground substance
64
functions of connective tissue
protection support and framework binding of structures storage transport immune protection
65
4 types of body membranes
mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial
66
functions of skeletal muscle tissue
moves skeleton and helps to thermoregulate the body
67
functions of cardiac muscle tissue
pumps blood through the heart and blood vessels
68
functions of smooth muscle tissue
moves and propels materials through internal organs also controls size of lumens
69
function of glial cells
protect, nourish, and support neurons do not transmit nerve impulses
70
function of neurons
receive, process, and transmit nerve impulses
71
features of intracellular fluid
fluid within cells makes up 2/3rds of our body fluid allows some substances to pass
72
features of extracellular fluid
fluid outside cells made up of interstitial fluid and blood plasma makes of 1/3rd of out body fluid
73
features of interstitial fluid
extracellular fluid around cells makes of 2/3rds of extracellular fluid
74
features of blood plasma
extracellular fluid within blood vessels permeable makes up 1/3rd of extracellular fluid

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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