The Cardiovascular System 1 Flashcards
what is the main difference between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system
respiratory: adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
circulatory: transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and transports wastes and products away from tissues
define perfusion
delivery of blood per time per gram of tissue
mL/min/g
define adequate perfusion
sufficient delivery to maintain cells’ health
where does the cardiovascular system end
heart chambers
*it is still a closed circuit
what are the four functions of the cardiovascular system
1.) transports oxygen, water, and other nutrients to tissues
2.) transports carbon dioxide and other wastes from tissues
3.) transports materials from cells to cells within the body
4.) aids in the regulation of body temperature (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
what five things make up the cardiovascular system
1.) pump (heart)
2.) arterial system (high pressure)
3.) capillaries (exchange vessels)
4.) venous system (low pressure collection and return circuit)
5.) blood
what are some features of arteries and arterioles
carry blood away from heart chambers
usually carry oxygenated blood
vessels get smaller as they branch
what are some features of vein and venules
carry blood to heart chambers
usually cary deoxygenated blood
vessels get bigger as they merge
what are some features of capillaries
smallest and most numerous
site of exchange between blood and tissues
what two things make up blood
cells and plasma
what are some features of the fibrous pericardium
outermost covering
dense irregular connective tissue
prevents overfilling
what are some features of the parietal layer of the serous pericardium
made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
attached to fibrous pericardium
what are some features of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
also referred to as epicardium
simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
what is the function of the pericardial cavity
has fluid in it to prevent friction when membranes glide past each other
explain pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi
causes friction rubs
explain cardiac tamponade
fluid in the pericardial cavity
prevents chambers from filling so heart can’t pump as well
fluid is drawn out with a syringe
what is the coronary sulcus
also called the atrioventricular sulcus
separates atria from ventricles
do the left and right sides of the heart pump the same volume of blood with each pump
yes because of the difference in pressures
what are some features of the myocardium
middle, muscular layer of heart
contracts to eject blood from heart chambers
what are some features of the endocardium
simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
protective lining of the chambers and valves because it’s continuous with them
protects lining of chambers and valves
does the blood enter the two atria at the same time
yes
what are the purpose of the heart valves
prevents back flow of blood
explain the movement of blood throughout the heart
include what the valves are doing and the pressure in each phase
atria begin to fill which causes AV valve to hang open limply
some of the blood in the atria falls into the ventricle
the atria contracts and forces the rest of the blood into the ventricle
ventricle contracts which forces semilunar valve open and AV valve closed
ventricle relaxes and blood from arteries flows back filling and closing the cusps
what is the S1 heart sound
closing of AV valves
what is the S2 sound
closing of semilunar valves
what are the two types of heart murmurs
valvular insufficiency and valvular stenosis
explain valvular insufficiency
back flow of blood due to poor valve mechanics
may cause enlarged heart
explain valvular stenosis
valve cusps become scarred and hard so they don’t open all the way
causes resistance in blood flow and reduced chamber output
what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of
dense irregular connective tissue
what are the four functions of the fibrous skeleton
1.) structural support
2.) forms fibrous rings to anchor valves
3.) provides framework for attachment of cardiac muscle cells
4.) acts as electrical insulator which prevents ventricle and atria from contracting at the same time
explain the arrangement of cardiac tissue around the fibrous skeleton
arranged in spiral bundles
atrial contraction moves the walls inwards
ventricular contraction resembles wringing a mop - starts at apex and compresses superiorly
what two coverings of the heart make up the pericardial sac
fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardium
