The Cardiovascular System 1

Question 1

what is the main difference between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system

Answer 1

respiratory: adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
circulatory: transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and transports wastes and products away from tissues

Question 2

define perfusion

Answer 2

delivery of blood per time per gram of tissue
mL/min/g

Question 3

define adequate perfusion

Answer 3

sufficient delivery to maintain cells’ health

Question 4

where does the cardiovascular system end

Answer 4

heart chambers
*it is still a closed circuit

Question 5

what are the four functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 5

1.) transports oxygen, water, and other nutrients to tissues
2.) transports carbon dioxide and other wastes from tissues
3.) transports materials from cells to cells within the body
4.) aids in the regulation of body temperature (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

Question 6

what five things make up the cardiovascular system

Answer 6

1.) pump (heart)
2.) arterial system (high pressure)
3.) capillaries (exchange vessels)
4.) venous system (low pressure collection and return circuit)
5.) blood

Question 7

what are some features of arteries and arterioles

Answer 7

carry blood away from heart chambers
usually carry oxygenated blood
vessels get smaller as they branch

Question 8

what are some features of vein and venules

Answer 8

carry blood to heart chambers
usually cary deoxygenated blood
vessels get bigger as they merge

Question 9

what are some features of capillaries

Answer 9

smallest and most numerous
site of exchange between blood and tissues

Question 10

what two things make up blood

Answer 10

cells and plasma

Question 11

what are some features of the fibrous pericardium

Answer 11

outermost covering
dense irregular connective tissue
prevents overfilling

Question 12

what are some features of the parietal layer of the serous pericardium

Answer 12

made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
attached to fibrous pericardium

Question 13

what are some features of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Answer 13

also referred to as epicardium
simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

Question 14

what is the function of the pericardial cavity

Answer 14

has fluid in it to prevent friction when membranes glide past each other

Question 15

explain pericarditis

Answer 15

inflammation of the pericardium
caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi
causes friction rubs

Question 16

explain cardiac tamponade

Answer 16

fluid in the pericardial cavity
prevents chambers from filling so heart can’t pump as well
fluid is drawn out with a syringe

Question 17

what is the coronary sulcus

Answer 17

also called the atrioventricular sulcus
separates atria from ventricles

Question 18

do the left and right sides of the heart pump the same volume of blood with each pump

Answer 18

yes because of the difference in pressures

Question 19

what are some features of the myocardium

Answer 19

middle, muscular layer of heart
contracts to eject blood from heart chambers

Question 20

what are some features of the endocardium

Answer 20

simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
protective lining of the chambers and valves because it’s continuous with them
protects lining of chambers and valves

Question 21

does the blood enter the two atria at the same time

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

what are the purpose of the heart valves

Answer 22

prevents back flow of blood

Question 23

explain the movement of blood throughout the heart
include what the valves are doing and the pressure in each phase

Answer 23

atria begin to fill which causes AV valve to hang open limply
some of the blood in the atria falls into the ventricle
the atria contracts and forces the rest of the blood into the ventricle
ventricle contracts which forces semilunar valve open and AV valve closed
ventricle relaxes and blood from arteries flows back filling and closing the cusps

Question 24

what is the S1 heart sound

Answer 24

closing of AV valves

Question 25

what is the S2 sound

Answer 25

closing of semilunar valves

Question 26

what are the two types of heart murmurs

Answer 26

valvular insufficiency and valvular stenosis

Question 27

explain valvular insufficiency

Answer 27

back flow of blood due to poor valve mechanics
may cause enlarged heart

Question 28

explain valvular stenosis

Answer 28

valve cusps become scarred and hard so they don’t open all the way
causes resistance in blood flow and reduced chamber output

Question 29

what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of

Answer 29

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 30

what are the four functions of the fibrous skeleton

Answer 30

1.) structural support
2.) forms fibrous rings to anchor valves
3.) provides framework for attachment of cardiac muscle cells
4.) acts as electrical insulator which prevents ventricle and atria from contracting at the same time

Question 31

explain the arrangement of cardiac tissue around the fibrous skeleton

Answer 31

arranged in spiral bundles
atrial contraction moves the walls inwards
ventricular contraction resembles wringing a mop - starts at apex and compresses superiorly

Question 32

what two coverings of the heart make up the pericardial sac

Answer 32

fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardium