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Human Physiology > Digestive System 1A > Flashcards

Digestive System 1A Flashcards

1
Q

```

what are the 6 functions of the digestive system

A

1.) ingestion
2.) motility
3.) secretion
4.) digestion
5.) absorption
6.) elimination

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2
Q

what are the four layers of the GI tract from superficial to deep

A

adventitia (serosa)
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

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3
Q

what is the mucosa of the GI tract and what are its layers

A

innermost lining of GI tract
layers deep to superficial: epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

what is the epithelial layer of the mucosa and what’s its function

A

innermost layer directly in contact with lumen contents
made of simple columnar cells that secrete and absorb

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5
Q

what is the lamina propria of the mucosa and what’s its function

A

middle layer of the mucosa
made of areolar tissue
contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
absorbs substances from the epithelium through it vessels

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6
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa and what’s its function

A

outer layer of the mucosa
contracts to help the release of secretions and increase contact of matierals with mucosa
both allow more efficient absorption

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7
Q

what is the submucosal layer of the GI tract

A

layer above the mucosa
has lots of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
innervated by the submucosal nerve plexus
houses mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) and peyer patches

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8
Q

what is the submucosal nerve plexus of the submucosal layer and what is its function

A

bundles of nerves and ganglia
innervates smooth muscle and glands of the mucosa and submucosa

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9
Q

what is mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) of the submucosal layer and what is its function

A

clusters of lymphocytes
prevents ingested microbes from crossing GI tract and causing food born illnesses in the body

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10
Q

what are peyer patches of the submucosal layer and what are their function

A

larger aggregates of lymphatic nodules
found in the distal small intestine
have immune cells which protect against pathogens

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11
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the GI tract and what’s its function

A

layer above the submucosal layer
made of inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer, and myenteric nerve plexus
function is motility - mixing and propulsion

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12
Q

what is the inner circular layer of the muscularis and what’s its function

A

made of smooth muscle cells oriented circumferentially contracts to constrict lumen
thickened in certain areas to form sphincters
sphincters control movement of materials and prevents backflow

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13
Q

what is the outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis and what’s its function

A

smooth muscle cells oriented vertically
contracts to shorten tube

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14
Q

what is the myenteric nerve plexus of the muscularis and what does it do

A

clumps of nerves with their autonomic ganglia
found between the outer and inner muscular layers
control the contraction of the muscularis

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15
Q

what are some features of the myenteric nerve plexus of the muscularis

A

axons with their ganglia
found between the outer and inner muscular layers control the contraction

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16
Q

define mixing

A

backwards and forwards motion of GI tract to blend ingested material with secretions

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17
Q

define propulsion

A

directional movements of materials through GI tract
peristalsis

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18
Q

what is the adventitia or serosa of the GI tract

A

outermost layer that is either adventitia or serosa depending where we are in the organ

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19
Q

what is the adventitia of GI tract

A

outermost layer of GI tract
considered adventitia when we are outside the peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

what is the serosa of the GI tract

A

outermost layer of the GI tract
adventitia + outer covering of serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)
only found on organs within the peritoneal cavity

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21
Q

which area of the GI tract absorbs the most water

A

small intestine

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22
Q

what is the enteric nervous system (ENS) and how does it regulate the digestive system

A

sensory and motor neurons in the submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
innervates smooth muscle and glands of GI tract (submucosal plexus)
coordinates mixing and propulsion reflexes (myenteric plexus)

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23
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulate the digestive system

A

parasympathetic: stimulates GI motility, release of secretions, and relaxes GI sphincters
sympathetic: inhibit GI motility, release of secretions, constricts GI sphincters, and vasoconstricts GI tract blood vessels

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24
Q

how does the facial nerve regulate the digestive system

A

parasympathetic nerve
stimulate salivary secretions from sublingual and submandibular glands

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25
Q

how does the glossopharyngeal nerve regulate the digestive system

A

parasympathetic gland
stimulate salivary secretions from the parotid gland

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26
Q

how does the vagus nerve regulate the digestive system

A

parasympathetic nerve
stimulates the digestive activities of most of the digestive system organs

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27
Q

what type of reflex is the enteric nervous system (ENS) and what does it coordinate

A

short, local reflex
coordinates small segments of GI tract

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28
Q

what type of reflex is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and what does it coordinate

A

long reflex
sensory input goes to central nervous system
output goes through autonomic nervous system
coordinates GI motility, secretions, and accessory digestive organs

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29
Q

where are circulating hormones released

A

into the blood

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30
Q

where are local hormones released

A

from adjacent cells

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31
Q

what type of hormone is gastrin and what is its function

A

circulating hormone
stimulates stomach motility and release of gastric secretions from parietal and chief cells

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32
Q

what is the function of somatostatin

A

regulates the function of nearby enteroendocrine and exocrine cells
inhibits release of acidic secretions in response to increased acid

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33
Q

what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what is its function in the stomach

A

circulating hormone
inhibits motility and gastric secretions

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34
Q

what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what does it do in the gallbladder

A

circulating hormone
stimulates release of bile

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35
Q

what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what does it do in the pancreas

A

circulating hormone
stimulates release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice

36
Q

what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what does it do to the hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

circulating hormone
causes relaxation of the sphincter

37
Q

what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what does it do to the iliocecal valve

A

circulating hormone
causes relaxation of the iliocecal valve

38
Q

what type of hormone is secretin and what does it do in the stomach

A

circulating hormone
inhibits stomach motility and gastric secretions

39
Q

what type of hormone is secretin and what does it do in the liver and pancreas

A

circulating hormone
stimulates secretion of bicarbonate

40
Q

what does glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide do in the pancreas

A

regulates release of insulin from beta cells

41
Q

what does motilin do in the small intestine

A

regulates migrating motility complex to move contents from small to large intestine

42
Q

what does hepcidin do in the small intestine

A

inhibits absorption of iron

43
Q

what is the peritoneum and what are its two layers

A

serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity
parietal and visceral layer

44
Q

what is the mesentery and what is its function

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum
blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves between the layers
supports, suspends, and stabilizes intraperitoneal GI tract organs

45
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

fat apron
extends inferiorly from greater curvature of the stomach and covers most abdominal organs

46
Q

what is the lesser omentum

A

fat apron
connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the proximal end of duodenum to the liver

47
Q

what is that falciform ligament and what is its function

A

flat, thin crescent shaped fold that attaches the liver to internal surface of anterior abdominal wall

48
Q

what is the mesentery proper layer of the mesentery and what is its function

A

fan-shaped fold of peritoneum
suspends most of small intestine from posterior abdominal wall

49
Q

what is the mesocolon layer of the mesentery and is its function

A

fold of periotneum
attaches part of the large intestine to posterior abdominal wall

50
Q

what is peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum
GI contents get into the peritoneum and cause inflammation
usually caused by GI tract perforation

51
Q

where does the upper GI tract start and end

A

oral cavity and duodenum

52
Q

where does most of the nutrient absorption occur

A

small intestine

53
Q

what is the oral cavity proper

A

area from back of teeth to oropharynx

54
Q

what are the transverse palatine folds and what is their function

A

ridges at the top of the mouth
assist tongue in manipulating materials

55
Q

what does the uvula do

A

elevates soft palate during swallowing to close off posterior entrance into nasopharynx

56
Q

what is the fauces

A

area between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch

57
Q

what type of tissue is the oral cavity made of and what is its function

A

stratified squamous epithelium
protects against abrasions

58
Q

what are intrinsic salivary glands and what do they do

A

unicellular glands that are within the oral cavity
continually release secretions containing lipase

59
Q

what are extrinsic salivary glands and what do they do

A

glands that are outside of oral cavity
produce the majority of saliva
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

60
Q

infection of what gland causes mumps (myxovirus)

A

parotid

61
Q

what are the 5 functions of saliva

A

1.) moistens food to make a bolus
2.) has salivary amylase which initiates breakdown of starch
3.) stimulates taste receptors
4.) cleanses oral cavity structures
5.) has antibacterial substances that inhibit bacterial growth

62
Q

would parasympathetic stimulation increase or decrease output to salivary glands

A

increase

63
Q

would sympathetic stimulation increase or decrease output to salivary glands

A

decrease

64
Q

what type of joint is a tooth

A

gomphosis joint

65
Q

what is the cementum of a tooth

A

material surrounding root on the outside of the dentin

66
Q

what are dental caries

A

damage to dentin, enamel, or cementum due to bateria
essentially cavities

67
Q

what do the incisors do

A

slice food

68
Q

what do canines do

A

puncture and tear food

69
Q

what do premolars and molars do

A

crush and grind food

70
Q

what is the esophageal hiatus

A

opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through

71
Q

what is deglutition

A

swallowing

72
Q

explain the voluntary phase of swallowing

A

1st phase - voluntary
food is ingested
it is mixed with secretions to form a bolus which moves towards oropharynx

73
Q

explain the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

2nd phase - involuntary
tactile sensory receptors in fauces are stimulated to send sensory input to the swallowing center in medulla
bolus moves into oropharynx and measures are taken to ensure nothing goes into trachea

74
Q

explain the esophageal phase of swallowing

A

3rd phase - involuntary
bolus goes into esophagus and stimulates peristalsis
bolus moves goes into stomach once sphincters relax

75
Q

explain reflux esophagitis

A

inflammation of esophagus from acid reflux
heartburn
caused by: obesity, hiatal hernias, smokers, etc.
not GERD

76
Q

explain gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

chronic reflux esophagitis
erosion of esophageal tissue due to acid reflux
can change stratified squamous to columnar secretory cells (Barrett’s esophagus) which may lead to cancer
treated with things like antacids and things to limit secretion into the stomach

77
Q

define peristalsis

A

sequential contraction of the muscularis layers moves like a wave

78
Q

which organs are not found within the peritoneal cavity

A

kidneys, pancreas, ascending + descending colon, and rectum

79
Q

what does lingual lipase do

A

begins digestion of triglycerides

80
Q

what are parotid glands and what do they do

A

largest gland, located near the ear
produce 25-30% of saliva through parotid duct and into the oral cavity (second molar)

81
Q

what are submandibular glands and what do they do

A

found beneath the angle of the jaw
produce 60-70% of saliva that is transported to the underside of the tongue through the submandibular duct

82
Q

what are the sublingual glands and what do they do

A

glands beanth the tongue
produce 3-5% of saliva that is dumped under the tongue

83
Q

what are the two types of secretory cells in the salivary glands and what do they do

A

mucous cells: secrete mucin
serous cells: secrete watery fluid containing electrolytes and amylase

84
Q

what does salivary amylase do

A

initiates the breakdown starch

85
Q

what are the three types of antibacterial substances found in saliva

A

mucin
lysozyme
IgA antibodies

86
Q

what regulates salivary secretions

A

the salivary nuclei within the brainstem

87
Q

what is the function of the superior esophageal sphincter

A

closes during inhalation so air does not enter the esophagus

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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