Respiratory System 1

Question 1

what are 6 functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

1.) air passageway
2.) site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the lungs and blood
3.) acid base balance - pH of blood
4.) production of chemical mediators like angiotensin converting enzyme
5.) detection of odors through olfactory receptors
6.) sound production as air passes over vocal cords

Question 2

what is considered the upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

nasal/mouth cavity to larynx

Question 3

what is considered the lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

trachea to alveoli

Question 4

what is considered the conducting zone

Answer 4

nasal/mouth cavity to terminal bronchiole

Question 5

what are the 4 functions of the conducting zone

Answer 5

1.) air passageway from atmosphere
2.) warms air to body temperature
3.) humidifies air
4.) filters foreign materials from air

Question 6

what is considered the respiratory zone

Answer 6

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Question 7

what is the function of the respiratory zone

Answer 7

gas exchange

Question 8

what type of tissue lines the respiratory tract

Answer 8

respiratory mucosa made of ciliated epithelium resting on a basement membrane and underlying lamina propria

Question 9

what type of tissue is the lamina propria made of

Answer 9

areolar connective tissue

Question 10

explain the mucociliary escalator

Answer 10

goblet cells secrete mucus which traps foreign material and microbes
cilia on epithelium sweeps mucus towards pharynx where is can be swallowed and killed by the stomach acid

Question 11

what secretes mucus in the respiratory system

Answer 11

goblet cells, mucous glands, and serous glands

Question 12

what is mucin and what is its function

Answer 12

protein in mucus that increases its viscosity to help trap particles

Question 13

what is lysozyme

Answer 13

antibacterial enzyme found in mucous secretetions

Question 14

what are defensins

Answer 14

antibacterial proteins in mucous secretions

Question 15

what is immunoglobulin A

Answer 15

antibody found in mucous secretions

Question 16

what is sputum

Answer 16

mucus that is coughed up and mixed with saliva and trapped substances

Question 17

what is a lobar bronchus

Answer 17

secondary bronchus branching off of a primary bronchus
one for each lobe of the lung

Question 18

what is a segmental bronchus

Answer 18

tertiary bronchus branching off a secondary (lobar) bronchus
one for each segment of the lung

Question 19

what are some features of bronchi

Answer 19

have smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage
cartilage helps keep bronchi open
smooth muscle controls bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

Question 20

what are some features of bronchioles

Answer 20

smaller than bronchi
no cartilage but lots of smooth muscle

Question 21

what is the main site of constriction and dilation

Answer 21

bronchioles (have the most smooth muscle)

Question 22

explain bronchoconstriction

Answer 22

smooth muscle in respiratory system contracts which narrows lumen
caused by parasympathetic division, specifically histamine or cold

Question 23

explain bronchodilation

Answer 23

smooth muscle in respiratory system relaxes which opens lumen
caused by sympathetic division, specifically norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 24

what are alveolar pores

Answer 24

openings to create a back-up system for ventilation
used when there is some type of obstruction

Question 25

what do pulmonary capillaries do

Answer 25

surround alveoli and bring oxygenated blood to them

Question 26

what is an interalveolar septum

Answer 26

wall between each alveoli that it made of elastic fibers these elastic fibers allow the lungs to stretch and recoil

Question 27

explain alveolar type 1 cells

Answer 27

most common type of cell making up alveolar wall 95% of alveolar surface area forms alveolar epithelium responsible for gas exchange

Question 28

explain alveolar type 2 cells

Answer 28

secrete oily pulmonary surfactant

Question 29

explain surfactant

Answer 29

secreted by type 2 alveolar cells lipoprotein complex that coats the inside of the alveoli decreases surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 30

why is decreasing surface tension of alveolar fluid important

Answer 30

prevents alveoli from collapsing increases lung compliance

Question 31

what is compliance

Answer 31

ability of lung to expand

Question 32

what are alveolar macrophages

Answer 32

leukocytes that engulf microorganisms free or fixed to alveolar wall

Question 33

explain the respiratory membrane

Answer 33

0.5 micron barrier separating air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries made of alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane which is fused to the basement membrane of the capillary endothelium

Question 34

what makes up the root of the lung (what goes into hilum)

Answer 34

bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymph vessels

Question 35

explain the pulmonary circulation

Answer 35

lower pressure replenish O2 and eliminate CO2 pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries where it's oxygenated oxygenated blood is brought to left atrium by pulmonary veins

Question 36

explain the bronchial circulation

Answer 36

bronchial arteries that branch off aorta carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to lung tissues bronchial veins carry waste away from lung tissue; drain venous blood to azygos vein

Question 37

where would you find lymph vessels and nodes in the respiratory system

Answer 37

connective tissue of lungs around bronchi in pleura

Question 38

what do the lymph vessels and nodes of the respiratory system do

Answer 38

remove excess fluid (pleural) from the lungs and filters lymph to collect particles missed by cilia too much fluid build up can lead to a collapsed lung

Question 39

how is the respiratory system innervated

Answer 39

by the autonomic nervous system sympathetic: T1-T5 causes bronchodilation parasympathetic: vagus nerve causes bronchoconstriction

Question 40

what type of tissue is the plerua

Answer 40

simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

Question 41

why is it important that each lung is enclosed in a separate visceral pleural membrane

Answer 41

helps to limit spread of infections

Question 42

explain how the lungs remain inflated

Answer 42

lungs cling to chest wall due to serous fluid's surface tension elastic tissue in lungs pull them inward this inwards vs outwards pull creates suction in the pleural cavity intrapleural pressure is lower than intrapulmonary pressure

Question 43

what is intrapleural pressure

Answer 43

pressure in the pleural cavity

Question 44

what is intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 44

pressure in the lungs