Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are 6 functions of the respiratory system

A

1.) air passageway
2.) site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the lungs and blood
3.) acid base balance - pH of blood
4.) production of chemical mediators like angiotensin converting enzyme
5.) detection of odors through olfactory receptors
6.) sound production as air passes over vocal cords

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2
Q

what is considered the upper respiratory tract

A

nasal/mouth cavity to larynx

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3
Q

what is considered the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea to alveoli

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4
Q

what is considered the conducting zone

A

nasal/mouth cavity to terminal bronchiole

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5
Q

what are the 4 functions of the conducting zone

A

1.) air passageway from atmosphere
2.) warms air to body temperature
3.) humidifies air
4.) filters foreign materials from air

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6
Q

what is considered the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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7
Q

what is the function of the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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8
Q

what type of tissue lines the respiratory tract

A

respiratory mucosa made of ciliated epithelium resting on a basement membrane and underlying lamina propria

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9
Q

what type of tissue is the lamina propria made of

A

areolar connective tissue

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10
Q

explain the mucociliary escalator

A

goblet cells secrete mucus which traps foreign material and microbes
cilia on epithelium sweeps mucus towards pharynx where is can be swallowed and killed by the stomach acid

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11
Q

what secretes mucus in the respiratory system

A

goblet cells, mucous glands, and serous glands

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12
Q

what is mucin and what is its function

A

protein in mucus that increases its viscosity to help trap particles

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13
Q

what is lysozyme

A

antibacterial enzyme found in mucous secretetions

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14
Q

what are defensins

A

antibacterial proteins in mucous secretions

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15
Q

what is immunoglobulin A

A

antibody found in mucous secretions

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16
Q

what is sputum

A

mucus that is coughed up and mixed with saliva and trapped substances

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17
Q

what is a lobar bronchus

A

secondary bronchus branching off of a primary bronchus
one for each lobe of the lung

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18
Q

what is a segmental bronchus

A

tertiary bronchus branching off a secondary (lobar) bronchus
one for each segment of the lung

19
Q

what are some features of bronchi

A

have smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage
cartilage helps keep bronchi open
smooth muscle controls bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

20
Q

what are some features of bronchioles

A

smaller than bronchi
no cartilage but lots of smooth muscle

21
Q

what is the main site of constriction and dilation

A

bronchioles (have the most smooth muscle)

22
Q

explain bronchoconstriction

A

smooth muscle in respiratory system contracts which narrows lumen
caused by parasympathetic division, specifically histamine or cold

23
Q

explain bronchodilation

A

smooth muscle in respiratory system relaxes which opens lumen
caused by sympathetic division, specifically norepinephrine and epinephrine

24
Q

what are alveolar pores

A

openings to create a back-up system for ventilation
used when there is some type of obstruction

25
what do pulmonary capillaries do
surround alveoli and bring oxygenated blood to them
26
what is an interalveolar septum
wall between each alveoli that it made of elastic fibers these elastic fibers allow the lungs to stretch and recoil
27
explain alveolar type 1 cells
most common type of cell making up alveolar wall 95% of alveolar surface area forms alveolar epithelium responsible for gas exchange
28
explain alveolar type 2 cells
secrete oily pulmonary surfactant
29
explain surfactant
secreted by type 2 alveolar cells lipoprotein complex that coats the inside of the alveoli decreases surface tension of alveolar fluid
30
why is decreasing surface tension of alveolar fluid important
prevents alveoli from collapsing increases lung compliance
31
what is compliance
ability of lung to expand
32
what are alveolar macrophages
leukocytes that engulf microorganisms free or fixed to alveolar wall
33
explain the respiratory membrane
0.5 micron barrier separating air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries made of alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane which is fused to the basement membrane of the capillary endothelium
34
what makes up the root of the lung (what goes into hilum)
bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymph vessels
35
explain the pulmonary circulation
lower pressure replenish O2 and eliminate CO2 pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries where it's oxygenated oxygenated blood is brought to left atrium by pulmonary veins
36
explain the bronchial circulation
bronchial arteries that branch off aorta carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to lung tissues bronchial veins carry waste away from lung tissue; drain venous blood to azygos vein
37
where would you find lymph vessels and nodes in the respiratory system
connective tissue of lungs around bronchi in pleura
38
what do the lymph vessels and nodes of the respiratory system do
remove excess fluid (pleural) from the lungs and filters lymph to collect particles missed by cilia too much fluid build up can lead to a collapsed lung
39
how is the respiratory system innervated
by the autonomic nervous system sympathetic: T1-T5 causes bronchodilation parasympathetic: vagus nerve causes bronchoconstriction
40
what type of tissue is the plerua
simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
41
why is it important that each lung is enclosed in a separate visceral pleural membrane
helps to limit spread of infections
42
explain how the lungs remain inflated
lungs cling to chest wall due to serous fluid's surface tension elastic tissue in lungs pull them inward this inwards vs outwards pull creates suction in the pleural cavity intrapleural pressure is lower than intrapulmonary pressure
43
what is intrapleural pressure
pressure in the pleural cavity
44
what is intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in the lungs