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Human Physiology > Respiratory System 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are 6 functions of the respiratory system

A

1.) air passageway
2.) site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the lungs and blood
3.) acid base balance - pH of blood
4.) production of chemical mediators like angiotensin converting enzyme
5.) detection of odors through olfactory receptors
6.) sound production as air passes over vocal cords

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2
Q

what is considered the upper respiratory tract

A

nasal/mouth cavity to larynx

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3
Q

what is considered the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea to alveoli

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4
Q

what is considered the conducting zone

A

nasal/mouth cavity to terminal bronchiole

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5
Q

what are the 4 functions of the conducting zone

A

1.) air passageway from atmosphere
2.) warms air to body temperature
3.) humidifies air
4.) filters foreign materials from air

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6
Q

what is considered the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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7
Q

what is the function of the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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8
Q

what type of tissue lines the respiratory tract

A

respiratory mucosa made of ciliated epithelium resting on a basement membrane and underlying lamina propria

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9
Q

what type of tissue is the lamina propria made of

A

areolar connective tissue

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10
Q

explain the mucociliary escalator

A

goblet cells secrete mucus which traps foreign material and microbes
cilia on epithelium sweeps mucus towards pharynx where is can be swallowed and killed by the stomach acid

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11
Q

what secretes mucus in the respiratory system

A

goblet cells, mucous glands, and serous glands

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12
Q

what is mucin and what is its function

A

protein in mucus that increases its viscosity to help trap particles

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13
Q

what is lysozyme

A

antibacterial enzyme found in mucous secretetions

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14
Q

what are defensins

A

antibacterial proteins in mucous secretions

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15
Q

what is immunoglobulin A

A

antibody found in mucous secretions

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16
Q

what is sputum

A

mucus that is coughed up and mixed with saliva and trapped substances

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17
Q

what is a lobar bronchus

A

secondary bronchus branching off of a primary bronchus
one for each lobe of the lung

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18
Q

what is a segmental bronchus

A

tertiary bronchus branching off a secondary (lobar) bronchus
one for each segment of the lung

19
Q

what are some features of bronchi

A

have smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage
cartilage helps keep bronchi open
smooth muscle controls bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

20
Q

what are some features of bronchioles

A

smaller than bronchi
no cartilage but lots of smooth muscle

21
Q

what is the main site of constriction and dilation

A

bronchioles (have the most smooth muscle)

22
Q

explain bronchoconstriction

A

smooth muscle in respiratory system contracts which narrows lumen
caused by parasympathetic division, specifically histamine or cold

23
Q

explain bronchodilation

A

smooth muscle in respiratory system relaxes which opens lumen
caused by sympathetic division, specifically norepinephrine and epinephrine

24
Q

what are alveolar pores

A

openings to create a back-up system for ventilation
used when there is some type of obstruction

25
Q

what do pulmonary capillaries do

A

surround alveoli and bring oxygenated blood to them

26
Q

what is an interalveolar septum

A

wall between each alveoli that it made of elastic fibers
these elastic fibers allow the lungs to stretch and recoil

27
Q

explain alveolar type 1 cells

A

most common type of cell making up alveolar wall
95% of alveolar surface area
forms alveolar epithelium
responsible for gas exchange

28
Q

explain alveolar type 2 cells

A

secrete oily pulmonary surfactant

29
Q

explain surfactant

A

secreted by type 2 alveolar cells
lipoprotein complex that coats the inside of the alveoli
decreases surface tension of alveolar fluid

30
Q

why is decreasing surface tension of alveolar fluid important

A

prevents alveoli from collapsing
increases lung compliance

31
Q

what is compliance

A

ability of lung to expand

32
Q

what are alveolar macrophages

A

leukocytes that engulf microorganisms
free or fixed to alveolar wall

33
Q

explain the respiratory membrane

A

0.5 micron barrier separating air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
made of alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane which is fused to the basement membrane of the capillary endothelium

34
Q

what makes up the root of the lung (what goes into hilum)

A

bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymph vessels

35
Q

explain the pulmonary circulation

A

lower pressure
replenish O2 and eliminate CO2
pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries where it’s oxygenated
oxygenated blood is brought to left atrium by pulmonary veins

36
Q

explain the bronchial circulation

A

bronchial arteries that branch off aorta carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to lung tissues
bronchial veins carry waste away from lung tissue; drain venous blood to azygos vein

37
Q

where would you find lymph vessels and nodes in the respiratory system

A

connective tissue of lungs
around bronchi
in pleura

38
Q

what do the lymph vessels and nodes of the respiratory system do

A

remove excess fluid (pleural) from the lungs and filters lymph to collect particles missed by cilia
too much fluid build up can lead to a collapsed lung

39
Q

how is the respiratory system innervated

A

by the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic: T1-T5 causes bronchodilation
parasympathetic: vagus nerve causes bronchoconstriction

40
Q

what type of tissue is the plerua

A

simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

41
Q

why is it important that each lung is enclosed in a separate visceral pleural membrane

A

helps to limit spread of infections

42
Q

explain how the lungs remain inflated

A

lungs cling to chest wall due to serous fluid’s surface tension
elastic tissue in lungs pull them inward
this inwards vs outwards pull creates suction in the pleural cavity
intrapleural pressure is lower than intrapulmonary pressure

43
Q

what is intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in the pleural cavity

44
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in the lungs

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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