Respiratory System 1 Flashcards
what are 6 functions of the respiratory system
1.) air passageway
2.) site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the lungs and blood
3.) acid base balance - pH of blood
4.) production of chemical mediators like angiotensin converting enzyme
5.) detection of odors through olfactory receptors
6.) sound production as air passes over vocal cords
what is considered the upper respiratory tract
nasal/mouth cavity to larynx
what is considered the lower respiratory tract
trachea to alveoli
what is considered the conducting zone
nasal/mouth cavity to terminal bronchiole
what are the 4 functions of the conducting zone
1.) air passageway from atmosphere
2.) warms air to body temperature
3.) humidifies air
4.) filters foreign materials from air
what is considered the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
what is the function of the respiratory zone
gas exchange
what type of tissue lines the respiratory tract
respiratory mucosa made of ciliated epithelium resting on a basement membrane and underlying lamina propria
what type of tissue is the lamina propria made of
areolar connective tissue
explain the mucociliary escalator
goblet cells secrete mucus which traps foreign material and microbes
cilia on epithelium sweeps mucus towards pharynx where is can be swallowed and killed by the stomach acid
what secretes mucus in the respiratory system
goblet cells, mucous glands, and serous glands
what is mucin and what is its function
protein in mucus that increases its viscosity to help trap particles
what is lysozyme
antibacterial enzyme found in mucous secretetions
what are defensins
antibacterial proteins in mucous secretions
what is immunoglobulin A
antibody found in mucous secretions
what is sputum
mucus that is coughed up and mixed with saliva and trapped substances
what is a lobar bronchus
secondary bronchus branching off of a primary bronchus
one for each lobe of the lung
what is a segmental bronchus
tertiary bronchus branching off a secondary (lobar) bronchus
one for each segment of the lung
what are some features of bronchi
have smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage
cartilage helps keep bronchi open
smooth muscle controls bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
what are some features of bronchioles
smaller than bronchi
no cartilage but lots of smooth muscle
what is the main site of constriction and dilation
bronchioles (have the most smooth muscle)
explain bronchoconstriction
smooth muscle in respiratory system contracts which narrows lumen
caused by parasympathetic division, specifically histamine or cold
explain bronchodilation
smooth muscle in respiratory system relaxes which opens lumen
caused by sympathetic division, specifically norepinephrine and epinephrine
what are alveolar pores
openings to create a back-up system for ventilation
used when there is some type of obstruction