Respiratory System 2

Question 1

what is pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

movement of gases between atmosphere and alveoli

Question 2

what is pulmonary gas exchange

Answer 2

exchange of gases between alveoli and blood

Question 3

what is gas transport

Answer 3

transport of gases in blood between lungs and systemic cells

Question 4

what is tissue gas exchange

Answer 4

exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and the systemic cells

Question 5

what is eupnea

Answer 5

quiet breathing

Question 6

what regulates breathing activity

Answer 6

autonomic nuclei in brainstem

Question 7

explain mechanics of inspiration

Answer 7

diaphragm contracts and flattens downwards
external intercostals contract and elevate ribs to increase dimension of thoracic cavity
intrapleural volume increases so intrapleural pressure decreases
pleura pulls on lungs so lung volume increases
as lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases to less than Patm
air flows in until Ppul and Patm are equal

Question 8

explain mechanics of expiration

Answer 8

passive process where diaphragm and external intercostals relax which decreases thoracic volume
intrapleural volume decreases, pressure increases
elastic recoil pulls lungs inward which decreases intrapulmonary volume and increases intrapulmonary pressure to greater than Patm
air flows out of lungs until Ppul and Patm are equal

Question 9

what are the muscles for forced inspiration

Answer 9

diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 10

what are the muscles of deep inspiration and what do they do

Answer 10

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, erector spinae, and serratus posterior superior
move ribcage up, lateral, and forward which increases thoracic volume

Question 11

what are the muscles of forced expiration

Answer 11

accessory muscles: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, transverse thoracics, and serratus posterior inferior
move ribcage up, medially, and posteriorly or compress abdominal contents

Question 12

what causes vertical dimension changes in the thoracic cavity

Answer 12

diaphragm contracts down to increase dimensions or relaxes to decrease dimensions

Question 13

what causes lateral dimension changes in the thoracic cavity

Answer 13

relaxation of all breathing muscles except for diaphragm

Question 14

what causes anterior-posterior dimension changes in the thoracic cavity

Answer 14

relaxation of all breathing muscles except for diaphragm

Question 15

explain Boyle’s Law

Answer 15

pressure of a gas and volume of a container are inversely related at a constant temperature
P1V1 = P2V2

Question 16

what causes an air pressure gradient

Answer 16

when force per unit area is greater in one place than another

Question 17

what is atmospheric pressure (Patm)

Answer 17

pressure of air in environment
does not change during breathing
760mmHg at sea level or 0mmHg for our purposes

Question 18

what is intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)

Answer 18

pressure within alveoli
fluctuates when breathing

Question 19

what is intrapleural pressure (Pip)

Answer 19

pressure in pleural cavity
fluctuates when breathing
lower than intrapulmonary pressure to keep lungs inflated (4 mmHg less)

Question 20

what is alveolar volume

Answer 20

collective volume of alveoli

Question 21

explain inspiration in terms of volume and pressures

Answer 21

thoracic volume increases, thoracic pressure decreases
thoracic volume increase, lung volume increases and lung pressure decreases
when pressure in lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows into lungs

Question 22

explain expiration in terms of volume and pressures

Answer 22

thoracic volume decreases, thoracic pressure increases
thoracic volume decreases, lung volume decreases and lung pressure increases
when lung pressure increases above atmospheric pressure, air flows out of lungs

Question 23

explain forced inspiration in terms of volume and pressures

Answer 23

diaphragm and external intercostals contract more forcefully along with other accessory muscles as needed
thoracic volume increases with lung volume
intrapleural volume increases, pressure decreases
intrapulmonary volume increases, pressure decreases farther below Patm
more air comes in until pressures are equal

Question 24

explain forced expiration in terms of volume and pressures

Answer 24

inspiratory muscles relax and respiratory muscles are recruited as needed
thoracic volume decreases with lung volume
intrapleural volume decreases, pressure increases
intrapulmonary volume decreases, pressure increases farther above Patm
air flows out until pressures are equal

Question 25

what is happening in terms of volume and pressures between breaths

Answer 25

intrapulmonary pressures and atmospheric pressures are equal so there is no air movement, no muscle contraction

Question 26

define airflow

Answer 26

amount of air moving in and out of the lungs with each breath

Question 27

what are the two factors that airflow depends on

Answer 27

pressure gradient of Patm and Ppul resistance

Question 28

how are the pressure gradient and resistance related to air flow

Answer 28

F (airflow) = changeP/R pressure gradient is directly related to airflow resistance is inversely related to airflow

Question 29

define pressure gradient

Answer 29

difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

Question 30

what is the main driving force of airflow in and out of the lungs

Answer 30

air pressure gradient

Question 31

what factors affect the resistance to airflow

Answer 31

bronchiole diameter compliance in chest wall or lungs

Question 32

define distensibility

Answer 32

ability to stretch

Question 33

how are surface tension and surfactant related

Answer 33

inversely; less surfactant, more surface tension, less compliance, more resistance

Question 34

define minute ventilation

Answer 34

process of moving air into and out of the lungs amount of air moved between atmosphere and alveoli in one minute minute ventilation = tidal volume x respiration rate

Question 35

define tidal volume

Answer 35

amount of air per breath

Question 36

define respiration rate

Answer 36

number of breaths per minute

Question 37

define anatomical dead space

Answer 37

collective space that has air but that air is not exchanging respiratory gases with the blood roughly 150 mL

Question 38

define alveolar ventilation

Answer 38

volume of air that reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange per minute AVR = (tidal volume - dead space volume) x respiratory rate

Question 39

what is a spirometer

Answer 39

device that measures respiratory volumes

Question 40

what is a spirogram

Answer 40

graphical representation of respiratory movements made during spirometry

Question 41

define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 41

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond tidal volume measures compliance

Question 42

define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 42

amount that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume measure of elasticity

Question 43

define residual volume

Answer 43

amount of air left in lungs after the most forceful expiration

Question 44

define respiratory capacity

Answer 44

sum of two or more respiratory volumes

Question 45

define inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 45

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 46

define functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 46

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume volume left in lungs after a quiet respiration

Question 47

define vital capacity (VC)

Answer 47

tidal volume + ISV + ESV total amount of air a person can exchange through forced breathing

Question 48

define total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 48

sum of all volumes maximum amount of air the lungs can hold

Question 49

define forced expiratory volume (FEV)

Answer 49

% of vital capacity that can be expelled in a set period of time 75-85% in healthy person

Question 50

what respiratory test is used to distinguish COPD and CRPD

Answer 50

forced expiratory volume

Question 51

define maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)

Answer 51

greatest amount of air that can be taken in and then expelled from the lungs in one minute

Question 52

1.)

Answer 52

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 53

2.)

Answer 53

tidal volume

Question 54

3.)

Answer 54

expiratory reserve volume

Question 55

4.)

Answer 55

residual volume

Question 56

5.)

Answer 56

inspiratory capacity

Question 57

6.)

Answer 57

functional residual capacity

Question 58

7.)

Answer 58

vital capacity

Question 59

8.)

Answer 59

total lung capacity