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human physiology > Respiratory System 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of gases between atmosphere and alveoli

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2
Q

what is pulmonary gas exchange

A

exchange of gases between alveoli and blood

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3
Q

what is gas transport

A

transport of gases in blood between lungs and systemic cells

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4
Q

what is tissue gas exchange

A

exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and the systemic cells

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5
Q

what is eupnea

A

quiet breathing

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6
Q

what regulates breathing activity

A

autonomic nuclei in brainstem

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7
Q

explain mechanics of inspiration

A

diaphragm contracts and flattens downwards
external intercostals contract and elevate ribs to increase dimension of thoracic cavity
intrapleural volume increases so intrapleural pressure decreases
pleura pulls on lungs so lung volume increases
as lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases to less than Patm
air flows in until Ppul and Patm are equal

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8
Q

explain mechanics of expiration

A

passive process where diaphragm and external intercostals relax which decreases thoracic volume
intrapleural volume decreases, pressure increases
elastic recoil pulls lungs inward which decreases intrapulmonary volume and increases intrapulmonary pressure to greater than Patm
air flows out of lungs until Ppul and Patm are equal

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9
Q

what are the muscles for forced inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

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10
Q

what are the muscles of deep inspiration and what do they do

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, erector spinae, and serratus posterior superior
move ribcage up, lateral, and forward which increases thoracic volume

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11
Q

what are the muscles of forced expiration

A

accessory muscles: internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, transverse thoracics, and serratus posterior inferior
move ribcage up, medially, and posteriorly or compress abdominal contents

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12
Q

what causes vertical dimension changes in the thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm contracts down to increase dimensions or relaxes to decrease dimensions

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13
Q

what causes lateral dimension changes in the thoracic cavity

A

relaxation of all breathing muscles except for diaphragm

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14
Q

what causes anterior-posterior dimension changes in the thoracic cavity

A

relaxation of all breathing muscles except for diaphragm

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15
Q

explain Boyle’s Law

A

pressure of a gas and volume of a container are inversely related at a constant temperature
P1V1 = P2V2

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16
Q

what causes an air pressure gradient

A

when force per unit area is greater in one place than another

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17
Q

what is atmospheric pressure (Patm)

A

pressure of air in environment
does not change during breathing
760mmHg at sea level or 0mmHg for our purposes

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18
Q

what is intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)

A

pressure within alveoli
fluctuates when breathing

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19
Q

what is intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A

pressure in pleural cavity
fluctuates when breathing
lower than intrapulmonary pressure to keep lungs inflated (4 mmHg less)

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20
Q

what is alveolar volume

A

collective volume of alveoli

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21
Q

explain inspiration in terms of volume and pressures

A

thoracic volume increases, thoracic pressure decreases
thoracic volume increase, lung volume increases and lung pressure decreases
when pressure in lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows into lungs

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22
Q

explain expiration in terms of volume and pressures

A

thoracic volume decreases, thoracic pressure increases
thoracic volume decreases, lung volume decreases and lung pressure increases
when lung pressure increases above atmospheric pressure, air flows out of lungs

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23
Q

explain forced inspiration in terms of volume and pressures

A

diaphragm and external intercostals contract more forcefully along with other accessory muscles as needed
thoracic volume increases with lung volume
intrapleural volume increases, pressure decreases
intrapulmonary volume increases, pressure decreases farther below Patm
more air comes in until pressures are equal

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24
Q

explain forced expiration in terms of volume and pressures

A

inspiratory muscles relax and respiratory muscles are recruited as needed
thoracic volume decreases with lung volume
intrapleural volume decreases, pressure increases
intrapulmonary volume decreases, pressure increases farther above Patm
air flows out until pressures are equal

25
Q

what is happening in terms of volume and pressures between breaths

A

intrapulmonary pressures and atmospheric pressures are equal so there is no air movement, no muscle contraction

26
Q

define airflow

A

amount of air moving in and out of the lungs with each breath

27
Q

what are the two factors that airflow depends on

A

pressure gradient of Patm and Ppul
resistance

28
Q

how are the pressure gradient and resistance related to air flow

A

F (airflow) = changeP/R
pressure gradient is directly related to airflow
resistance is inversely related to airflow

29
Q

define pressure gradient

A

difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

30
Q

what is the main driving force of airflow in and out of the lungs

A

air pressure gradient

31
Q

what factors affect the resistance to airflow

A

bronchiole diameter
compliance in chest wall or lungs

32
Q

define distensibility

A

ability to stretch

33
Q

how are surface tension and surfactant related

A

inversely; less surfactant, more surface tension, less compliance, more resistance

34
Q

define minute ventilation

A

process of moving air into and out of the lungs
amount of air moved between atmosphere and alveoli in one minute
minute ventilation = tidal volume x respiration rate

35
Q

define tidal volume

A

amount of air per breath

36
Q

define respiration rate

A

number of breaths per minute

37
Q

define anatomical dead space

A

collective space that has air but that air is not exchanging respiratory gases with the blood
roughly 150 mL

38
Q

define alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air that reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange per minute
AVR = (tidal volume - dead space volume) x respiratory rate

39
Q

what is a spirometer

A

device that measures respiratory volumes

40
Q

what is a spirogram

A

graphical representation of respiratory movements made during spirometry

41
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond tidal volume
measures compliance

42
Q

define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume
measure of elasticity

43
Q

define residual volume

A

amount of air left in lungs after the most forceful expiration

44
Q

define respiratory capacity

A

sum of two or more respiratory volumes

45
Q

define inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

46
Q

define functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
volume left in lungs after a quiet respiration

47
Q

define vital capacity (VC)

A

tidal volume + ISV + ESV
total amount of air a person can exchange through forced breathing

48
Q

define total lung capacity (TLC)

A

sum of all volumes
maximum amount of air the lungs can hold

49
Q

define forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A

% of vital capacity that can be expelled in a set period of time
75-85% in healthy person

50
Q

what respiratory test is used to distinguish COPD and CRPD

A

forced expiratory volume

51
Q

define maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)

A

greatest amount of air that can be taken in and then expelled from the lungs in one minute

52
Q

1.)

A

inspiratory reserve volume

53
Q

2.)

A

tidal volume

54
Q

3.)

A

expiratory reserve volume

55
Q

4.)

A

residual volume

56
Q

5.)

A

inspiratory capacity

57
Q

6.)

A

functional residual capacity

58
Q

7.)

A

vital capacity

59
Q

8.)

A

total lung capacity

human physiology (19 decks)

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