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Human Physiology > Cellular Functions 1 > Flashcards

Cellular Functions 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure and form

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function of body

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3
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of disordered body function
ex. study of disease

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4
Q

What are most cells made mostly of?

A

water (80%) and proteins (20%)

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5
Q

What are the three factors of the cell theory?

A

cells are basic working unit of life, all living things are made of one or more cells, new cells arise from preexisting cells

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6
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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7
Q

microscopy

A

using a microscope to view small structures

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8
Q

light microscope

A

produces a two dimensional image when light passes through specimen

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9
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

directs an electron beam through thin-cut sections to give 2-D images

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10
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

directs an electron beam across surface of specimen to give 3-D images

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11
Q

What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic have nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and DNA
prokaryotes have DNA but it’s in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

controls cells
contains DNA (genetic material)
contains nucleolus

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13
Q

nuclear envelope

A

nuclear membrane of nucleus
double phospholipid
continuous with rough ER

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14
Q

nucleoplasm

A

fluid within the nucleus

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15
Q

What are found in the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

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16
Q

cytosol

A

viscous fluid of cytoplasm that’s mostly made of water and some dissolved macromolecules and ions

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17
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

have membrane which allows activities to happen in an isolated environment.
ex. ER, Golgi, mitochondria

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18
Q

non-membrane bound organelles

A

no membrane so interact with things around them
made of proteins
ex. ribosomes, centrosome, cytoskeleton

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19
Q

inclusions

A

stored temporarily in the cytosol
aggregate of a single type of molecule (not organelles)
ex. pigments, glycogen

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20
Q

5 main functions of cells

A

maintain integrity and shape, gets nutrients and forms chemical building blocks, disposes of waste, cell division for some

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21
Q

nuclear pores

A

passageways formed by proteins

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22
Q

nucleolus

A

no membrane
made of protein and RNA
makes small and large ribosome subunits
not in all cells; many if the cell makes a lot of proteins

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23
Q

what is DNA made of

A

nucleotides and 5 carbon deoxyribose and phosphate backbone

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24
Q

deoxyribonucleotide

A

DNA
made of a 5 carbon sugar deoxyribose and phosphate backbone and one of the four nitrogenous bases or “rungs” of the ladder

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25
phosphodiester bonds
link nucleotides in DNA
26
histones
nuclear proteins that the double helix is wound around provide support for the DNA strand
27
nucleosomes
histone and nuclear proteins
28
chromatin
DNA that is not dividing and in a mass
29
chromosomes
DNA that is dividing
30
gene
stretches of nucleotides that provide instructions for making of specific proteins
31
What are the four major steps of protein synthesis?
transcription, mRNA processing, translation, and post translational processing
32
transcription
occurs in nucleus pre-mRNA molecule is made from ribonucleotides using DNA as template done by RNA polymerase
33
mRNA processing
pre-mRNA is spliced (introns are removed), capped, and a polyA tail is added it is then mature mRNA and leaves the nucleus
34
What happens during splicing
noncoding regions (introns) are removed coding regions (exons) are put together to form spliceosomes
35
translation
occurs in ribosomes in the cytosol mRNA thread through ribosome mRNA is read to direct tRNAs in adding amino acids protein molecule is formed
36
post translational modifications
folding and splitting of proteins after protein synthesis to make them into a functional form
37
pre-mRNA
large immature single stand of RNA that has exons and introns
38
small nuclear RNA
directs the splicing of pre-mRNA to form mRNA
39
messenger RNA
carries the genetic code to cytoplasm for controlling the type of protein formed
40
ribosomal RNA
joins with proteins to form the ribosomes where protein molecules are actually assembled
41
transfer RNA
transports activated amino acids to the ribosomes to be used in assembling the protein molecule
42
microRNA
single stranded RNA molecules of 21-23 nucleotides that can regulate gene transcription and translation
43
endoplasmic reticulum
interconnected membrane network that extends from nuclear envelope to plasma membrane point of attachment for ribosomes
44
rough ER
makes proteins and sends them out in vesicles to Golgi apparatus for further modification
45
smooth ER
synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids carbohydrate metabolism detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons
46
Golgi apparatus
made of elongated, flattened, membranous sac modifies, packages, and sorts proteins that are made by the rough ER into vesicles
47
lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes made by the Golgi digest unneeded substances digests contents of endocytosed vesicles
48
peroxisomes
pinches off vesicles from rough ER use proteins to serve as their enzymes plays a role in chemical digestions, beta oxidation, and making of lipids breaks things down
49
mitochondria
aerobic cellular respiration complete digestion of fuel molecules to make ATP or energy
50
ribosomes
made in nucleolus and assembled in cytoplasm
51
bound ribosomes
attached to surface of ER make proteins for export, become part of plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes in lysosomes
52
free ribosomes
suspended within the cytosol makes all other proteins more important than bound ribosomes
53
proteasomes
located in cytosol and nucleus digest damaged and incorrectly folded proteins through ATP dependent pathway proteins have a ubiquitin tagged so the proteasomes know which ones to digest
54
centrosome
pair of centrioles organizes microtubules within cytoskeleton functions in cell division
55
cytoskeleton
framework of diverse proteins that extends beneath the plasma membrane and through the interior of cell helps with intracellular support, organization of organelles, cell division, and movement of materials made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
56
microfilaments
smallest actin protein monomers maintain cell shape, internal support, and cell division
57
intermediate filaments
medium sized and more rigid structural support and cell junctions
58
microtubules
largest made of tubulin can be elongated and shortened as needed maintain shape, cell transport, and cell division
59
4 functions of plasma membrane
physical barrier between cell and fluid that surrounds it, regulates movement in and out of cell, establishes and maintains electrochemical gradient, and functions in cell communication
60
what are the three lipids that make up the plasma membrane
phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
61
phospholipid features
polar, hydrophilic head non polar, hydrophobic tails
62
purpose of phospholipid bilayer
keeps cytosol inside the cell and interstitial fluid outside
63
cholesterol features in terms of phospholipid bilayer
lipid molecule found within the bilayer strengthens membrane and stabilizes it against extreme temperatures only found in animal cells
64
glycolipids features in terms of phospholipid bilayer
lipids with attached carb groups located on outer phospholipid region help to form glycocalyx
65
importance of glycocalyx
cell-to-cell recognition aka self vs non-self
66
is the plasma membrane insoluble or soluble to water
insoluble - water molecules cannot get into the cell non-polar substances can readily penetrate
67
membrane proteins
things like channels that are embedded in the plasma membrane and allow things into and out of the cell
68
integral membrane protein
embedded into phospholipid bilayer can be a glycoprotein
69
peripheral membrane protein
not embedded into phospholipid bilayer loosely attached to inside or outside
70
function of transport proteins and different types
regulate movement of substances across membrane channels carrier proteins pumps symporters antiporters
71
identity marker
communicate to other cells that the cells belong to body keeps the cell from being targeted to be killed
72
anchoring site purpose
secures cytoskeleton to plasma membrane
73
cell-adhesion protein purpose
help cells stick to each other

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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