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Human Physiology > Cellular Functions 1 > Flashcards

Cellular Functions 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure and form

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function of body

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3
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of disordered body function
ex. study of disease

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4
Q

What are most cells made mostly of?

A

water (80%) and proteins (20%)

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5
Q

What are the three factors of the cell theory?

A

cells are basic working unit of life, all living things are made of one or more cells, new cells arise from preexisting cells

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6
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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7
Q

microscopy

A

using a microscope to view small structures

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8
Q

light microscope

A

produces a two dimensional image when light passes through specimen

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9
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

directs an electron beam through thin-cut sections to give 2-D images

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10
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

directs an electron beam across surface of specimen to give 3-D images

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11
Q

What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic have nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and DNA
prokaryotes have DNA but it’s in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

controls cells
contains DNA (genetic material)
contains nucleolus

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13
Q

nuclear envelope

A

nuclear membrane of nucleus
double phospholipid
continuous with rough ER

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14
Q

nucleoplasm

A

fluid within the nucleus

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15
Q

What are found in the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

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16
Q

cytosol

A

viscous fluid of cytoplasm that’s mostly made of water and some dissolved macromolecules and ions

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17
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

have membrane which allows activities to happen in an isolated environment.
ex. ER, Golgi, mitochondria

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18
Q

non-membrane bound organelles

A

no membrane so interact with things around them
made of proteins
ex. ribosomes, centrosome, cytoskeleton

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19
Q

inclusions

A

stored temporarily in the cytosol
aggregate of a single type of molecule (not organelles)
ex. pigments, glycogen

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20
Q

5 main functions of cells

A

maintain integrity and shape, gets nutrients and forms chemical building blocks, disposes of waste, cell division for some

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21
Q

nuclear pores

A

passageways formed by proteins

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22
Q

nucleolus

A

no membrane
made of protein and RNA
makes small and large ribosome subunits
not in all cells; many if the cell makes a lot of proteins

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23
Q

what is DNA made of

A

nucleotides and 5 carbon deoxyribose and phosphate backbone

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24
Q

deoxyribonucleotide

A

DNA
made of a 5 carbon sugar deoxyribose and phosphate backbone and one of the four nitrogenous bases or “rungs” of the ladder

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25
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

link nucleotides in DNA

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26
Q

histones

A

nuclear proteins that the double helix is wound around
provide support for the DNA strand

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27
Q

nucleosomes

A

histone and nuclear proteins

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28
Q

chromatin

A

DNA that is not dividing and in a mass

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29
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA that is dividing

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30
Q

gene

A

stretches of nucleotides that provide instructions for making of specific proteins

31
Q

What are the four major steps of protein synthesis?

A

transcription, mRNA processing, translation, and post translational processing

32
Q

transcription

A

occurs in nucleus
pre-mRNA molecule is made from ribonucleotides using DNA as template
done by RNA polymerase

33
Q

mRNA processing

A

pre-mRNA is spliced (introns are removed), capped, and a polyA tail is added
it is then mature mRNA and leaves the nucleus

34
Q

What happens during splicing

A

noncoding regions (introns) are removed
coding regions (exons) are put together to form spliceosomes

35
Q

translation

A

occurs in ribosomes in the cytosol
mRNA thread through ribosome
mRNA is read to direct tRNAs in adding amino acids
protein molecule is formed

36
Q

post translational modifications

A

folding and splitting of proteins after protein synthesis to make them into a functional form

37
Q

pre-mRNA

A

large immature single stand of RNA that has exons and introns

38
Q

small nuclear RNA

A

directs the splicing of pre-mRNA to form mRNA

39
Q

messenger RNA

A

carries the genetic code to cytoplasm for controlling the type of protein formed

40
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

joins with proteins to form the ribosomes where protein molecules are actually assembled

41
Q

transfer RNA

A

transports activated amino acids to the ribosomes to be used in assembling the protein molecule

42
Q

microRNA

A

single stranded RNA molecules of 21-23 nucleotides that can regulate gene transcription and translation

43
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected membrane network that extends from nuclear envelope to plasma membrane
point of attachment for ribosomes

44
Q

rough ER

A

makes proteins and sends them out in vesicles to Golgi apparatus for further modification

45
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids
carbohydrate metabolism
detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons

46
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

made of elongated, flattened, membranous sac
modifies, packages, and sorts proteins that are made by the rough ER into vesicles

47
Q

lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes made by the Golgi
digest unneeded substances
digests contents of endocytosed vesicles

48
Q

peroxisomes

A

pinches off vesicles from rough ER
use proteins to serve as their enzymes
plays a role in chemical digestions, beta oxidation, and making of lipids
breaks things down

49
Q

mitochondria

A

aerobic cellular respiration
complete digestion of fuel molecules to make ATP or energy

50
Q

ribosomes

A

made in nucleolus and assembled in cytoplasm

51
Q

bound ribosomes

A

attached to surface of ER
make proteins for export, become part of plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes in lysosomes

52
Q

free ribosomes

A

suspended within the cytosol
makes all other proteins
more important than bound ribosomes

53
Q

proteasomes

A

located in cytosol and nucleus
digest damaged and incorrectly folded proteins through ATP dependent pathway
proteins have a ubiquitin tagged so the proteasomes know which ones to digest

54
Q

centrosome

A

pair of centrioles
organizes microtubules within cytoskeleton
functions in cell division

55
Q

cytoskeleton

A

framework of diverse proteins that extends beneath the plasma membrane and through the interior of cell
helps with intracellular support, organization of organelles, cell division, and movement of materials
made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

56
Q

microfilaments

A

smallest
actin protein monomers
maintain cell shape, internal support, and cell division

57
Q

intermediate filaments

A

medium sized and more rigid
structural support and cell junctions

58
Q

microtubules

A

largest
made of tubulin
can be elongated and shortened as needed
maintain shape, cell transport, and cell division

59
Q

4 functions of plasma membrane

A

physical barrier between cell and fluid that surrounds it, regulates movement in and out of cell, establishes and maintains electrochemical gradient, and functions in cell communication

60
Q

what are the three lipids that make up the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

61
Q

phospholipid features

A

polar, hydrophilic head
non polar, hydrophobic tails

62
Q

purpose of phospholipid bilayer

A

keeps cytosol inside the cell and interstitial fluid outside

63
Q

cholesterol features in terms of phospholipid bilayer

A

lipid molecule found within the bilayer
strengthens membrane and stabilizes it against extreme temperatures
only found in animal cells

64
Q

glycolipids features in terms of phospholipid bilayer

A

lipids with attached carb groups
located on outer phospholipid region
help to form glycocalyx

65
Q

importance of glycocalyx

A

cell-to-cell recognition aka self vs non-self

66
Q

is the plasma membrane insoluble or soluble to water

A

insoluble - water molecules cannot get into the cell
non-polar substances can readily penetrate

67
Q

membrane proteins

A

things like channels that are embedded in the plasma membrane and allow things into and out of the cell

68
Q

integral membrane protein

A

embedded into phospholipid bilayer
can be a glycoprotein

69
Q

peripheral membrane protein

A

not embedded into phospholipid bilayer
loosely attached to inside or outside

70
Q

function of transport proteins and different types

A

regulate movement of substances across membrane
channels
carrier proteins
pumps
symporters
antiporters

71
Q

identity marker

A

communicate to other cells that the cells belong to body
keeps the cell from being targeted to be killed

72
Q

anchoring site purpose

A

secures cytoskeleton to plasma membrane

73
Q

cell-adhesion protein purpose

A

help cells stick to each other

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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