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Human Physiology > Homeostasis, metabolism, and bioenergetics 1 > Flashcards

Homeostasis, metabolism, and bioenergetics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define homeostasis

A

ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing internal and/or external conditions

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2
Q

define steady state

A

tendency of a control system to achieve a balance between an environment demand and the response of a physiological system to meet that demands to allow the body to function over time
ex. exercise

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3
Q

define biological control systems

A

series of interconnected components that maintain a physiological variable at or within the homeostatic range for the variable
two types: local and reflex control systems

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4
Q

features of local control systems

A

cells in the vicinity initiate the response
local change and local response
ex. vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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5
Q

features of reflex control systems

A

cells at a distant site control the response
long-distance signaling
reflex response loops
nervous (quicker) and endocrine systems (sustained)

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6
Q

4 steps to a biological control system

A

stimulus
sensor (receptor)
control center (integrating center)
effectors

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7
Q

features of negative feedback

A

variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point
ex. temp regulation and blood pressure

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8
Q

features of positive feedback

A

stimulus is reinforced to continue moving variable in the same direction of stimulus
ex. labor

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9
Q

definition of energy

A

capacity to do work

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10
Q

two types of energy

A

kinetic and potential

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11
Q

definition of potential energy

A

energy of position or stored energy

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12
Q

definition of kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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13
Q

SI unit for energy

A

joules (J)

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14
Q

2 main storage sites for potential energy

A

chemical gradient and in chemical bonds

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15
Q

definition of free energy

A

the potential energy stored in the concentration gradient and/or chemical bonds of a molecule

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16
Q

what is potential energy converted into in order to do work

A

kinetic energy; some energy is lost in the process

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17
Q

sodium moves down its concentration gradient into the cell; what type of energy is this an example of?

A

kinetic

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18
Q

what type of energy is chemical energy

A

a type of potential energy

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19
Q

features of chemical energy

A

stored in a molecule’s chemical bonds
released when the bond is broken
used for movement; making of molecules; and establishing a concentration gradient

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20
Q

what are 4 molecules that store chemical energy

A

triglycerides
glucose
protein
ATP

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21
Q

electrical energy

A

movement of charged particles
type of kinetic energy

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22
Q

mechanical energy

A

exhibited by objects in motion due to applied force
type of kinetic energy

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23
Q

sound energy

A

molecule compression caused by vibrating object
type of kinetic energy

24
Q

radiant energy

A

energy of electromagnetic waves
type of kinetic energy

25
Q

definition of heat as a form of energy

A

kinetic energy from movement of atoms, ions, and molecules
measured as temp
usually can’t do work

26
Q

equation for work

A

force (N) x distance (m) = work (J)

27
Q

thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformations

28
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy can’t be created or destroyed, it can only change from one form to another

29
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

some energy is lost to heat once transformed
never 100% conversion of one form to another

30
Q

chemical reaction

A

occurs when chemical bonds in an existing molecular structure are broken and new ones are formed to produce a different structure

31
Q

what are the reactants in a chemical equation

A

before the arrow

32
Q

what are the products in a chemical equation

A

after the arrow; formed by the reaction

33
Q

metabolism

A

total sum of all cellular reactions in living organisms
divided into anabolism and catabolism

34
Q

anabolism

A

making of large things from small things
uses energy in the bonds

35
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
releases energy

36
Q

exergonic reactions

A

exothermic - energy releasing
more energy in reactants than in products
net decrease in potential energy

37
Q

endergonic reactions

A

endothermic - energy absorbing
reactants have less energy than products
net increase in potential energy

38
Q

coupled reactions

A

exergonic and endergonic reactions that are happening at the same time and place

helps the cell acquire activation energy

39
Q

reaction rate

A

measure of how quickly a chemical reaction takes place
determines about of product formed per unit of time

40
Q

activation energy

A

energy required to initiate a reaction
energy needed to break bonds to allow the chemical reaction to proceed
determines reaction rate
chemical reaction occurs when there is more energy than the activation energy

41
Q

enzymes

A

globular proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy of reaction
increase amount of product formation
bind to reaction substrates to bring them into the best position for reacting with each other

42
Q

active site

A

portion of enzyme that is specific

43
Q

cofactor

A

molecules required to ensure that a reactions occur

44
Q

inorganic cofactor

A

molecule that is attached to the enzyme and helps to ensure the reaction occurs

45
Q

organic factors or coenzymes

A

not attached to the enzyme and have specific functions in assisting enzymes

46
Q

oxidoreductases

A

transfers electrons from one substance to another

47
Q

transferases

A

transfer atoms or molecules between chemical structures
ex. kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to a different substance

48
Q

hydrolases

A

split chemical bonds using water
ex. phosphatase removes phosphate

49
Q

isomerases

A

convert one isomer to another

50
Q

ligases

A

bond to molecules together
ex. synthetase bonds two molecules using ATP

51
Q

lyases

A

split bonds without using water

52
Q

what accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

A

more enzymes and more substrates
optimum temperature and pH

53
Q

saturation

A

so much substrate is present that all enzyme molecules are engaged in reaction

54
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

enters the active site and blocks it

55
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to an allosteric site to induce a conformational change in the enzyme with an accompanying change in its active site

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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