Homeostasis, metabolism, and bioenergetics 1

Question 1

define homeostasis

Answer 1

ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing internal and/or external conditions

Question 2

define steady state

Answer 2

tendency of a control system to achieve a balance between an environment demand and the response of a physiological system to meet that demands to allow the body to function over time
ex. exercise

Question 3

define biological control systems

Answer 3

series of interconnected components that maintain a physiological variable at or within the homeostatic range for the variable
two types: local and reflex control systems

Question 4

features of local control systems

Answer 4

cells in the vicinity initiate the response
local change and local response
ex. vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Question 5

features of reflex control systems

Answer 5

cells at a distant site control the response
long-distance signaling
reflex response loops
nervous (quicker) and endocrine systems (sustained)

Question 6

4 steps to a biological control system

Answer 6

stimulus
sensor (receptor)
control center (integrating center)
effectors

Question 7

features of negative feedback

Answer 7

variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point
ex. temp regulation and blood pressure

Question 8

features of positive feedback

Answer 8

stimulus is reinforced to continue moving variable in the same direction of stimulus
ex. labor

Question 9

definition of energy

Answer 9

capacity to do work

Question 10

two types of energy

Answer 10

kinetic and potential

Question 11

definition of potential energy

Answer 11

energy of position or stored energy

Question 12

definition of kinetic energy

Answer 12

energy of motion

Question 13

SI unit for energy

Answer 13

joules (J)

Question 14

2 main storage sites for potential energy

Answer 14

chemical gradient and in chemical bonds

Question 15

definition of free energy

Answer 15

the potential energy stored in the concentration gradient and/or chemical bonds of a molecule

Question 16

what is potential energy converted into in order to do work

Answer 16

kinetic energy; some energy is lost in the process

Question 17

sodium moves down its concentration gradient into the cell; what type of energy is this an example of?

Answer 17

kinetic

Question 18

what type of energy is chemical energy

Answer 18

a type of potential energy

Question 19

features of chemical energy

Answer 19

stored in a molecule’s chemical bonds
released when the bond is broken
used for movement; making of molecules; and establishing a concentration gradient

Question 20

what are 4 molecules that store chemical energy

Answer 20

triglycerides
glucose
protein
ATP

Question 21

electrical energy

Answer 21

movement of charged particles
type of kinetic energy

Question 22

mechanical energy

Answer 22

exhibited by objects in motion due to applied force
type of kinetic energy

Question 23

sound energy

Answer 23

molecule compression caused by vibrating object
type of kinetic energy

Question 24

radiant energy

Answer 24

energy of electromagnetic waves
type of kinetic energy

Question 25

definition of heat as a form of energy

Answer 25

kinetic energy from movement of atoms, ions, and molecules measured as temp usually can't do work

Question 26

equation for work

Answer 26

force (N) x distance (m) = work (J)

Question 27

thermodynamics

Answer 27

study of energy transformations

Question 28

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 28

energy can't be created or destroyed, it can only change from one form to another

Question 29

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 29

some energy is lost to heat once transformed never 100% conversion of one form to another

Question 30

chemical reaction

Answer 30

occurs when chemical bonds in an existing molecular structure are broken and new ones are formed to produce a different structure

Question 31

what are the reactants in a chemical equation

Answer 31

before the arrow

Question 32

what are the products in a chemical equation

Answer 32

after the arrow; formed by the reaction

Question 33

metabolism

Answer 33

total sum of all cellular reactions in living organisms divided into anabolism and catabolism

Question 34

anabolism

Answer 34

making of large things from small things uses energy in the bonds

Question 35

catabolism

Answer 35

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones releases energy

Question 36

exergonic reactions

Answer 36

exothermic - energy releasing more energy in reactants than in products net decrease in potential energy

Question 37

endergonic reactions

Answer 37

endothermic - energy absorbing reactants have less energy than products net increase in potential energy

Question 38

coupled reactions

Answer 38

exergonic and endergonic reactions that are happening at the same time and place helps the cell acquire activation energy

Question 39

reaction rate

Answer 39

measure of how quickly a chemical reaction takes place determines about of product formed per unit of time

Question 40

activation energy

Answer 40

energy required to initiate a reaction energy needed to break bonds to allow the chemical reaction to proceed determines reaction rate chemical reaction occurs when there is more energy than the activation energy

Question 41

enzymes

Answer 41

globular proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy of reaction increase amount of product formation bind to reaction substrates to bring them into the best position for reacting with each other

Question 42

active site

Answer 42

portion of enzyme that is specific

Question 43

cofactor

Answer 43

molecules required to ensure that a reactions occur

Question 44

inorganic cofactor

Answer 44

molecule that is attached to the enzyme and helps to ensure the reaction occurs

Question 45

organic factors or coenzymes

Answer 45

not attached to the enzyme and have specific functions in assisting enzymes

Question 46

oxidoreductases

Answer 46

transfers electrons from one substance to another

Question 47

transferases

Answer 47

transfer atoms or molecules between chemical structures ex. kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to a different substance

Question 48

hydrolases

Answer 48

split chemical bonds using water ex. phosphatase removes phosphate

Question 49

isomerases

Answer 49

convert one isomer to another

Question 50

ligases

Answer 50

bond to molecules together ex. synthetase bonds two molecules using ATP

Question 51

lyases

Answer 51

split bonds without using water

Question 52

what accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

Answer 52

more enzymes and more substrates optimum temperature and pH

Question 53

saturation

Answer 53

so much substrate is present that all enzyme molecules are engaged in reaction

Question 54

competitive inhibitor

Answer 54

enters the active site and blocks it

Question 55

noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 55

binds to an allosteric site to induce a conformational change in the enzyme with an accompanying change in its active site