Urinary Pathology

Question 1

describe renal failure

Answer 1

occurs when there is a 75% loss of renal function; BUN and creatinine are elevated in the blood

Question 2

describe uremia

Answer 2

part of renal failure where toxins from metabolism accumulate in the blood bc the failing kidney can’t excrete them producing extrarenal lesions

Question 3

renal agenesis

Answer 3

absence of one or both kidneys

Question 4

renal hypoplasia

Answer 4

failure of one or both kidneys to develop to normal size

Question 5

renal dysplasia

Answer 5

disorganized development of the kidney due to anomalous differentiation

Question 6

polycystic kidney disease

Answer 6

inherited dz that causes cysts in the kidney and other organs

Question 7

renal cysts

Answer 7

do not result in renal failure, congenital or acquired secondary to fibrosis in chronic renal disease

Question 8

do infarcts result in renal failure?

Answer 8

no, they become pale and tan after 3 days and eventually heal with a linear scar depressed on the cortical surface

Question 9

papillary necrosis and what causes it

Answer 9

necrosis of the renal crest or papilla, caused by NSAIDS

Question 10

hydronephrosis

Answer 10

dilation of the renal pelvis associated with atrophy of the medulla due to pressure. Obstruction of the ureter, urinary bladder or urethra is the cause. eventual renal failure and death

Question 11

glomerulonephritis hallmark

Answer 11

proteinuria, the immune complexes damage the basement membrane causing loss of albumin and hypoproteinemia

thickened basement membrane

Question 12

Amyloidosis

Answer 12

amyloid is an extracellular fiber that is commonly deposited in the glomerulus and also the renal medulla in cats. The AA fibril forms in chronic inflammatory disease.

Question 13

amyloidosis grossly

Answer 13

enlarged with thickened cortices. Cats specifically will have medullary fibrosis and necrosis and the kidneys are firm and shrunken

Question 14

Acute Tubular necrosis

Answer 14

ischemia or nephrotoxins and leads to acute renal failure and oliguria

kidneys will be pale and swollen with hemoglobin/myoglobin induced tubular necrosis

proximal convoluted tubules are most affected and can regenerate if the basement membrane isn’t affected (remains intact with nephrotoxins)

Question 15

interstitial nephritis

Answer 15

inflammation of the interstitium of the renal cortex and is usually hematogenous in origin and part of the systemic disease (virus, bacti, protozoa,etc. )

multifocal lesions or diffusely affected

Question 16

pyelonephritis

Answer 16

inflammation of the renal pelvis and may be acute or chronic. The inflammation typically extends into the cortex but is more severe in the pelvis.

bacti infx of lower urinary tract with some degree of obstruction or stasis

hydronephrosis and necrosis of renal papilla

Question 17

Stephanurus dentatus

Answer 17

a nemotode of swine that encysts in the renal peripelvic tissue with a communication into the ureter at the renal pelvis

Question 18

dioctophyma renale

Answer 18

giant kidney worm of dog. The nemotode is red and can be 100mm long and encysts in the renal pelvus or peritoneum

Question 19

most kidney neoplasms are __

Answer 19

metastatic

Question 20

renal carcinoma

Answer 20

most common primary kidney neoplasm in the dog, highly metastatic with poor prognosis

Question 21

nephroblastoma

Answer 21

occurs in young pigs and chickens and less often dogs. benign in pigs

Question 22

ectopic ureter

Answer 22

occurs in dogs where the ureter empties into the urethra, vagina, vas deferens or neck of the urinary bladder

Question 23

patent urachus

Answer 23

occurs in foals. The urachus fails to close allowing urine to leak from the umbilicus

Question 24

urethrorectal or rectovaginal fistula

Answer 24

communication between the urethra and rectum in males or the vagina and rectum in females

Question 25

what is the usual cause of physical disturbance of the the urethra

Answer 25

urolithiasis

Question 26

urolithiasis

Answer 26

presence of calculi in the urinary passages

Question 27

calculi of dogs and cats

Answer 27

struvite and oxalate

Question 28

calculi of ruminants

Answer 28

silica and oxalate

Question 29

calculi of horses

Answer 29

carbonates

Question 30

calculi of pigs

Answer 30

urates

Question 31

most causes of cystitis are __

Answer 31

infectious

Question 32

chronic polypoid cystitis

Answer 32

common manifestation of chronic cystitis in which polyps form in the bladder mucosa

Question 33

enzootic hematuria

Answer 33

syndrome in cattle producing hematuria and associated with hemorrhage and neoplasia of the lower urinary tract, particularly in the urinary bladder

bracken fern in cattle

Question 34

what is the most common neoplasm of the urinary tract

Answer 34

urothelial transitional cell carcinoma, aggressive malignant neoplasm with local invasion and frequent metastasis