SA Urolithiasis and Mucus Plugs Flashcards
How can you predict mineral composition?
Crystalluria is insensitive and unreliable
Survey radiographs
urine pH
Calcium oxalate and struvite account for __ of canine uroliths with males having mostly __ and females___
80%, calcium oxalate, struvite
Radioopaque uroliths
Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, silica, struvite
Radiolucent uroliths
Cystine, urate, xanthine
English bulldogs are overrepresented in forming __ and __ while Dalmatians from ___ uroliths 96% of the time
Urate and cystine
urate uroliths
If a patient with uroliths is asymptomatic we can use __ or __ if they’re small
Urohydropropulsion or basket retrieval
Stones that can have successful dissolution are?
Struvite, allopurinol-induced xanthine, and cystine
Calcium oxalate stones have a __ rate of recurrence
High
Prevention of calcium oxalate stones
Reduce urinary quantity of calcium available to bind to oxalate
- high moisture foods
- potassium citrate
- hydrochlorothiazide diuretics
Hills u/d or royal canin SO
Struvites are typically the consequence of UTIs with bacteria producing __ that alkalinizes the urine favoring struvite precipitation
Urease
Therapeutic foods available for struvites
Hills c/d multi care and royal canin SO
Therapeutic foods for urates
Diets to lower purine intake, high moisture foods, potassium citrate
Hills u/d, RC UC, Purina HA
Cystine uroliths
Rare!
Increase fluid consumption, limit animal protein and sodium intake and alkalinize the urine -> hills u/d
Neutering may help
What are the most common urolith types in cats
Struvite and calcium oxalate
Management of uroliths for cats
Most are removed surgically but if they’re 1-3 mm then voiding urohydro or basket retrieval are indicated
Mucus plugs
Feline issue!
Composed of sloughed epi cells, mucus, WBC’s, tiny grain sized uroliths
Response to idiopathic cystitis or uroliths inflaming the bladder and urethra
Can lead to obstruction
Causes of Urates
- inherited alterations of the urate transporter encoded by the SLC2A9 gene
- hepatic portovascular anomalies
- inefficient transport of urice acid into hepatocytes
what are the clinical signs of uroliths in cats?
- variety of lower urinary tract signs
- urolith lodged in the urethra will have signs of urethral obstruction
alkaline cat urine stones
struvites
calcium carbonate
calcium phosphate
acidic cat urine stones
ammonium urates
silica
cystine
how do struvite uroliths differ in cats?
unlike dogs, struvites are typically in sterile urine
alkalin urine in cats is associated with increased risk of __ formation
struvite
management of struvite uroliths in cats
diets for dissolution, avoid excessive magnesium and phosphorus to maintain acidic urine pH
common signalment of calcium oxalate uroliths in cats
middle -old age neutered male cats
management of calcium oxalate uroliths in cats
you can’t dissolve calcium oxalate so you have to remove the uroliths surgically and manage the diet. thiazide diuretics
monitor with imaging
