SA Urolithiasis and Mucus Plugs

Question 1

How can you predict mineral composition?

Answer 1

Crystalluria is insensitive and unreliable
Survey radiographs
urine pH

Question 2

Calcium oxalate and struvite account for __ of canine uroliths with males having mostly __ and females___

Answer 2

80%, calcium oxalate, struvite

Question 3

Radioopaque uroliths

Answer 3

Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, silica, struvite

Question 4

Radiolucent uroliths

Answer 4

Cystine, urate, xanthine

Question 5

English bulldogs are overrepresented in forming __ and __ while Dalmatians from ___ uroliths 96% of the time

Answer 5

Urate and cystine

urate uroliths

Question 6

If a patient with uroliths is asymptomatic we can use __ or __ if they’re small

Answer 6

Urohydropropulsion or basket retrieval

Question 7

Stones that can have successful dissolution are?

Answer 7

Struvite, allopurinol-induced xanthine, and cystine

Question 8

Calcium oxalate stones have a __ rate of recurrence

Answer 8

High

Question 9

Prevention of calcium oxalate stones

Answer 9

Reduce urinary quantity of calcium available to bind to oxalate
- high moisture foods
- potassium citrate

• hydrochlorothiazide diuretics

Hills u/d or royal canin SO

Question 10

Struvites are typically the consequence of UTIs with bacteria producing __ that alkalinizes the urine favoring struvite precipitation

Answer 10

Urease

Question 11

Therapeutic foods available for struvites

Answer 11

Hills c/d multi care and royal canin SO

Question 12

Therapeutic foods for urates

Answer 12

Diets to lower purine intake, high moisture foods, potassium citrate

Hills u/d, RC UC, Purina HA

Question 13

Cystine uroliths

Answer 13

Rare!
Increase fluid consumption, limit animal protein and sodium intake and alkalinize the urine -> hills u/d

Neutering may help

Question 14

What are the most common urolith types in cats

Answer 14

Struvite and calcium oxalate

Question 15

Management of uroliths for cats

Answer 15

Most are removed surgically but if they’re 1-3 mm then voiding urohydro or basket retrieval are indicated

Question 16

Mucus plugs

Answer 16

Feline issue!

Composed of sloughed epi cells, mucus, WBC’s, tiny grain sized uroliths

Response to idiopathic cystitis or uroliths inflaming the bladder and urethra

Can lead to obstruction

Question 17

Causes of Urates

Answer 17

• inherited alterations of the urate transporter encoded by the SLC2A9 gene
• hepatic portovascular anomalies
• inefficient transport of urice acid into hepatocytes

Question 18

what are the clinical signs of uroliths in cats?

Answer 18

• variety of lower urinary tract signs
• urolith lodged in the urethra will have signs of urethral obstruction

Question 19

alkaline cat urine stones

Answer 19

struvites
calcium carbonate
calcium phosphate

Question 20

acidic cat urine stones

Answer 20

ammonium urates
silica
cystine

Question 21

how do struvite uroliths differ in cats?

Answer 21

unlike dogs, struvites are typically in sterile urine

Question 22

alkalin urine in cats is associated with increased risk of __ formation

Answer 22

struvite

Question 23

management of struvite uroliths in cats

Answer 23

diets for dissolution, avoid excessive magnesium and phosphorus to maintain acidic urine pH

Question 24

common signalment of calcium oxalate uroliths in cats

Answer 24

middle -old age neutered male cats

Question 25

management of calcium oxalate uroliths in cats

Answer 25

you can’t dissolve calcium oxalate so you have to remove the uroliths surgically and manage the diet. thiazide diuretics

monitor with imaging