urinary lab Flashcards
primarily concerned with removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body
urinary system
maintain electrolyte , acid base, and fluid balances of the blood and the major homeostatic organs of the body
kidneys
urinary system consists of
paired kidneys, ureters, and single bladder and urethra
kidneys are ___, filter the blood and manufacture urine in the process. sys remaining organs provide temp storage reservoirs or transportation channels for urine
retroperitoneal
____ drains urine from kidneys and conducts it by peristalsis to the bladder [urethra drains the bladder]
ureters
triangular region of the bladder, which is delineated by 3 openings (2 ureteral and 1 urethral orifice), is called the ____
trigone
in males, urethra is approx cm long with 3 regions:
- prostatic
- membranous
- spongy(penile) urethra
the duel function in males of the urethra includes:
serving as a urine conduit to the body exterior and provides a passageway for semen ejaculation
diff btwn males vs. females urethras
- urethra is 4xlonger in males
- urethra is divided into3 segments in males but only one short tube in females
- urethra is common duct for urinary and reproductive sys in males but these sys are entirely diff in females
segment that passes thru the prostate gland. besides urine, it receives secretions containing sperm, and viability factorsand substances that neutralize the pH of the urethra
prostatic urethra
segment that passes thru the perineum and is the shortest segment
membraneous urethra
segment that passes thru the penis. longest segment and recieves secretions including mucus and substances that neutralize pH. during ejaculation in the male, the semen passes thru all segments of the urethra to the outside
spongy urethra
A smooth transparent membrane that tightly adheres to the external part of the kidney.
renal capsule
superficial kidney region, lighter in color
kidney cortex
region deep to the cortex and it is a
darker reddish-brown color; the medulla is segregated into
triangular regions that have a striped, or striated appearance –
the medullary (renal) pyramids.
medullary region
areas of tissue, similar to cortex in appearance, which segregate and dip inward btwn the pyramids
renal columns
renal pelvis is medial to the __
hilus
fairly flat, basin-like cavity that is continnuous with the ureter , which exits from the hilus region
Renal pelvis
large or primary extensions of renal pelvis are ___ and ___ ____
major and minor calyces
are the anatomical units responsible for forming urine. Each kidney contains over a million
nephrons
each nephron consists of 2 major structures:
glomerulus(capillary knot) and a renal tubule
enlarged end of tubule encases the glomerulus is the ____ an its inner walls consists of podocytes
bowman’s capsule
glomerulus capsule complex is also known as the___ __
renal corpuscle
anatomical areas of renal tubule are in order of :
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule
most nephrons, called ____ __ are found inside the cortex
cortical nephrons
parts of the loops of henle of the ___ nephrons penetrate into the medulla
juxtamedullary
approaching the renal pelvis, the ___ ducts fuse to form larger ___ducts which empty the final urinary product into the calyces and pelvis of the kidney
collecting / paillary
the capillary vascular supply consists of 2 distinct capillary beds:
glomerulus and the peritubular capillary beds
vessels leading to and frm the glomerulus, the first capillary bed, are both arterioles: the ___ arteriole feeds into the bed and the ___ arteriole drains it
afferent/ efferent
__ ____ bed arises from the fferent arteriole draining the glomerulus
peritubular capillary bed
these 2 capillary beds of the nephron have diff, but complimentary roles: the ____ capillaries produce the filtrate and the ___ capillaries absorb most of that filtrate
glomerular / peritubular
urine formation results from 3 processes:
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
largely passive process where portin of the blood passes from glomerular bed into the glomerular capsule
filtration
filtrate then enters the proximal convoluted tubule where tubular ___ and ___ begin
reabsorption and secretion
___ ___ occurs when filtrate components move thru the tubule cells and return to the blood in the peritubular capillaries
tubular reabsorption
reverse process of tubular reabsortption; important for disposal of substance not already in teh filtrate and as way for controlling blood pH
tubular secretion
voiding, or the processes in which urine empties from bladder
micturition
the ___ urethral sphincter and ___ urethral sphincter control the outflow of the urine from the bladder
internal/ external
internal sphincter is a smooth muscle involuntary sphincter and external is a ___ muscle and voluntarily controlled
skeletal
the lack of voluntary control over the external sphincter. It is normal in children two years old or younger because they haven’t learned control over the voluntary sphincter yet
incontinence
Provides temp storage for urine
Urinary bladder
portion of renal tubule responsible for greatest percentage of water absorption
proximal convoluted tubule[pct]
collecting ducts fuse to form larger papillary ducts which empty urinary product into ___ and ___ of the kidney
calyces and pelvis
