final review (21-23) Flashcards
=3 layers: thick muscular to elastic tunica media
arteries
smallest blood vessels; lacking tunica media and tunica externa; beds arise from single metarteriole
capillaries
__=Endothelial cell membranes form continuous tube
__=Have fenestrations or pores
__=Wider and more winding
Unusually large fenestrations
continuous
;fenestrated
;sinusoids
[types of capillaries]
thin walls, same 3 layers as arteries; valves fold on tunica interna forming cusps
veins
union of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region
anastomoses
- Small quantity of material
- Substances in blood plasma become enclosed within pinocytotic vessicles that enter endothelial cells by endocytosis and leave by exocytosis
- Important mainly for large, lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross capillary walls any other way
transcytosis
=(BHP+IFOP) - (BCOP+IFHP)
net filtration pressure (NFP)
blood hydrostatic pressure(BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) promotes _____
filtration (capillaries to ICF)”
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) promotes ___
reabsorption (ICF to capillaries)
increased cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance increases ___ ___
blood pressure
cardiovascular center located in __ ___; helping regulate heart rate/stroke volume and controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that regulate BP and blood flow to tissues
medulla oblongata
monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls (BP)
baroreceptors
monitor movements of joints and muscle to provide input during physical activity
proprioceptors
monitor concentration of various chemicals in the blood (blood acidity)
chemoreceptors
hormones that regulate blood pressure are :
help regulate by altering CO, changing systemic vascular resistance, and adjustie total blood volume
renin angiotensin aldosterone; epinephrine and norepinephrine; ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Raises BP by vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone (increases water reabsorption in kidneys to raise blood volume and pressure
renin angiotensin aldosterone
-released by adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation and increases cardiac output by increasing rate and force of heart contractions
epinephrine/norepinephrine
produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary; responds to dehydration or decreased blood volume ; causing vasoconstriction which increases BP
ADH/vasopressin
released by cells of atria
lowers BP by vasodilation and promoting loss of salt and water in urine reducing blood volume
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
less than 120 mmHg systolic and less than 80 mmHg diastolic as normal pressure of adult male using ____
sphygomomanmeter
- carotid and aortic reflexes increase CO and peripheral vasoconstriction
- sympathetic nervous sys elevated bp
- E and NE increase cardiac output and ADH enhances vasoconstriction
hemorrhaging:short term
- decline in capillary BP recalls fluids from interstitial spaces
- aldosterone&ADH promotes fluid retention
- increased thirst promotes water absorption across the digestive tract
- erythropoietin increases blood volume and improves Oxy delivery
hemmorrhaging:long term
- contains substance absorbed by the stomach&intestines
- delivers these compounds to liver for …
storage, metabolic conversion, excretion
blood flow to placenta supplied via umbilical arteries and vein drains form placenta to ductus venosus collecting blood ; empties into inferior vena cava
fetal circulation
no specific recognition of invaders, no memory component and 1st/2nd lines of defense
innate or nonspecific immunity
specific recognition of invaders with a memory component
adaptive or specific immunity
outer cortex has large# of Tcells, dendritic cells,epithelial cells, macrophages/ more mature T cells migrate to inner medulla
[THYMUS SHRINKS WITH AGE FROM 70G IN INFANTS TO 3G IN OLD AGE ((involution))]
thymus
largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in body
-parenchyma contains white pulp(lymphocytes and macrophages) while red pulp has RBCs, macro, lympho, plasma cells, and granulocytes
spleen
blood filled venous sinuses and bilroth’s cords[macrophages remove ruptured blood cells, store platelet supply, production of blood cells during fetal life]
red pulp of spleen
lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule and has mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) of respiratory tract
lymphatic nodules
CD8 cytotoxic cells broken down to suppressor T cells and CD4 helper cells break down to
Memory T cells
b cells break down to plasma cells into ___ and memory B cells
antibodies ( M,A,D,G,E)
proteins increase resistance to viral infections and stimulate macrophages and NKCs
cytokines (interferons)
membrane glycoproteins via major histocompatibility complex
cytokines(interleukins)
toxic substances to pathogens via B&Tcells
lymphotoxin
tumor necrosis factor via macrophages; slow and kill tumor growth activate t cells and eosinophils, inhibit parasites and viruses
TNF
chemicals secreted by T-lymphocytes activated by antigens stimulating production of nenonsensitized lymphocyte and activating macrophages
lymphokines
CSF via macrophages, fibroblasts, and t cells
colony stimulating factors
local hormones- altering metabolisma nd sensitivities of other cells
prostaglandins
MYELOID DERIVED : monocytes, microphages, basophils/mast cells
leukocytes
LYMPHOID DERIVED: special forces unit fighting off viral infections and tumors; IMMUNOLOGICAL surveiollance
NK cells
1st line of defense: skin and mucous membranes
2nd line:__ defenses such as interferons and complement, NK cells (lymphocyte but not B or T; releasing perforin or granzymes)
internal defenses
emigration of phagocytes is by ___ where monocytes transform into macrophages and neutrophils die off
chemotaxis
monocytes =fixed and free
microphages=kamikaze lil eaters
neutrophils=invade bacteria and cellular debris
nonspecific defenses
___ is cytolytic protein found in granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
perforin
3 major ___:
-alpha-produced by leukocytes and attract/stimulate NK cells
-beta-secreted by fibroblasts causing slow inflammation
-gamma-secreted by T cells and NK cells stim macrophage activity
[SMALL PROTEINS RELEASED BY VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS TRIGERING PRODUCTION OF ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS]
interferons(cytokines)
Ig-
1st repsonse to new antigen
Bcells specific immunity
IgA-
exocrine secretions
igD-
ECF surface of B cells for activation
IgE-
allergic response(baso/mast)
igG-
2nd response crosses placenta
Both develop from pluripotent stem cells originating in red bone marrow
helper t =cd4
cytotoxic t=cd8
class I- found on all nucleated cells(except RBCs)
class II- found on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes
MHC classes
circulating allergen affects mast cells thruout body
anaphylaxis
- Interleukin-1 released by active macrophages
- Triggers release of ACTH resulting in glucocorticoid release
- Moderates the immune response
- depression of inflammatory response
- phagocytic reduction
- inhibition of interleukin secretion
stress and immune response
external nares, nasal cavity, pharynx
upper resp sys
larynx, trachea , bronchial tree, lungs
lower resp sys
thryoid cartilage or adams apple, cricoid cartilage hallmark for ___
tracheotomy
ventricular folds aka false vocal cords and vocal folds are infere aka
true vocal cords
extends from larynx to superior border of T5 dividing into R and L primary bronchi and has layers(mucosa, submucosa, hyaline, adventitia) with 16-20 c shaped rings
trachea
parietal pleura lines wall of thoracic cavity and visceral covers lungs tshemselves while cardiac notch makes left lung 10% smaller than the right
lung membranes
- form nearly cont lining
- more numerous than type II
- main site of gas exchange
type I alveolar cells
free surfaces contain microvilli and secrete alveolar fluid (surfactant reduces tendency to collapse)
type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
boyles law
total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute
minute ventilation
only 70% of TV reaches respiratory zone and other 30 remains in conducting zone
lung volumes
air remaining after expiratory reserve volume exhaled
residual volume
=IRV+TV+ERV
vital capacity
=vital capacity+residual volume
total lung capacity
