final review (21-23) Flashcards by Julie T

=3 layers: thick muscular to elastic tunica media

arteries

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smallest blood vessels; lacking tunica media and tunica externa; beds arise from single metarteriole

capillaries

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__=Endothelial cell membranes form continuous tube
__=Have fenestrations or pores
__=Wider and more winding
Unusually large fenestrations

continuous
;fenestrated
;sinusoids
[types of capillaries]

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thin walls, same 3 layers as arteries; valves fold on tunica interna forming cusps

veins

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union of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region

anastomoses

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Small quantity of material
Substances in blood plasma become enclosed within pinocytotic vessicles that enter endothelial cells by endocytosis and leave by exocytosis
Important mainly for large, lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross capillary walls any other way

transcytosis

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=(BHP+IFOP) - (BCOP+IFHP)

net filtration pressure (NFP)

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blood hydrostatic pressure(BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) promotes _____

filtration (capillaries to ICF)”

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blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) promotes ___

reabsorption (ICF to capillaries)

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increased cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance increases ___ ___

blood pressure

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cardiovascular center located in __ ___; helping regulate heart rate/stroke volume and controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that regulate BP and blood flow to tissues

medulla oblongata

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monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls (BP)

baroreceptors

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monitor movements of joints and muscle to provide input during physical activity

proprioceptors

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monitor concentration of various chemicals in the blood (blood acidity)

chemoreceptors

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hormones that regulate blood pressure are :

help regulate by altering CO, changing systemic vascular resistance, and adjustie total blood volume

renin angiotensin aldosterone; epinephrine and norepinephrine; ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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Raises BP by vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone (increases water reabsorption in kidneys to raise blood volume and pressure

renin angiotensin aldosterone

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-released by adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation and increases cardiac output by increasing rate and force of heart contractions

epinephrine/norepinephrine

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produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary; responds to dehydration or decreased blood volume ; causing vasoconstriction which increases BP

ADH/vasopressin

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released by cells of atria

lowers BP by vasodilation and promoting loss of salt and water in urine reducing blood volume

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

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less than 120 mmHg systolic and less than 80 mmHg diastolic as normal pressure of adult male using ____

sphygomomanmeter

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carotid and aortic reflexes increase CO and peripheral vasoconstriction
sympathetic nervous sys elevated bp
E and NE increase cardiac output and ADH enhances vasoconstriction

hemorrhaging:short term

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decline in capillary BP recalls fluids from interstitial spaces
aldosterone&ADH promotes fluid retention
increased thirst promotes water absorption across the digestive tract
erythropoietin increases blood volume and improves Oxy delivery

hemmorrhaging:long term

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contains substance absorbed by the stomach&intestines

- delivers these compounds to liver for …

storage, metabolic conversion, excretion

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blood flow to placenta supplied via umbilical arteries and vein drains form placenta to ductus venosus collecting blood ; empties into inferior vena cava

fetal circulation

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no specific recognition of invaders, no memory component and 1st/2nd lines of defense

innate or nonspecific immunity

specific recognition of invaders with a memory component

adaptive or specific immunity

outer cortex has large# of Tcells, dendritic cells,epithelial cells, macrophages/ more mature T cells migrate to inner medulla [THYMUS SHRINKS WITH AGE FROM 70G IN INFANTS TO 3G IN OLD AGE ((involution))]

thymus

largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in body -parenchyma contains white pulp(lymphocytes and macrophages) while red pulp has RBCs, macro, lympho, plasma cells, and granulocytes

spleen

blood filled venous sinuses and bilroth's cords[macrophages remove ruptured blood cells, store platelet supply, production of blood cells during fetal life]

red pulp of spleen

lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule and has mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) of respiratory tract

lymphatic nodules

CD8 cytotoxic cells broken down to suppressor T cells and CD4 helper cells break down to

Memory T cells

b cells break down to plasma cells into ___ and memory B cells

antibodies ( M,A,D,G,E)

proteins increase resistance to viral infections and stimulate macrophages and NKCs

cytokines (interferons)

membrane glycoproteins via major histocompatibility complex

cytokines(interleukins)

toxic substances to pathogens via B&Tcells

lymphotoxin

tumor necrosis factor via macrophages; slow and kill tumor growth activate t cells and eosinophils, inhibit parasites and viruses

TNF

chemicals secreted by T-lymphocytes activated by antigens stimulating production of nenonsensitized lymphocyte and activating macrophages

lymphokines

CSF via macrophages, fibroblasts, and t cells

colony stimulating factors

local hormones- altering metabolisma nd sensitivities of other cells

prostaglandins

MYELOID DERIVED : monocytes, microphages, basophils/mast cells

leukocytes

LYMPHOID DERIVED: special forces unit fighting off viral infections and tumors; IMMUNOLOGICAL surveiollance

NK cells

1st line of defense: skin and mucous membranes 2nd line:__ defenses such as interferons and complement, NK cells (lymphocyte but not B or T; releasing perforin or granzymes)

internal defenses

emigration of phagocytes is by ___ where monocytes transform into macrophages and neutrophils die off

chemotaxis

monocytes =fixed and free microphages=kamikaze lil eaters neutrophils=invade bacteria and cellular debris

nonspecific defenses

___ is cytolytic protein found in granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

perforin

3 major ___: -alpha-produced by leukocytes and attract/stimulate NK cells -beta-secreted by fibroblasts causing slow inflammation -gamma-secreted by T cells and NK cells stim macrophage activity [SMALL PROTEINS RELEASED BY VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS TRIGERING PRODUCTION OF ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS]

interferons(cytokines)

Ig-

1st repsonse to new antigen Bcells specific immunity

IgA-

exocrine secretions

igD-

ECF surface of B cells for activation

IgE-

allergic response(baso/mast)

igG-

2nd response crosses placenta

Both develop from pluripotent stem cells originating in red bone marrow

helper t =cd4 | cytotoxic t=cd8

class I- found on all nucleated cells(except RBCs) class II- found on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes

MHC classes

circulating allergen affects mast cells thruout body

anaphylaxis

- Interleukin-1 released by active macrophages - Triggers release of ACTH resulting in glucocorticoid release - Moderates the immune response - depression of inflammatory response - phagocytic reduction - inhibition of interleukin secretion

stress and immune response

external nares, nasal cavity, pharynx

upper resp sys

larynx, trachea , bronchial tree, lungs

lower resp sys

thryoid cartilage or adams apple, cricoid cartilage hallmark for ___

tracheotomy

ventricular folds aka false vocal cords and vocal folds are infere aka

true vocal cords

extends from larynx to superior border of T5 dividing into R and L primary bronchi and has layers(mucosa, submucosa, hyaline, adventitia) with 16-20 c shaped rings

trachea

parietal pleura lines wall of thoracic cavity and visceral covers lungs tshemselves while cardiac notch makes left lung 10% smaller than the right

lung membranes

- form nearly cont lining - more numerous than type II - main site of gas exchange

type I alveolar cells

free surfaces contain microvilli and secrete alveolar fluid (surfactant reduces tendency to collapse)

type II alveolar cells (septal cells)

pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

boyles law

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

minute ventilation

only 70% of TV reaches respiratory zone and other 30 remains in conducting zone

lung volumes

air remaining after expiratory reserve volume exhaled

residual volume

=IRV+TV+ERV

vital capacity

=vital capacity+residual volume

total lung capacity