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A&P2 > final review (21-23) > Flashcards

final review (21-23) Flashcards

1
Q

=3 layers: thick muscular to elastic tunica media

A

arteries

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2
Q

smallest blood vessels; lacking tunica media and tunica externa; beds arise from single metarteriole

A

capillaries

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3
Q

__=Endothelial cell membranes form continuous tube
__=Have fenestrations or pores
__=Wider and more winding
Unusually large fenestrations

A

continuous
;fenestrated
;sinusoids
[types of capillaries]

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4
Q

thin walls, same 3 layers as arteries; valves fold on tunica interna forming cusps

A

veins

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5
Q

union of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region

A

anastomoses

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6
Q
  • Small quantity of material
  • Substances in blood plasma become enclosed within pinocytotic vessicles that enter endothelial cells by endocytosis and leave by exocytosis
  • Important mainly for large, lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross capillary walls any other way
A

transcytosis

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7
Q

=(BHP+IFOP) - (BCOP+IFHP)

A

net filtration pressure (NFP)

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8
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure(BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) promotes _____

A

filtration (capillaries to ICF)”

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9
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) promotes ___

A

reabsorption (ICF to capillaries)

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10
Q

increased cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance increases ___ ___

A

blood pressure

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11
Q

cardiovascular center located in __ ___; helping regulate heart rate/stroke volume and controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that regulate BP and blood flow to tissues

A

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls (BP)

A

baroreceptors

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13
Q

monitor movements of joints and muscle to provide input during physical activity

A

proprioceptors

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14
Q

monitor concentration of various chemicals in the blood (blood acidity)

A

chemoreceptors

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15
Q

hormones that regulate blood pressure are :

help regulate by altering CO, changing systemic vascular resistance, and adjustie total blood volume

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone; epinephrine and norepinephrine; ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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16
Q

Raises BP by vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone (increases water reabsorption in kidneys to raise blood volume and pressure

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone

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17
Q

-released by adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation and increases cardiac output by increasing rate and force of heart contractions

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine

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18
Q

produced by hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary; responds to dehydration or decreased blood volume ; causing vasoconstriction which increases BP

A

ADH/vasopressin

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19
Q

released by cells of atria

lowers BP by vasodilation and promoting loss of salt and water in urine reducing blood volume

A

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

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20
Q

less than 120 mmHg systolic and less than 80 mmHg diastolic as normal pressure of adult male using ____

A

sphygomomanmeter

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21
Q
  • carotid and aortic reflexes increase CO and peripheral vasoconstriction
  • sympathetic nervous sys elevated bp
  • E and NE increase cardiac output and ADH enhances vasoconstriction
A

hemorrhaging:short term

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22
Q
  • decline in capillary BP recalls fluids from interstitial spaces
  • aldosterone&ADH promotes fluid retention
  • increased thirst promotes water absorption across the digestive tract
  • erythropoietin increases blood volume and improves Oxy delivery
A

hemmorrhaging:long term

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23
Q
  • contains substance absorbed by the stomach&intestines

- delivers these compounds to liver for …

A

storage, metabolic conversion, excretion

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24
Q

blood flow to placenta supplied via umbilical arteries and vein drains form placenta to ductus venosus collecting blood ; empties into inferior vena cava

A

fetal circulation

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25
Q

no specific recognition of invaders, no memory component and 1st/2nd lines of defense

A

innate or nonspecific immunity

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26
Q

specific recognition of invaders with a memory component

A

adaptive or specific immunity

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27
Q

outer cortex has large# of Tcells, dendritic cells,epithelial cells, macrophages/ more mature T cells migrate to inner medulla

[THYMUS SHRINKS WITH AGE FROM 70G IN INFANTS TO 3G IN OLD AGE ((involution))]

A

thymus

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28
Q

largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in body
-parenchyma contains white pulp(lymphocytes and macrophages) while red pulp has RBCs, macro, lympho, plasma cells, and granulocytes

A

spleen

29
Q

blood filled venous sinuses and bilroth’s cords[macrophages remove ruptured blood cells, store platelet supply, production of blood cells during fetal life]

A

red pulp of spleen

30
Q

lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule and has mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) of respiratory tract

A

lymphatic nodules

31
Q

CD8 cytotoxic cells broken down to suppressor T cells and CD4 helper cells break down to

A

Memory T cells

32
Q

b cells break down to plasma cells into ___ and memory B cells

A

antibodies ( M,A,D,G,E)

33
Q

proteins increase resistance to viral infections and stimulate macrophages and NKCs

A

cytokines (interferons)

34
Q

membrane glycoproteins via major histocompatibility complex

A

cytokines(interleukins)

35
Q

toxic substances to pathogens via B&Tcells

A

lymphotoxin

36
Q

tumor necrosis factor via macrophages; slow and kill tumor growth activate t cells and eosinophils, inhibit parasites and viruses

A

TNF

37
Q

chemicals secreted by T-lymphocytes activated by antigens stimulating production of nenonsensitized lymphocyte and activating macrophages

A

lymphokines

38
Q

CSF via macrophages, fibroblasts, and t cells

A

colony stimulating factors

39
Q

local hormones- altering metabolisma nd sensitivities of other cells

A

prostaglandins

40
Q

MYELOID DERIVED : monocytes, microphages, basophils/mast cells

A

leukocytes

41
Q

LYMPHOID DERIVED: special forces unit fighting off viral infections and tumors; IMMUNOLOGICAL surveiollance

A

NK cells

42
Q

1st line of defense: skin and mucous membranes
2nd line:__ defenses such as interferons and complement, NK cells (lymphocyte but not B or T; releasing perforin or granzymes)

A

internal defenses

43
Q

emigration of phagocytes is by ___ where monocytes transform into macrophages and neutrophils die off

A

chemotaxis

44
Q

monocytes =fixed and free
microphages=kamikaze lil eaters
neutrophils=invade bacteria and cellular debris

A

nonspecific defenses

45
Q

___ is cytolytic protein found in granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

perforin

46
Q

3 major ___:
-alpha-produced by leukocytes and attract/stimulate NK cells
-beta-secreted by fibroblasts causing slow inflammation
-gamma-secreted by T cells and NK cells stim macrophage activity
[SMALL PROTEINS RELEASED BY VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS TRIGERING PRODUCTION OF ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS]

A

interferons(cytokines)

47
Q

Ig-

A

1st repsonse to new antigen

Bcells specific immunity

48
Q

IgA-

A

exocrine secretions

49
Q

igD-

A

ECF surface of B cells for activation

50
Q

IgE-

A

allergic response(baso/mast)

51
Q

igG-

A

2nd response crosses placenta

52
Q

Both develop from pluripotent stem cells originating in red bone marrow

A

helper t =cd4

cytotoxic t=cd8

53
Q

class I- found on all nucleated cells(except RBCs)

class II- found on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes

A

MHC classes

54
Q

circulating allergen affects mast cells thruout body

A

anaphylaxis

55
Q
  • Interleukin-1 released by active macrophages
  • Triggers release of ACTH resulting in glucocorticoid release
  • Moderates the immune response
  • depression of inflammatory response
  • phagocytic reduction
  • inhibition of interleukin secretion
A

stress and immune response

56
Q

external nares, nasal cavity, pharynx

A

upper resp sys

57
Q

larynx, trachea , bronchial tree, lungs

A

lower resp sys

58
Q

thryoid cartilage or adams apple, cricoid cartilage hallmark for ___

A

tracheotomy

59
Q

ventricular folds aka false vocal cords and vocal folds are infere aka

A

true vocal cords

60
Q

extends from larynx to superior border of T5 dividing into R and L primary bronchi and has layers(mucosa, submucosa, hyaline, adventitia) with 16-20 c shaped rings

A

trachea

61
Q

parietal pleura lines wall of thoracic cavity and visceral covers lungs tshemselves while cardiac notch makes left lung 10% smaller than the right

A

lung membranes

62
Q
  • form nearly cont lining
  • more numerous than type II
  • main site of gas exchange
A

type I alveolar cells

63
Q

free surfaces contain microvilli and secrete alveolar fluid (surfactant reduces tendency to collapse)

A

type II alveolar cells (septal cells)

64
Q

pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

A

boyles law

65
Q

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

A

minute ventilation

66
Q

only 70% of TV reaches respiratory zone and other 30 remains in conducting zone

A

lung volumes

67
Q

air remaining after expiratory reserve volume exhaled

A

residual volume

68
Q

=IRV+TV+ERV

A

vital capacity

69
Q

=vital capacity+residual volume

A

total lung capacity

A&P2 (17 decks)

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