Ch21 Flashcards
- Arteries – carry blood AWAY from the heart
- Arterioles
- Capillaries – site of exchange
- Venules
- Veins – carry blood TO the heart
blood vessel types
- Inner lining in direct contact with blood
- Endothelium continuous with endocardial lining of heart
- Active role in vessel-related activities
tunica interna(intima) of blood vessel
- Muscular and connective tissue layer
- Greatest variation among vessel types
- Smooth muscle regulates diameter of lumen
tunica media
- Elastic and collagen fibers
- Vasa vasorum
- Capillaries that supply blood to tissues of the vessels
- Helps anchor vessel to surrounding tissue
tunica externa
- has 3 layers of a typical blood vessel
- thick muscular to elastic tunica media
- smooth muscle
- provides for vasoconstriction-decrease in lumen diameter
- vasodialtion- increase in lumen diam
arteries
- Largest diameter artery but walls relatively thin
- Function as pressure reservoir
- Help propel blood forward while ventricles relaxing
- Also known as conducting arteries
elastic arteries
- Tunica media contains more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers than elastic arteries
- Walls relatively thick
- Capable of great vasoconstriction/ vasodilatation to adjust rate of blood flow
- Also called distributing arteries
muscular arteries
- Union of the branches of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region
- Provide alternate routes – collateral circulation
anastomoses
- Abundant microscopic vessels
- Metarteriole has precapillary sphincter which monitors blood flow into capillary
- Sympathetic innervation and local chemical mediators can alter diameter and thus blood flow and resistance
- Vasoconstriction can raise blood pressure
arterioles
- smallest blood vessels conecting arterial outflow and venous return
- microcirculation
- exchange vessels
- capillary beds arise form single metarteriole
capillaries
Flow from metarteriole through capillaries and into postcapillary venule
microcirculation(capillaries)
- Primary function is exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
- Lack tunica media and tunica externa
- Substances pass through just one layer of endothelial cells and basement membrane
exchange vessels(capillaries)
– arise from single metarteriole
- Vasomotion – intermittent contraction and relaxation
- Throughfare channel – bypasses capillary bed
capillary beds
- Continuous-Endothelial cell membranes form continuous tube
- Fenestrated-Have fenestrations or pores
- Sinusoids-Wider and more winding;Unusually large fenestrations
types of capillaries
- Thinner walls than arterial counterparts
- Postcapillary venule(Smallest venule)
- Form part of microcirculatory exchange unit with capillaries
- Muscular venules have thicker walls with 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle
venules
- Structural changes not as distinct as in arteries
- very thin walls in relation to total diameter
- Same 3 layers as arteries
- Tunica interna thinner with little smooth muscle
- Tunica interna thinner than arteries
- Tunica externa thickest layer
- Not designed to withstand high pressure
- Valves – folds on tunica interna forming cusps
- Aid in venous return by preventing backflow
veins
- Largest portion of blood at rest is in systemic veins and venules
- Blood reservoir
- systemic arteries and arterioles
- pulmonary vessels
- systemic capillaries
- heart
blood distribution(greatest to least)
Movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid basic methods include diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow
capillary exchange
- Substances move down their concentration gradient
- O2 and nutrients from blood to interstitial fluid to body cells
- CO2 and wastes move from body cells to interstitial fluid to blood
- Can cross capillary wall through intracellular clefts, fenestrations or through endothelial cells
- Most plasma proteins cannot cross
- Except in sinusoids – proteins and even blood cells leave
- Blood-brain barrier – tight junctions limit diffusion
Diffusion:Most important method
- Small quantity of material
- Substances in blood plasma become enclosed within pinocytotic vessicles that enter endothelial cells by endocytosis and leave by exocytosis
- Important mainly for large, lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross capillary walls any other way
transcytosis
- Passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction
- Based on pressure gradient
- Diffusion is more important for solute exchange
- Bulk flow more important for regulation of relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid
- Filtration – from capillaries into interstitial fluid
- Reabsorption – from interstitial fluid into capillaries
bulk flow
balance of 2 pressures
NFP= (BHP + IFOP) – (BCOP + IFHP)
net filtration pressure
- Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) generated by pumping action of heart
- Falls over capillary bed from 35 to 16 mmHg
- Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
- 1 mmHg
pressures that promote filatrion
- Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
- Due to presence of blood plasma proteins too large to cross walls
- Averages 36 mmHg
- Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)
- Close to zero mmHg
Pressures that promote reabsorption