Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P2 > Ch19 > Flashcards

Ch19 Flashcards

1
Q
  • 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)
  • Hepatocytes synthesize most plasma proteins
  • Albumins, fibrinogen, antibodies
  • Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases and waste products
A

components of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
A

formed elements of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • negative feedback systems regulate the total # of RBCs and platelets in circulation
  • abundance of WBC types based on response to inading pathogens or foreign antigens
  • primary site:red bone marrow
A

hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis(formation of blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • have ability to develop into many different types of cells
  • stems cells in bone marrow reproduce themselves
  • proliferate and differentiate
  • cells enter blood stream thru sinusoids
A

pluripotent stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

formed elements do not divide once they leave the bone marrow, exception is ___

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
A

myeloid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lymphoid stem cells give rise to __

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Erythropoietin – RBCs
  • Thrombopoietin – platelets
  • Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins – WBCs
A

Hemopoietic growth factors regulate differentiation and proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • function is to transport oxygen, contain oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin
  • production=distruction with at least 2 mil new RBCs per sec
  • biconcave disc
  • strong flexible plasma membrane
  • gycolipids in plasma membrane responsible fo rABO and Rh blood groups
  • lack nucleus and other organelles plus no mitochondria bc produces ATP anaerobically
A

erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • structure:globular protein and 4 polypeptide chains
  • heme in each of the4 chains
  • iron ion can combine reversibly with one O molecule
  • transports 23% of total CO2 combining with amino acids of globin forming carbaminohemoglobin
  • NO binds to hemoglobin ,which releases and causes vasodilation to improve blood flow and O2 delivery
A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Live only about 120 days
  • Cannot synthesize new components – no nucleus
  • Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver
A

RBC life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • Globin’s amino acids reused
  • Iron reused
  • Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown pigment stercobilin in feces
A

breakdown products of RBCs recycled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Starts in red bone marrow with proerythroblast
  • Cell near the end of development ejects nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte
  • Develops into mature RBC within 1-2 days
  • Negative feedback balances production with destruction
  • Controlled condition is amount of oxygen delivery to tissues
  • Hypoxia stimulates release of erythropoietin
A

erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • have nuclei and doesnt contain hemoglobin
  • types include granular or agranular
A

WBCs/leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • combats invaders by phagocytosis or immune responses
  • life span only a few days but lymphocytes live for months or yrs
A

functions of WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • WBC count above 10,000/µL
  • A normal protective response to invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia and surgery
A

leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • WBC count below 5,000/µL
  • Is never beneficial
A

leukopenia

18
Q
  • When body attached by pathogens
  • Many WBCs leave the bloodstream
  • Emigration (formerly diapedesis) occurs
  • Roll along endothelium
  • Stick to and then squeeze between endothelial cells
  • Precise signals vary for different types of WBCs
A

emigration of WBCs

19
Q
  • active phagocytes (attracted to chemotaxis)
  • respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria using lysozymes, strong oxidants, defensins
A

neutrophils

20
Q
  • take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes
  • Enlarge and differentiate into macrophages
A

monocytes

21
Q
  • leave capillaries and release granules containing heparin, histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation
  • Intensify inflammatory reaction
  • Involved in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)
A

basophils

22
Q
  • leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid
  • Release histaminase, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and effective against certain parasitic worms
A

eosinophils

23
Q

Major soldiers of the immune system
Types:

  • B cells – destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins
  • T cells – attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells – attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells
A

lymphocytes

24
Q
  • Myeloid stem cells -> into a megakaryocyte
  • Splinter into 2000-3000 fragments enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane
  • Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
  • Helps stop blood loss by forming platelet plug
  • Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals
  • Short life span – 5-9 days
A

platelets/thrombocytes

25
Q
  • Recipient’s red bone marrow replaced entirely by healthy, noncancerous cells to establish normal blood cell counts
  • Takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBCs to fight off infections
  • Graft-versus-host-disease
  • Transplanted red bone marrow may produce T cells that attack host tissues
A

bone marrow transplant(stem cell transplants)

26
Q
  • Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord shortly before birth
  • Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely
  • Less likely to cause graft-versus-host-disease
A

cord blood transplant

27
Q
  • sequence of responses to stop bleeding
  1. vascular spasm-smooth muscle in artery/arteriiol walls contracts
  2. platelet plug formation-platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel and become activated and accumlate
  3. coagulation-blood clotting
A

hemostatis

28
Q
  • Blood plasma minus clotting proteins
  • Series of chemical reactions culminating in formation of fibrin threads
  • Ca2+, several inactive enzymes, various molecules associated with platelets or released by damaged tissues
A

serum/clotting/(coagulation factors)

29
Q

pathways are extrinsic/intrinsic leading to same stages

  1. formation of prothrombinase
  2. prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
  3. thrombin converts fibrinogen(soluble) into finbrin(insoluble) forming the threads of the clot
A

`stages of clotting

30
Q
  • Fewer steps than intrinsic and occurs rapidly
  • Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase
A

extrinsic pathway blood clotting

31
Q
  • More complex and slower than extrinsic
  • Activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood
  • Outside tissue damage not needed
  • Also forms prothrombinase
A

intrinsic pathway blood clotting

32
Q
  • Marked by formation of prothrombinase
  • Prothrombinase with Ca2+ catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  • Thrombin with Ca2+ converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
A

common pathway of blood clotting

33
Q
  • Accelerates formation of prothrombinase
  • Thrombin activates platelets

Clot formation remains localized because fibrin absorbs thrombin and clotting factor concentrations are low

A

the 2 postive feedback effects of thrombin

34
Q

Genetically determined assortment of antigens
Found on RBC surfaces

A

agglutinogens

35
Q

based on presence or absence of various antigens

A

blood group

36
Q

at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens currently known but most common are ___ and __

A

ABO and Rh

37
Q
  • Has only antigen A
  • Has anti-B antibodies
A

type A blood

38
Q
  • Has only antigen B
  • Has anti-A antibodies
A

type b blood

39
Q
  • Universal recipients
  • Has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
A

type AB blood has antigens A and B

40
Q
  • Has neither A or B antigens
  • Universal donor
A

type O blood

41
Q
  • People whose RBCs have the Rh antigen are Rh+
  • People who lack the Rh antigen are Rh-
  • Normally, blood plasma does not contain anti-RH ant
  • ibodies
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
  • If blood from Rh+ fetus contacts Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies made
  • Affect is on second Rh+ baby
A

hemolytic disease of the newborn(HDN)

42
Q
  • Single drops of blood are mixed with different antisera
  • Agglutination with an antisera indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC
A

blood typing

A&P2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions