Ch19 Flashcards
1
Q
- 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)
- Hepatocytes synthesize most plasma proteins
- Albumins, fibrinogen, antibodies
- Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases and waste products
A
components of blood
2
Q
- RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
A
formed elements of blood
3
Q
- negative feedback systems regulate the total # of RBCs and platelets in circulation
- abundance of WBC types based on response to inading pathogens or foreign antigens
- primary site:red bone marrow
A
hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis(formation of blood)
4
Q
- have ability to develop into many different types of cells
- stems cells in bone marrow reproduce themselves
- proliferate and differentiate
- cells enter blood stream thru sinusoids
A
pluripotent stem cells
5
Q
formed elements do not divide once they leave the bone marrow, exception is ___
A
lymphocytes
6
Q
- Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
A
myeloid stem cells
7
Q
lymphoid stem cells give rise to __
A
lymphocytes
8
Q
- Erythropoietin – RBCs
- Thrombopoietin – platelets
- Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins – WBCs
A
Hemopoietic growth factors regulate differentiation and proliferation
9
Q
- function is to transport oxygen, contain oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin
- production=distruction with at least 2 mil new RBCs per sec
- biconcave disc
- strong flexible plasma membrane
- gycolipids in plasma membrane responsible fo rABO and Rh blood groups
- lack nucleus and other organelles plus no mitochondria bc produces ATP anaerobically
A
erythrocytes
10
Q
- structure:globular protein and 4 polypeptide chains
- heme in each of the4 chains
- iron ion can combine reversibly with one O molecule
- transports 23% of total CO2 combining with amino acids of globin forming carbaminohemoglobin
- NO binds to hemoglobin ,which releases and causes vasodilation to improve blood flow and O2 delivery
A
hemoglobin
11
Q
- Live only about 120 days
- Cannot synthesize new components – no nucleus
- Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver
A
RBC life cycle
12
Q
- Globin’s amino acids reused
- Iron reused
- Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown pigment stercobilin in feces
A
breakdown products of RBCs recycled
13
Q
- Starts in red bone marrow with proerythroblast
- Cell near the end of development ejects nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte
- Develops into mature RBC within 1-2 days
- Negative feedback balances production with destruction
- Controlled condition is amount of oxygen delivery to tissues
- Hypoxia stimulates release of erythropoietin
A
erythropoiesis
14
Q
- have nuclei and doesnt contain hemoglobin
- types include granular or agranular
A
WBCs/leukocytes
15
Q
- combats invaders by phagocytosis or immune responses
- life span only a few days but lymphocytes live for months or yrs
A
functions of WBCs
16
Q
- WBC count above 10,000/µL
- A normal protective response to invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia and surgery
A
leukocytosis
17
Q
- WBC count below 5,000/µL
- Is never beneficial
A
leukopenia
18
Q
- When body attached by pathogens
- Many WBCs leave the bloodstream
- Emigration (formerly diapedesis) occurs
- Roll along endothelium
- Stick to and then squeeze between endothelial cells
- Precise signals vary for different types of WBCs
A
emigration of WBCs
19
Q
- active phagocytes (attracted to chemotaxis)
- respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria using lysozymes, strong oxidants, defensins
A
neutrophils
20
Q
- take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes
- Enlarge and differentiate into macrophages
A
monocytes
21
Q
- leave capillaries and release granules containing heparin, histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation
- Intensify inflammatory reaction
- Involved in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)
A
basophils
22
Q
- leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid
- Release histaminase, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and effective against certain parasitic worms
A
eosinophils
23
Q
Major soldiers of the immune system
Types:
- B cells – destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins
- T cells – attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria
- Natural Killer (NK) cells – attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells
A
lymphocytes
24
Q
- Myeloid stem cells -> into a megakaryocyte
- Splinter into 2000-3000 fragments enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane
- Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
- Helps stop blood loss by forming platelet plug
- Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals
- Short life span – 5-9 days
A
platelets/thrombocytes
25
Q
- Recipient’s red bone marrow replaced entirely by healthy, noncancerous cells to establish normal blood cell counts
- Takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBCs to fight off infections
- Graft-versus-host-disease
- Transplanted red bone marrow may produce T cells that attack host tissues
A
bone marrow transplant(stem cell transplants)
26
Q
- Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord shortly before birth
- Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely
- Less likely to cause graft-versus-host-disease
A
cord blood transplant
27
Q
- sequence of responses to stop bleeding
- vascular spasm-smooth muscle in artery/arteriiol walls contracts
- platelet plug formation-platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel and become activated and accumlate
- coagulation-blood clotting
A
hemostatis
28
Q
- Blood plasma minus clotting proteins
- Series of chemical reactions culminating in formation of fibrin threads
- Ca2+, several inactive enzymes, various molecules associated with platelets or released by damaged tissues
A
serum/clotting/(coagulation factors)
29
Q
pathways are extrinsic/intrinsic leading to same stages
- formation of prothrombinase
- prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
- thrombin converts fibrinogen(soluble) into finbrin(insoluble) forming the threads of the clot
A
`stages of clotting
30
Q
- Fewer steps than intrinsic and occurs rapidly
- Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase
A
extrinsic pathway blood clotting
31
Q
- More complex and slower than extrinsic
- Activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within (intrinsic to) the blood
- Outside tissue damage not needed
- Also forms prothrombinase
A
intrinsic pathway blood clotting
32
Q
- Marked by formation of prothrombinase
- Prothrombinase with Ca2+ catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
- Thrombin with Ca2+ converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
A
common pathway of blood clotting
33
Q
- Accelerates formation of prothrombinase
- Thrombin activates platelets
Clot formation remains localized because fibrin absorbs thrombin and clotting factor concentrations are low
A
the 2 postive feedback effects of thrombin
34
Q
Genetically determined assortment of antigens
Found on RBC surfaces
A
agglutinogens
35
Q
based on presence or absence of various antigens
A
blood group
36
Q
at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens currently known but most common are ___ and __
A
ABO and Rh
37
Q
- Has only antigen A
- Has anti-B antibodies
A
type A blood
38
Q
- Has only antigen B
- Has anti-A antibodies
A
type b blood
39
Q
- Universal recipients
- Has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
A
type AB blood has antigens A and B
40
Q
- Has neither A or B antigens
- Universal donor
A
type O blood
41
Q
- People whose RBCs have the Rh antigen are Rh+
- People who lack the Rh antigen are Rh-
- Normally, blood plasma does not contain anti-RH ant
- ibodies
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
- If blood from Rh+ fetus contacts Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies made
- Affect is on second Rh+ baby
A
hemolytic disease of the newborn(HDN)
42
Q
- Single drops of blood are mixed with different antisera
- Agglutination with an antisera indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC
A
blood typing
