Test2 review Ahiri Flashcards
vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries, uniting to form large ___ ___
lymphatic vessels
slightly large diameter than blood capillaries, one way structure. specialized are in small intestine
lymphatic capillaries
excess filtered fluid(3L/day), drains into lymp vessels and become __
lymph
important function of lymp vessels are to return..
lost plasma proteins to blood stream using skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
- site where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent
- red bone marrow and thymus
primary lymphatic organs
- sites were most immune response occurs
- lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules
secondary lymphatic organs
- outer cortex composed of large # T cells
- immature T cells migrate here from red bone marrow
- dendritic cells derived from monocytes assist in T cell maturation
- macrophages clear out dead cells
thymus
more mature T cells migrate here from cortex; more epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
inner medulla of thymus
along lymphatic vessels, scattered throughout body/stroma=supporting connective tissue/ parenchyma functional part has outer cortex, inner , and medulla
lymph nodes
aggregates of B cells called lymphatic nodules/ site of plasma cell and memory B cell formation
outer cortex of parenchyma of lymph nodes
mainly T cells and dendritic cells
inner cortesx of parenchyma of lymph node
B cells, antibody producing plasma cells from cortex, and macrophages
medulla of parenchyma of lymph nodes
lymph enters thru afferent lymphatic vessels directing inward, entering sinuses, into medulla, draining into efferent lymphatic vessels conveying…..
lymph, antibodies, and activated T cells out of the node
traps foreign substances and destroyed by macrophages or immune response of lymphocytes
lymph nodes functioning as a filter
largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body[stroma, Parenchyma: white pulp and red pulp]
spleen
blood-filled venous sinuses and splenic (Bilroth’s) cords – red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes
- Macrophages remove ruptured, worn out or defective blood cells
- Storage of up to 1/3 of body’s platelet supply
- Production of blood cells during fetal life
red pulp
lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capstule scattered thruout lamina propria of mucous membranes
- MALT of respiratory tract
- most small/solitary
- some larger-tonsils, peyer’s patches, appendix
lymphatic nodules
via mast cells/basophils using blood flow, capillary permeability, phagocytic activities , activate a compliment, walls off in injury site, activates division2
inflammation
via pyrogins; by mobilizing defenses, accelrating repair, inhibiting pathogens
fever
Proteins in blood plasma and plasma membranes
“Complement” or enhance certain immune reactions
Causes cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation
complement
[chemical warfare] lymph hormones or chemotaxic factors(direct attacks and stimulate division 2)
cytokines
Produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected by viruses
Prevents replication in neighboring uninfected cells
interferons
membrane glycoproteins via Cluster designator markers (CDM) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
interleukins
via monocyte macrophages
monokines
toxic substances to pathogens via B & T cells
lymphotoxin
via macrophages, slow and kill tumor grwoth, activate t cells and eosinophils; inhibiting parasites and viruses
tumor necrosis factor(TNF)
chemicals (double stranded RNA) secreted by t lymphocytes activated by antigens stimulating the production of nonsensitized lympocyte and activating macrophages
lymphokines
lipid compoudns contain 20 carbon atoms ; related to prostalgandins and mediate the inflammatory response
leukotrienes
via macrophages, fibroblasts, and t cells ; multi formed element factors
colony stimulating factors
local hormones- after metabolism and sensitivities of other cells
prostaglandins
macrophages -fixed and free big eaters/present antigens; clean up after microphage battles; langerhan cells, kupffer cells, microglea etc
monocytes
kamikaze little eaters/ neutrophils, eosinophilis, basophils
microphages
invading bacteria and cellular debris
neutrophils
target foreign cpds or pathogens coated with antibodies
eosinophils
inflammatory response histamine, heparin, and prostaglandins
basophils and mast cells
special forces unit used by both divisions- activated by double stranded rNA or lymhokines and fights off viral infectionsa nd tumors without evident antigenic specificity; immunoligcal surveilance;
NKC natural killer cells
-Iron-binding proteins
Inhibit growth of bacteria by reducing available iron
-Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
Short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity
Can attract dendritic cells and mast cells that participate in immune responses
antimicrobial substances
- Lymphocyte but not a B or T cell
- Ability to kill wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells
- Attack any body cell displaying abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
- Can release perforin (makes perforations) or granzymes (induce apoptosis)
NK cells
neutrophils, and macrophages /migrate to infected area
phagocytes
NK cells and phagocytes are ___ defenses internal 2nd line defenses
cellular
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion
- killing
phagocytosis of a microbe
stages include:
- vasodilation and inc blood vessel permeability
- emigration
- tissue repair
inflammation
____is a cytolytic protein found in the granules of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells. Upon degranulation, perforin inserts itself into the target cell’s plasma membrane, forming a pore.
perforin
small proteins released by virally infected cells triggering the production of antiviral proteins with 3 major types : alpha, beta, gamma
nonspecific defenses; interferons (cytokines) chemical warfare
produced by leukocyres and attrack/stimulate NK cells
alpha cytokines
secreted by fibroblasts causing slow inflmmation
beta cytokines
secreted by t cells and nk cells stimulate macrophage activity
gamma cytokines
- Cascade of ~11 plasma complement proteins (C)
- Destroy target cell membranes
- Stimulate inflammation
- Attract phagocytes
- Enhance phagocytosis
complement systrm(nonspecific defenses)
complement proteins sinteract with one another via 2 pathways:
classical and alternative
first response to new antigen (anti A; anti B agglutinins)
igM (b cells)
exocrine secretions (tears, mucus, sweat, etc,) skin, respiratory, G.i.
igA (b cells)
extracellular fluids (ISF, CSF, plasma, etc, ) surface of b cells for activation
igD
allergic response (mast cells and basophils)
igE
2nd response (anamnestic without forgetting) crosses placenta
igG
vary even in clones (twins)
memory b cells
-Ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents
-Antigens (Ags)
Substances recognized as foreign
Substances that provoke an immune response
-Distinguished from innate immunity by
Specificity
Memory
adaptive immunity
both develop from pluripotent stem cells originating in red bone marrow
- b cells complete development in red bone marrow
- t cells migrate from red bone marrow to thymus
maturation of T and B cells
- cytotoxic t cells directly attack invading antigens
- particularly effective against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells and foreign tissue translplants
cell mediated : adaptive immunity
b cells transform into plasma cells making antibodies (abs) or immunoglobulins/ work against extracellular pathogens in fluids outside cells
antibody mediated
forms of immunity include:
innate, acquired, active, passive
genetically determined and present at birth
innate imunity
not present at birth and achieved by exposure to antigen
acquired immunity
- antigen triggers an immune response
- activates T&B cells
- t cells attack antigen and stimulate B cells
- activated B cells mature and produce antibody
- antibody attacks antigen
immune system response
attack foreign cells
cytotoxic t cells
activate other t cells and b cells
helper t cells
inhibit the activation of t and b cells
supressor t cells
cd3 markers present on all
T cells
cd8 markers on __ and ___ t cells
cytotoxic and supressor
antigen glycoprotein combination appears on a cell membrane called ___. coded for by genes of the MHC
MHC major histocompatibility complex
- class 1 found on all nucleated cells
- class 2 found on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes
MHC classes
lymphocytes undergoes clonal selection to produce __ cells [active helper t cells, active cytotoxic t cells, plasma cells; they die after immune response]
effector cells
lymphocytes undergoes clonal selection to produce ___ cells[ do not particpate in initial immune response; respond to 2nd invasion by proliferating and diff into more effector and memory cells; have long life spans]
memory cells
