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A&P2 > Test2 review Ahiri > Flashcards

Test2 review Ahiri Flashcards

1
Q

vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries, uniting to form large ___ ___

A

lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

slightly large diameter than blood capillaries, one way structure. specialized are in small intestine

A

lymphatic capillaries

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3
Q

excess filtered fluid(3L/day), drains into lymp vessels and become __

A

lymph

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4
Q

important function of lymp vessels are to return..

A

lost plasma proteins to blood stream using skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

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5
Q
  • site where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

- red bone marrow and thymus

A

primary lymphatic organs

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6
Q
  • sites were most immune response occurs

- lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules

A

secondary lymphatic organs

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7
Q
  • outer cortex composed of large # T cells
  • immature T cells migrate here from red bone marrow
  • dendritic cells derived from monocytes assist in T cell maturation
  • macrophages clear out dead cells
A

thymus

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8
Q

more mature T cells migrate here from cortex; more epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

A

inner medulla of thymus

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9
Q

along lymphatic vessels, scattered throughout body/stroma=supporting connective tissue/ parenchyma functional part has outer cortex, inner , and medulla

A

lymph nodes

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10
Q

aggregates of B cells called lymphatic nodules/ site of plasma cell and memory B cell formation

A

outer cortex of parenchyma of lymph nodes

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11
Q

mainly T cells and dendritic cells

A

inner cortesx of parenchyma of lymph node

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12
Q

B cells, antibody producing plasma cells from cortex, and macrophages

A

medulla of parenchyma of lymph nodes

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13
Q

lymph enters thru afferent lymphatic vessels directing inward, entering sinuses, into medulla, draining into efferent lymphatic vessels conveying…..

A

lymph, antibodies, and activated T cells out of the node

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14
Q

traps foreign substances and destroyed by macrophages or immune response of lymphocytes

A

lymph nodes functioning as a filter

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15
Q

largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body[stroma, Parenchyma: white pulp and red pulp]

A

spleen

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16
Q

blood-filled venous sinuses and splenic (Bilroth’s) cords – red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes

  • Macrophages remove ruptured, worn out or defective blood cells
  • Storage of up to 1/3 of body’s platelet supply
  • Production of blood cells during fetal life
A

red pulp

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17
Q

lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capstule scattered thruout lamina propria of mucous membranes

  • MALT of respiratory tract
  • most small/solitary
  • some larger-tonsils, peyer’s patches, appendix
A

lymphatic nodules

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18
Q

via mast cells/basophils using blood flow, capillary permeability, phagocytic activities , activate a compliment, walls off in injury site, activates division2

A

inflammation

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19
Q

via pyrogins; by mobilizing defenses, accelrating repair, inhibiting pathogens

A

fever

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20
Q

Proteins in blood plasma and plasma membranes
“Complement” or enhance certain immune reactions
Causes cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation

A

complement

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21
Q

[chemical warfare] lymph hormones or chemotaxic factors(direct attacks and stimulate division 2)

A

cytokines

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22
Q

Produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected by viruses
Prevents replication in neighboring uninfected cells

A

interferons

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23
Q

membrane glycoproteins via Cluster designator markers (CDM) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

A

interleukins

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24
Q

via monocyte macrophages

A

monokines

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25
Q

toxic substances to pathogens via B & T cells

A

lymphotoxin

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26
Q

via macrophages, slow and kill tumor grwoth, activate t cells and eosinophils; inhibiting parasites and viruses

A

tumor necrosis factor(TNF)

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27
Q

chemicals (double stranded RNA) secreted by t lymphocytes activated by antigens stimulating the production of nonsensitized lympocyte and activating macrophages

A

lymphokines

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28
Q

lipid compoudns contain 20 carbon atoms ; related to prostalgandins and mediate the inflammatory response

A

leukotrienes

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29
Q

via macrophages, fibroblasts, and t cells ; multi formed element factors

A

colony stimulating factors

30
Q

local hormones- after metabolism and sensitivities of other cells

A

prostaglandins

31
Q

macrophages -fixed and free big eaters/present antigens; clean up after microphage battles; langerhan cells, kupffer cells, microglea etc

A

monocytes

32
Q

kamikaze little eaters/ neutrophils, eosinophilis, basophils

A

microphages

33
Q

invading bacteria and cellular debris

A

neutrophils

34
Q

target foreign cpds or pathogens coated with antibodies

A

eosinophils

35
Q

inflammatory response histamine, heparin, and prostaglandins

A

basophils and mast cells

36
Q

special forces unit used by both divisions- activated by double stranded rNA or lymhokines and fights off viral infectionsa nd tumors without evident antigenic specificity; immunoligcal surveilance;

A

NKC natural killer cells

37
Q

-Iron-binding proteins
Inhibit growth of bacteria by reducing available iron
-Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
Short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity
Can attract dendritic cells and mast cells that participate in immune responses

A

antimicrobial substances

38
Q
  • Lymphocyte but not a B or T cell
  • Ability to kill wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells
  • Attack any body cell displaying abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins
  • Can release perforin (makes perforations) or granzymes (induce apoptosis)
A

NK cells

39
Q

neutrophils, and macrophages /migrate to infected area

A

phagocytes

40
Q

NK cells and phagocytes are ___ defenses internal 2nd line defenses

A

cellular

41
Q
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence
  3. ingestion
  4. digestion
  5. killing
A

phagocytosis of a microbe

42
Q

stages include:

  • vasodilation and inc blood vessel permeability
  • emigration
  • tissue repair
A

inflammation

43
Q

____is a cytolytic protein found in the granules of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells. Upon degranulation, perforin inserts itself into the target cell’s plasma membrane, forming a pore.

A

perforin

44
Q

small proteins released by virally infected cells triggering the production of antiviral proteins with 3 major types : alpha, beta, gamma

A

nonspecific defenses; interferons (cytokines) chemical warfare

45
Q

produced by leukocyres and attrack/stimulate NK cells

A

alpha cytokines

46
Q

secreted by fibroblasts causing slow inflmmation

A

beta cytokines

47
Q

secreted by t cells and nk cells stimulate macrophage activity

A

gamma cytokines

48
Q
  • Cascade of ~11 plasma complement proteins (C)
  • Destroy target cell membranes
  • Stimulate inflammation
  • Attract phagocytes
  • Enhance phagocytosis
A

complement systrm(nonspecific defenses)

49
Q

complement proteins sinteract with one another via 2 pathways:

A

classical and alternative

50
Q

first response to new antigen (anti A; anti B agglutinins)

A

igM (b cells)

51
Q

exocrine secretions (tears, mucus, sweat, etc,) skin, respiratory, G.i.

A

igA (b cells)

52
Q

extracellular fluids (ISF, CSF, plasma, etc, ) surface of b cells for activation

A

igD

53
Q

allergic response (mast cells and basophils)

A

igE

54
Q

2nd response (anamnestic without forgetting) crosses placenta

A

igG

55
Q

vary even in clones (twins)

A

memory b cells

56
Q

-Ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents
-Antigens (Ags)
Substances recognized as foreign
Substances that provoke an immune response
-Distinguished from innate immunity by
Specificity
Memory

A

adaptive immunity

57
Q

both develop from pluripotent stem cells originating in red bone marrow

  • b cells complete development in red bone marrow
  • t cells migrate from red bone marrow to thymus
A

maturation of T and B cells

58
Q
  • cytotoxic t cells directly attack invading antigens

- particularly effective against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells and foreign tissue translplants

A

cell mediated : adaptive immunity

59
Q

b cells transform into plasma cells making antibodies (abs) or immunoglobulins/ work against extracellular pathogens in fluids outside cells

A

antibody mediated

60
Q

forms of immunity include:

A

innate, acquired, active, passive

61
Q

genetically determined and present at birth

A

innate imunity

62
Q

not present at birth and achieved by exposure to antigen

A

acquired immunity

63
Q
  • antigen triggers an immune response
  • activates T&B cells
  • t cells attack antigen and stimulate B cells
  • activated B cells mature and produce antibody
  • antibody attacks antigen
A

immune system response

64
Q

attack foreign cells

A

cytotoxic t cells

65
Q

activate other t cells and b cells

A

helper t cells

66
Q

inhibit the activation of t and b cells

A

supressor t cells

67
Q

cd3 markers present on all

A

T cells

68
Q

cd8 markers on __ and ___ t cells

A

cytotoxic and supressor

69
Q

antigen glycoprotein combination appears on a cell membrane called ___. coded for by genes of the MHC

A

MHC major histocompatibility complex

70
Q
  • class 1 found on all nucleated cells

- class 2 found on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes

A

MHC classes

71
Q

lymphocytes undergoes clonal selection to produce __ cells [active helper t cells, active cytotoxic t cells, plasma cells; they die after immune response]

A

effector cells

72
Q

lymphocytes undergoes clonal selection to produce ___ cells[ do not particpate in initial immune response; respond to 2nd invasion by proliferating and diff into more effector and memory cells; have long life spans]

A

memory cells

A&P2 (17 decks)

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