Test2 review Ahiri Flashcards by Julie T

vessels begin as lymphatic capillaries, uniting to form large ___ ___

lymphatic vessels

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slightly large diameter than blood capillaries, one way structure. specialized are in small intestine

lymphatic capillaries

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excess filtered fluid(3L/day), drains into lymp vessels and become __

lymph

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important function of lymp vessels are to return..

lost plasma proteins to blood stream using skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

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site where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

- red bone marrow and thymus

primary lymphatic organs

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sites were most immune response occurs

- lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules

secondary lymphatic organs

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outer cortex composed of large # T cells
immature T cells migrate here from red bone marrow
dendritic cells derived from monocytes assist in T cell maturation
macrophages clear out dead cells

thymus

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more mature T cells migrate here from cortex; more epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

inner medulla of thymus

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along lymphatic vessels, scattered throughout body/stroma=supporting connective tissue/ parenchyma functional part has outer cortex, inner , and medulla

lymph nodes

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aggregates of B cells called lymphatic nodules/ site of plasma cell and memory B cell formation

outer cortex of parenchyma of lymph nodes

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mainly T cells and dendritic cells

inner cortesx of parenchyma of lymph node

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B cells, antibody producing plasma cells from cortex, and macrophages

medulla of parenchyma of lymph nodes

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lymph enters thru afferent lymphatic vessels directing inward, entering sinuses, into medulla, draining into efferent lymphatic vessels conveying…..

lymph, antibodies, and activated T cells out of the node

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traps foreign substances and destroyed by macrophages or immune response of lymphocytes

lymph nodes functioning as a filter

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largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body[stroma, Parenchyma: white pulp and red pulp]

spleen

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blood-filled venous sinuses and splenic (Bilroth’s) cords – red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes

Macrophages remove ruptured, worn out or defective blood cells
Storage of up to 1/3 of body’s platelet supply
Production of blood cells during fetal life

red pulp

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lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capstule scattered thruout lamina propria of mucous membranes

MALT of respiratory tract
most small/solitary
some larger-tonsils, peyer’s patches, appendix

lymphatic nodules

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via mast cells/basophils using blood flow, capillary permeability, phagocytic activities , activate a compliment, walls off in injury site, activates division2

inflammation

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via pyrogins; by mobilizing defenses, accelrating repair, inhibiting pathogens

fever

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Proteins in blood plasma and plasma membranes
“Complement” or enhance certain immune reactions
Causes cytolysis of microbes, promotes phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation

complement

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[chemical warfare] lymph hormones or chemotaxic factors(direct attacks and stimulate division 2)

cytokines

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Produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected by viruses
Prevents replication in neighboring uninfected cells

interferons

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membrane glycoproteins via Cluster designator markers (CDM) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

interleukins

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via monocyte macrophages

monokines

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toxic substances to pathogens via B & T cells

lymphotoxin

via macrophages, slow and kill tumor grwoth, activate t cells and eosinophils; inhibiting parasites and viruses

tumor necrosis factor(TNF)

chemicals (double stranded RNA) secreted by t lymphocytes activated by antigens stimulating the production of nonsensitized lympocyte and activating macrophages

lymphokines

lipid compoudns contain 20 carbon atoms ; related to prostalgandins and mediate the inflammatory response

leukotrienes

via macrophages, fibroblasts, and t cells ; multi formed element factors

colony stimulating factors

local hormones- after metabolism and sensitivities of other cells

prostaglandins

macrophages -fixed and free big eaters/present antigens; clean up after microphage battles; langerhan cells, kupffer cells, microglea etc

monocytes

kamikaze little eaters/ neutrophils, eosinophilis, basophils

microphages

invading bacteria and cellular debris

neutrophils

target foreign cpds or pathogens coated with antibodies

eosinophils

inflammatory response histamine, heparin, and prostaglandins

basophils and mast cells

special forces unit used by both divisions- activated by double stranded rNA or lymhokines and fights off viral infectionsa nd tumors without evident antigenic specificity; immunoligcal surveilance;

NKC natural killer cells

-Iron-binding proteins Inhibit growth of bacteria by reducing available iron -Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) Short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity Can attract dendritic cells and mast cells that participate in immune responses

antimicrobial substances

- Lymphocyte but not a B or T cell - Ability to kill wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells - Attack any body cell displaying abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins - Can release perforin (makes perforations) or granzymes (induce apoptosis)

NK cells

neutrophils, and macrophages /migrate to infected area

phagocytes

NK cells and phagocytes are ___ defenses internal 2nd line defenses

cellular

1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. digestion 5. killing

phagocytosis of a microbe

stages include: - vasodilation and inc blood vessel permeability - emigration - tissue repair

inflammation

____is a cytolytic protein found in the granules of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells. Upon degranulation, perforin inserts itself into the target cell's plasma membrane, forming a pore.

perforin

small proteins released by virally infected cells triggering the production of antiviral proteins with 3 major types : alpha, beta, gamma

nonspecific defenses; interferons (cytokines) chemical warfare

produced by leukocyres and attrack/stimulate NK cells

alpha cytokines

secreted by fibroblasts causing slow inflmmation

beta cytokines

secreted by t cells and nk cells stimulate macrophage activity

gamma cytokines

- Cascade of ~11 plasma complement proteins (C) - Destroy target cell membranes - Stimulate inflammation - Attract phagocytes - Enhance phagocytosis

complement systrm(nonspecific defenses)

complement proteins sinteract with one another via 2 pathways:

classical and alternative

first response to new antigen (anti A; anti B agglutinins)

igM (b cells)

exocrine secretions (tears, mucus, sweat, etc,) skin, respiratory, G.i.

igA (b cells)

extracellular fluids (ISF, CSF, plasma, etc, ) surface of b cells for activation

igD

allergic response (mast cells and basophils)

igE

2nd response (anamnestic without forgetting) crosses placenta

igG

vary even in clones (twins)

memory b cells

-Ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents -Antigens (Ags) Substances recognized as foreign Substances that provoke an immune response -Distinguished from innate immunity by Specificity Memory

adaptive immunity

both develop from pluripotent stem cells originating in red bone marrow - b cells complete development in red bone marrow - t cells migrate from red bone marrow to thymus

maturation of T and B cells

- cytotoxic t cells directly attack invading antigens | - particularly effective against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells and foreign tissue translplants

cell mediated : adaptive immunity

b cells transform into plasma cells making antibodies (abs) or immunoglobulins/ work against extracellular pathogens in fluids outside cells

antibody mediated

forms of immunity include:

innate, acquired, active, passive

genetically determined and present at birth

innate imunity

not present at birth and achieved by exposure to antigen

acquired immunity

- antigen triggers an immune response - activates T&B cells - t cells attack antigen and stimulate B cells - activated B cells mature and produce antibody - antibody attacks antigen

immune system response

attack foreign cells

cytotoxic t cells

activate other t cells and b cells

helper t cells

inhibit the activation of t and b cells

supressor t cells

cd3 markers present on all

T cells

cd8 markers on __ and ___ t cells

cytotoxic and supressor

antigen glycoprotein combination appears on a cell membrane called ___. coded for by genes of the MHC

MHC major histocompatibility complex

- class 1 found on all nucleated cells | - class 2 found on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes

MHC classes

lymphocytes undergoes clonal selection to produce __ cells [active helper t cells, active cytotoxic t cells, plasma cells; they die after immune response]

effector cells

lymphocytes undergoes clonal selection to produce ___ cells[ do not particpate in initial immune response; respond to 2nd invasion by proliferating and diff into more effector and memory cells; have long life spans]

memory cells