digestive sys lab

Question 1

hollow tube extending form mouth to anus only in contact with cells that line the tract

Answer 1

alimentary canal

Question 2

___ food must first be physically broken down by chewing and churning

Answer 2

ingested

Question 3

next food must be chemicalled broken dodwn thru enzymatic ___ into smaller diffusible molecules (process is called digestion)

Answer 3

hydrolysis

Question 4

process: digested end products can then pass thru the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood for distribution to the body cells.

Answer 4

absorption

Question 5

digestive system organs are separated into 2 major groups called :

Answer 5

alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) and the accessory digestive organs

Question 6

consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small/large intestines

Answer 6

alimentary canal

Question 7

structures include the teeth, slaivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and the pancreas

Answer 7

accessory digestive

Question 8

4 layers of the alimentary canal walls =

Answer 8

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and either serosa or adventitia

Question 9

the wet epithelial membrane lining the lumen with a surface epithelium, lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae

Answer 9

mucosa

Question 10

functions are secretion (enzymes, mucus, hormones, etc.) and absorption of digested foods and protection against bacterial invasion

Answer 10

mucosa

Question 11

superficial to the mucosa and is a moderately dense connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, scattered lymph nodules, and nerve fibers

Answer 11

submucosa

Question 12

intrinsic nerve supply of submucosa is called the

Answer 12

submucosa plexus

Question 13

this layer is also known as the muscularis and is usually a bilayer of smooth muscle

Answer 13

muscularis externa

Question 14

serosa is the outermost layer and is the visceral peritoneum. contains mesothelium associated with a think layer of areolar connective tissue. in areas outside the abdominopelvic cavity, the __ replaces the serosa

Answer 14

adventitia

Question 15

layer of coarse fibrous connective tissue that binds the organ to surrounding tissues. the serosa functions to reduce friction and the adventitia anchors and protects the surrounding organ

Answer 15

adventitia

Question 16

food enters digestive tract thru the ___ ___ that contains the gums, teeth, tongue,a nd openings of the salivary gland ducts

Answer 16

oral cavity

Question 17

comprises the roof of the mouth

Answer 17

palate

Question 18

fingerlike projection of the soft palata is known as the ____ extending inferiorly from its posterior margin

Answer 18

uvula

Question 19

floor of the cavity is covered by the tongue which is supported by the ____ muscle

Answer 19

mylohyoid

Question 20

membranous __ ___ secures the inferior midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Answer 20

lingual frenulum

Question 21

the space betwn the lips and cheeks and the teeth and the oral cavity proper is the area that lies within the teeth and the gingiva (gums)

Answer 21

vestibule

Question 22

lips and gingiva (gums) are connected by ____ ____

Answer 22

labial frenula

Question 23

masses of lymphoid tissue, located posteriorly on both sides of the mouth

Answer 23

palantine tonsils

Question 24

occurs when palantine tonsils become inflamed and enlarged. this swelling partially block the posterior entrance to the pharynx resulting in difficulty and pain when swallowing

Answer 24

tonsilltis

Question 25

___pharynx : behind the nasal cavity

Answer 25

nasopharynx

Question 26

___pharynx: behind the oral cavity extending from the soft palate to the epiglottis overlying the larynx

Answer 26

oropharynx

Question 27

extending from the epiglottis to the base of the larynx

Answer 27

laryngopharyx

Question 28

pharyngeal walls contain 2 layers of skeletal muscles: an inner layer of longitudinal muscle( ___ ___) and an outer layer of circular constrictor muscles

Answer 28

levator muscles

Question 29

passage into the esophagus is controlled in the laryngopharynx by the ___ __ ___

Answer 29

upper esohpageal sphincter

Question 30

esophagus extends from the pharynx to the ___ __ ___ in the stomach

Answer 30

lower esophageal sphincter

Question 31

a thickening of smooth muscle at the esophagus-stomach junction, controls food passage into the stomach

Answer 31

lower esophageal spincter

Question 32

stomach regions include:

Answer 32

cardiac region, fundus, body, and plyoric region

Question 33

___ is the concave medial surface of the stomach and __ is the convex lateral surface

Answer 33

lesser curvature / greater curvature

Question 34

extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

Answer 34

lesser omentum

Question 35

saclike and extends from the greater curvature of the stomach downward and blends with the mesocolon

Answer 35

greater omentum

Question 36

opening of the small intestine controlled by the __ ___

Answer 36

plyoric sphincter

Question 37

__ ___ of the mucosa secrete hydrochloric acid and hydrolytic enzymes which breakdown proteins

Answer 37

gastric glands

Question 38

secrete a viscous mucus that prevents the stomach from digesting itself

Answer 38

mucosal glands

Question 39

food gets broken down into ___, a creamy mass , and then enters the small intestine

Answer 39

chyme

Question 40

small intestine is suspended by a double layer of periotneum, fan shaped ____, from posterior abdominal wall

Answer 40

mesentary

Question 41

3 small intestine subdivisions:

Answer 41

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 42

ileum joins the large intestine at the ___ ___

Answer 42

ileocecal valve

Question 43

deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa layers that force the chyme thru the intesttine

Answer 43

plicae circulares

Question 44

fingerlike projections of the mucosa tunic in small intestine

Answer 44

villi

Question 45

are minute projections of surface plasma membranes of the columnar epithelial lining cells of the mucosa

Answer 45

microvilli

Question 46

also found in the small intestine are ___ ___, nodules of lymphoid tissue

Answer 46

peyer's patches

Question 47

large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus and encircles the small intestine on 3 side and consists of the __, ___,__,__,and ___

Answer 47

cecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

Question 48

colon regions include:

Answer 48

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

Question 49

longitudinal muscle layer of the large intestine is reduced to 3 longitudinal muscle bands called the __ ___

Answer 49

teniae coli

Question 50

teniae coli cause the wall to pucker into small saces called ___

Answer 50

haustra

Question 51

fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the teniae coli

Answer 51

epiploic appendages

Question 52

first set of teeth are called __ ___ and appear btwn 6 months and 2.5 yrs begining with lower central incisors

Answer 52

deciduous teeth

Question 53

deciduous teeth begin to be lost by 6 and are replaced by ___ teeth

Answer 53

permanent

Question 54

teeth are classified as :

Answer 54

incisors, canines/cuspids, premolars/bicuspids, and molars

Question 55

dental formula for deciduous teeth is

Answer 55

2,1,0,2/2,1,0,2 x2=20

Question 56

permanent teeth dentition formular

Answer 56

2,1,,2,3/2,1,2,3 x2=32

Question 57

tooth consists of __,__,__

Answer 57

crown, root, and neck

Question 58

___covers the tooth and underneath is the ___ that composes the bulk of the tooth

Answer 58

enamel ; dentin

Question 59

___ __central portion of the tooth and extends into distal portions of the root becomes the root canal

Answer 59

pulp cavity

Question 60

3 pairs of glands secrete into the oral cavity:

Answer 60

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Question 61

__ __ begins the digestion of starch by breaking it into disaccharids and glucose

Answer 61

salivary amylase

Question 62

largest gland in body with 4 lobes

Answer 62

liver

Question 63

digestive function of liver is to produce __ that leaves thru the common hepatic duct and enters the duodenum thru the bild duct. bile emulsifiies fat

Answer 63

bile

Question 64

when digestive activity not occuring, bile backs up into __ ___ and enters the ___ where it is stored until needed.

Answer 64

cystic duct; gallbladder

Question 65

left and right lobes of liver are separated by the __ ___

Answer 65

falciform ligament

Question 66

if bile backs up into liver it is forced into the bloodstream resulting in ___

Answer 66

jaundice

Question 67

inflammation of the liver, usually cased by a pathogen

Answer 67

hepatitis

Question 68

hardening of the liver, usually caused by heavy alcohol consumption, but not always

Answer 68

cirrhosis

Question 69

__ ___ line the sinusoids of the liver and are phagocytic cells that remove bacteria and other debris form the blood as it flows by

Answer 69

kupffer cells

Question 70

has both an endocrine function (insulin and glucagon) and an exocrine (enzyme-producing) function. • The pancreatic juice neutralizes the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach (optimal pH in the stomach is very acidic, while for the small intestine is slightly alkaline).

Answer 70

pancreas

Question 71

``` are the major means of propelling food through most of the digestive viscera. Waves of contraction followed by waves of relaxation squeeze foodstuffs through the alimentary canal. ```

Answer 71

peristaltic movements

Question 72

local constrictions that occur rhythmically, mainly to mix food with digestive juices and to inc rate of absorption

Answer 72

segmental movements

Question 73

primary digestive function of the ileum is

Answer 73

absorption

Question 74

folds of the stomach mucosa that increase surface area are called

Answer 74

rugae

Question 75

__ ___ attached mesocolon to lesser greater curvature of stomach

Answer 75

greater omentum

Question 76

path of urine drainage

Answer 76

collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder

Question 77

kidney is referred to as an excretory organ bc it excretes what kind of waste

Answer 77

nitrogenous

Question 78

cuplike areas that enclose the apexes of the medullary pyramids and collect urine draining form the pyramidal tips into the pelvis

Answer 78

minor calyces

Question 79

arteries most distal to renal artery and thus the smallest

Answer 79

interlobular arteries

Question 80

internal uretheral sphincter made up of ___ muscle and therefore is not under conscious control

Answer 80

smooth

Question 81

blood flow thru kidney

Answer 81

``` renal artery segmental arteries interlobar arteries arcuate arteries interlobublar arteries afferent arterioles glomulerular capillaries efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries interlobular veins arcuate veins interlobar veins segmental veins renal vein ```

Question 82

flow of urine

Answer 82

``` glomerulus bowmans capsule proximal convoluted loop of henle distal convoluted collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder urethra ```

Question 83

responsible for raising the tongue superior and posterior during the swallowing process

Answer 83

mylohyoid muscle

Question 84

peristalsis movements happen in ___ &__/ segmental is in __

Answer 84

esophagus and ureters/ stomach