final review (18-20) Flashcards
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands
endocrine glands
Steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones
Nitric oxide (NO)
lipid soluble hormones- use transport proteins
Amines
Peptides/ proteins
Eicosanoids
water soluble hormones -circulating in ‘free’ form
most hormonal regulation is by
negative feedback
major link btwn nervous and endocrine system
hypothalamus
pituitary attached to hypothalamus by the ___
infundibulum
condition caused by lack of insulin
diabetes mellitus
condition in which kidneys are unable to conserve water
diabetes insipitus
somatotrophs(hGH); insulin like growth factors(IGFs); thyrotrophs(TSH); gonadotrophs; follicle stimulating hormone(fSH), luteninzing hormone (LH); lactotrophs(prolactin PRL); cortiocrophs(ACTH); melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
adenohypophyosis cells
Stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that promote growth, protein synthesis
hGH or somatostatin
stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid
TSH
ovaries initiate development of oocytes; testes stimulate testosterone production
FSH
ovaries stimulate ovulation; tests stimulate testosterone production
LH
excess GH in adulthood
acromegaly
promotes milk secretion by mammary glands
PRL prolactin
stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) or corticotrophin
uncertain complete roles in humans
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
too much CRH, ACTH, cortisol
cushings syndrome
too little CRH, ACTH, cortisol
addison’s disease
produced by hypothalamus and secreted by neurohypophysis
OT oxytocin; ADH antidiuretic hormone
located inferior to larynx; 2 lobes connected by isthmus
thyroid gland
- Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Both increase BMR, stimulate protein synthesis, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
thyroid hormones
cells that produce calcitonin and lower blood Ca by inhibiting bone resorption
parafollicular cells or C cells
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) released from
hypothalamus
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from
anterior pituitary
-Mineralocorticoids affect mineral homeostasis (Aldosterone retains Na in exchange for K)
-Glucocorticoids affect glucose homeostasis (Cortisol)
Androgens have masculinzing effects
adrenal cortex
intensifies sympathetic responses with epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
___ islets are both exocrine and endocrine gland
pancreatic
alpha or A cells secrete __ raising blood sugar
glucagon
beta or B cells secrete ____- lowering blood sugar
insulin
delta or D cells secrete ___- inhibiting both insulin and glucagon
somatostatin
f cells secrete ___ ___- inhibiting somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, and secretiion of pancreatic digestive enzymes
pancreatic polypeptide
attached to roof of 3rd ventricle of brain at midline; has masses of neuroglia and pinealocytes; secretes melatonin controlling bio clock
pineal gland
stress response with stages:
Initial flight-or-fight
Slower resistance reaction
Eventually exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
formed elements include RBCs, WBCs, and platelets/plasma proteins including
albumins, fribrinogen, antibodies
formation of blood cells taking place in the red bone marrow/abundance of WBC types based on response to invading pathogens
hemopoiesis
have ability to develop into many diff types of cells: myeloid and lymphoid
pluripotent stem cells
give rise to RBCs, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
myeloid stem cells
give rise to lymphocytes
lymphoid stem cells
erythropoietin: __
thrombopoietin:___
colony stimulating factors and interleukins: ___
RBCs
platelets
WBCs
biconcave disc, lack mitochondria, lack nucleus/ transport oxygen and carry hemoglobin
RBCs
structure: globular protein,4 polypeptide chains, NO binds/releases causing vasodilation to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery
hemoglobin
structure: has nuclei/ types: granular[neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils] and agranular[lymphocytes&monocytes]
leukocytes/WBCs
emigration- rolling along endothelium, sticking to and then squeezing between endothelial cells
diapedesis
active phagocytes and attracted by chemotaxis
neutrophils and macrophages
respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria using lysozymes, strong oxidants, and defensins
neutrophils
take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers an destroy more microbes/differentiate into macrophages
monocytes
leave capillaries and release granuels containg heparin, histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation to intensify reaction [allergies]
basophils
leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid; release histamminase, phagocytize antigen antibody complexes and effective against parasitic worms
eosinophils
major soldiers of immune system/ include B and T cells, and NK cells
lymphotcytes
destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins
B cell (lympho)
attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells,and some bacteria
T cells (ympho)
form by myeloid stem cells-> megakaryocyte enclosed by plasma membrane with no nuclueus/ function: helps stop blood loss
platelets/thrombocytes
sequence to stop bleeding: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)
hemostasis
smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contract
vascular spasm
-platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel and become activated to accumulate
platelet plug formation
extrinsic or intrinsic pathways of clotting leads to same stages
true
- Formation of prothrombinase
- Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) forming the threads of the clot
stages of clotting
- Fewer steps than intrinsic and occurs rapidly
- Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase
extrinsic pathway blood clotting
- complex&slower than extrinsic
- activators direct contact with blood or contained within the blood
- outside tissue damage not needed and also forms prothrombinase
intrinsic pathway blood clotting
- marked by formation of prothrombinase
- pro with Ca catalyzes conversion of pro to thrombin
- accelerates formation and thrombin activates platelets
common pathway blood clotting
genetically determined assortment of antigens found on RBC surfaces
agglutinogens
based on presence or absence of various antigens
blood group
at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens currently known[most common is ABO and Rh]
true
- has only antigen A
- has anti B antibodies
type A blood
has only antigen B
and anti A antibodies
type B blood
universal recipients [antigen A and B]and has neither antiA or antiB antibodies
type AB blood
has neither A or B antigens and is the universal donor
type O blood
ppl whos RBCs have the Rh antigen are ___
Rh+
ppl who lack the Rh antigen are ___
Rh-
erythroblastosis fetalis: if blood from Rh= fetus contacts Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies are made[affect is on second Rh+ baby]
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
- Single drops of blood are mixed with different antisera
- Agglutination with an antisera indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC
blood typing
tricuspid valve on right and bicuspid___ valve on left
mitral (2)
membrane surrounding and protecting heart: fibrous, serous, and pericardial fluid
pericaridium
- visceral later of serous pericardium
- smooth, slippery texture to outermost surface
epicardium (external layer)
-95% of heart is cardiac muscle called ___
myocardium
inner layer of smooth lining for chambers of heart, valves and cont with lining of large blood vessels
endocardium
receiving chambers, these auricles increase capacity/
R&L pumping chambers
atria
ventricles
valves are connected __ ___ connected paillary muscles
chordae tenidinae
blood leaves thru pulm valve into pulm trunk and then to R&L pulmonary ateries
right ventricle blood flow
about same thickness as right atrium with blood flowing: receiveing blood from lungs thru pulm veins passing blood thru bicuspid valve into left ventricle
left atrium
thickest chamber of heart; forms apex; blood flow: blood passes thru aortic valve into ascending aorta [during fetal life ductus arteriosus shunts blood frm pulm trunk to aorta; closes after birth with remnant ligamentum arteriosum]
left ventricle
- open when pressure in ventricle exceeds pressure in arteries
- As ventricles relax, some backflow permitted but blood fills valve cusps closing them tightly
aortic and pulmonary valves
- Left side of heart
- Receives blood from lungs
- Ejects blood into aorta
- Systemic arteries, arterioles
- Gas and nutrient exchange in systemic capillaries
- Systemic venules and veins lead back to right atrium
systemic circulation
- Right side of heart
- Receives blood from systemic circulation
- Ejects blood into pulmonary trunk then pulmonary arteries
- Gas exchange in pulmonary capillaries
- Pulmonary veins takes blood to left atrium
pulmonary circulation
-ends of finbers connect by intercalated discs containing ___ (holds fibers together) and __ ___(allow action potential conduction from 1 fiber to the next
desosomes; gap junctions
conduction sys of heart
SA node (atria contract)>AV node -> AVbundle of his-> purkinje fibers(ventricles contract)
action potential initiated by SA node spreads out to excite contractile fibers with stages:
depolarization, plateau, and repolarization
___= contraction & diastole[relaxation]
Cardiac action potential arises in SA node so P wave appears
systole
action potential enter AV bundlje and out over ventricles creating ___ complex and masks atrial repolarization
QRS
contraction of ventricles begins shortly after QRS complex appears and cont during ST segment
ventricular systsole
repolarization of ventricular fibers is __ wave
T
ventricular relaxation =
diastole
4 heart sounds in each cardiac cycle : __ and __
lubb and dupp
lubb -
AV valves close
dupp
SL valves close
volume of blood ejected from left or right ventricle into aorta each minute
=SV x HR
cardiac output
typical male 5.25L/min=70ml/beat x 75 beats/min
