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A&P2 > final review (18-20) > Flashcards

final review (18-20) Flashcards

1
Q

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

Steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones
Nitric oxide (NO)

A

lipid soluble hormones- use transport proteins

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3
Q

Amines
Peptides/ proteins
Eicosanoids

A

water soluble hormones -circulating in ‘free’ form

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4
Q

most hormonal regulation is by

A

negative feedback

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5
Q

major link btwn nervous and endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

pituitary attached to hypothalamus by the ___

A

infundibulum

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7
Q

condition caused by lack of insulin

A

diabetes mellitus

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8
Q

condition in which kidneys are unable to conserve water

A

diabetes insipitus

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9
Q

somatotrophs(hGH); insulin like growth factors(IGFs); thyrotrophs(TSH); gonadotrophs; follicle stimulating hormone(fSH), luteninzing hormone (LH); lactotrophs(prolactin PRL); cortiocrophs(ACTH); melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

adenohypophyosis cells

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10
Q

Stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that promote growth, protein synthesis

A

hGH or somatostatin

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11
Q

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid

A

TSH

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12
Q

ovaries initiate development of oocytes; testes stimulate testosterone production

A

FSH

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13
Q

ovaries stimulate ovulation; tests stimulate testosterone production

A

LH

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14
Q

excess GH in adulthood

A

acromegaly

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15
Q

promotes milk secretion by mammary glands

A

PRL prolactin

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16
Q

stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) or corticotrophin

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17
Q

uncertain complete roles in humans

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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18
Q

too much CRH, ACTH, cortisol

A

cushings syndrome

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19
Q

too little CRH, ACTH, cortisol

A

addison’s disease

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20
Q

produced by hypothalamus and secreted by neurohypophysis

A

OT oxytocin; ADH antidiuretic hormone

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21
Q

located inferior to larynx; 2 lobes connected by isthmus

A

thyroid gland

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22
Q
  • Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Both increase BMR, stimulate protein synthesis, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
A

thyroid hormones

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23
Q

cells that produce calcitonin and lower blood Ca by inhibiting bone resorption

A

parafollicular cells or C cells

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24
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) released from

A

hypothalamus

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25
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from

A

anterior pituitary

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26
Q

-Mineralocorticoids affect mineral homeostasis (Aldosterone retains Na in exchange for K)
-Glucocorticoids affect glucose homeostasis (Cortisol)
Androgens have masculinzing effects

A

adrenal cortex

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27
Q

intensifies sympathetic responses with epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

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28
Q

___ islets are both exocrine and endocrine gland

A

pancreatic

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29
Q

alpha or A cells secrete __ raising blood sugar

A

glucagon

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30
Q

beta or B cells secrete ____- lowering blood sugar

A

insulin

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31
Q

delta or D cells secrete ___- inhibiting both insulin and glucagon

A

somatostatin

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32
Q

f cells secrete ___ ___- inhibiting somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, and secretiion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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33
Q

attached to roof of 3rd ventricle of brain at midline; has masses of neuroglia and pinealocytes; secretes melatonin controlling bio clock

A

pineal gland

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34
Q

stress response with stages:
Initial flight-or-fight
Slower resistance reaction
Eventually exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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35
Q

formed elements include RBCs, WBCs, and platelets/plasma proteins including

A

albumins, fribrinogen, antibodies

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36
Q

formation of blood cells taking place in the red bone marrow/abundance of WBC types based on response to invading pathogens

A

hemopoiesis

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37
Q

have ability to develop into many diff types of cells: myeloid and lymphoid

A

pluripotent stem cells

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38
Q

give rise to RBCs, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

myeloid stem cells

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39
Q

give rise to lymphocytes

A

lymphoid stem cells

40
Q

erythropoietin: __
thrombopoietin:___
colony stimulating factors and interleukins: ___

A

RBCs
platelets
WBCs

41
Q

biconcave disc, lack mitochondria, lack nucleus/ transport oxygen and carry hemoglobin

42
Q

structure: globular protein,4 polypeptide chains, NO binds/releases causing vasodilation to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery

A

hemoglobin

43
Q

structure: has nuclei/ types: granular[neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils] and agranular[lymphocytes&monocytes]

A

leukocytes/WBCs

44
Q

emigration- rolling along endothelium, sticking to and then squeezing between endothelial cells

A

diapedesis

45
Q

active phagocytes and attracted by chemotaxis

A

neutrophils and macrophages

46
Q

respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria using lysozymes, strong oxidants, and defensins

A

neutrophils

47
Q

take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers an destroy more microbes/differentiate into macrophages

48
Q

leave capillaries and release granuels containg heparin, histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation to intensify reaction [allergies]

49
Q

leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid; release histamminase, phagocytize antigen antibody complexes and effective against parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

50
Q

major soldiers of immune system/ include B and T cells, and NK cells

A

lymphotcytes

51
Q

destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins

A

B cell (lympho)

52
Q

attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells,and some bacteria

A

T cells (ympho)

53
Q

form by myeloid stem cells-> megakaryocyte enclosed by plasma membrane with no nuclueus/ function: helps stop blood loss

A

platelets/thrombocytes

54
Q

sequence to stop bleeding: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)

A

hemostasis

55
Q

smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contract

A

vascular spasm

56
Q

-platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel and become activated to accumulate

A

platelet plug formation

57
Q

extrinsic or intrinsic pathways of clotting leads to same stages

58
Q
  • Formation of prothrombinase
  • Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
  • Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) forming the threads of the clot
A

stages of clotting

59
Q
  • Fewer steps than intrinsic and occurs rapidly
  • Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase
A

extrinsic pathway blood clotting

60
Q
  • complex&slower than extrinsic
  • activators direct contact with blood or contained within the blood
  • outside tissue damage not needed and also forms prothrombinase
A

intrinsic pathway blood clotting

61
Q
  • marked by formation of prothrombinase
  • pro with Ca catalyzes conversion of pro to thrombin
  • accelerates formation and thrombin activates platelets
A

common pathway blood clotting

62
Q

genetically determined assortment of antigens found on RBC surfaces

A

agglutinogens

63
Q

based on presence or absence of various antigens

A

blood group

64
Q

at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens currently known[most common is ABO and Rh]

65
Q
  • has only antigen A

- has anti B antibodies

A

type A blood

66
Q

has only antigen B

and anti A antibodies

A

type B blood

67
Q

universal recipients [antigen A and B]and has neither antiA or antiB antibodies

A

type AB blood

68
Q

has neither A or B antigens and is the universal donor

A

type O blood

69
Q

ppl whos RBCs have the Rh antigen are ___

70
Q

ppl who lack the Rh antigen are ___

71
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis: if blood from Rh= fetus contacts Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies are made[affect is on second Rh+ baby]

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

72
Q
  • Single drops of blood are mixed with different antisera

- Agglutination with an antisera indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC

A

blood typing

73
Q

tricuspid valve on right and bicuspid___ valve on left

A

mitral (2)

74
Q

membrane surrounding and protecting heart: fibrous, serous, and pericardial fluid

A

pericaridium

75
Q
  • visceral later of serous pericardium

- smooth, slippery texture to outermost surface

A

epicardium (external layer)

76
Q

-95% of heart is cardiac muscle called ___

A

myocardium

77
Q

inner layer of smooth lining for chambers of heart, valves and cont with lining of large blood vessels

A

endocardium

78
Q

receiving chambers, these auricles increase capacity/

R&L pumping chambers

A

atria

ventricles

79
Q

valves are connected __ ___ connected paillary muscles

A

chordae tenidinae

80
Q

blood leaves thru pulm valve into pulm trunk and then to R&L pulmonary ateries

A

right ventricle blood flow

81
Q

about same thickness as right atrium with blood flowing: receiveing blood from lungs thru pulm veins passing blood thru bicuspid valve into left ventricle

A

left atrium

82
Q

thickest chamber of heart; forms apex; blood flow: blood passes thru aortic valve into ascending aorta [during fetal life ductus arteriosus shunts blood frm pulm trunk to aorta; closes after birth with remnant ligamentum arteriosum]

A

left ventricle

83
Q
  • open when pressure in ventricle exceeds pressure in arteries
  • As ventricles relax, some backflow permitted but blood fills valve cusps closing them tightly
A

aortic and pulmonary valves

84
Q
  1. Left side of heart
  2. Receives blood from lungs
  3. Ejects blood into aorta
  4. Systemic arteries, arterioles
  5. Gas and nutrient exchange in systemic capillaries
  6. Systemic venules and veins lead back to right atrium
A

systemic circulation

85
Q
  1. Right side of heart
  2. Receives blood from systemic circulation
  3. Ejects blood into pulmonary trunk then pulmonary arteries
  4. Gas exchange in pulmonary capillaries
  5. Pulmonary veins takes blood to left atrium
A

pulmonary circulation

86
Q

-ends of finbers connect by intercalated discs containing ___ (holds fibers together) and __ ___(allow action potential conduction from 1 fiber to the next

A

desosomes; gap junctions

87
Q

conduction sys of heart

A

SA node (atria contract)>AV node -> AVbundle of his-> purkinje fibers(ventricles contract)

88
Q

action potential initiated by SA node spreads out to excite contractile fibers with stages:

A

depolarization, plateau, and repolarization

89
Q

___= contraction & diastole[relaxation]

Cardiac action potential arises in SA node so P wave appears

90
Q

action potential enter AV bundlje and out over ventricles creating ___ complex and masks atrial repolarization

91
Q

contraction of ventricles begins shortly after QRS complex appears and cont during ST segment

A

ventricular systsole

92
Q

repolarization of ventricular fibers is __ wave

93
Q

ventricular relaxation =

94
Q

4 heart sounds in each cardiac cycle : __ and __

A

lubb and dupp

95
Q

lubb -

A

AV valves close

96
Q

dupp

A

SL valves close

97
Q

volume of blood ejected from left or right ventricle into aorta each minute

=SV x HR

A

cardiac output

typical male 5.25L/min=70ml/beat x 75 beats/min

A&P2 (17 decks)

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