final review (18-20) Flashcards
1
Q
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands
A
endocrine glands
2
Q
Steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones
Nitric oxide (NO)
A
lipid soluble hormones- use transport proteins
3
Q
Amines
Peptides/ proteins
Eicosanoids
A
water soluble hormones -circulating in ‘free’ form
4
Q
most hormonal regulation is by
A
negative feedback
5
Q
major link btwn nervous and endocrine system
A
hypothalamus
6
Q
pituitary attached to hypothalamus by the ___
A
infundibulum
7
Q
condition caused by lack of insulin
A
diabetes mellitus
8
Q
condition in which kidneys are unable to conserve water
A
diabetes insipitus
9
Q
somatotrophs(hGH); insulin like growth factors(IGFs); thyrotrophs(TSH); gonadotrophs; follicle stimulating hormone(fSH), luteninzing hormone (LH); lactotrophs(prolactin PRL); cortiocrophs(ACTH); melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
A
adenohypophyosis cells
10
Q
Stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) that promote growth, protein synthesis
A
hGH or somatostatin
11
Q
stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid
A
TSH
12
Q
ovaries initiate development of oocytes; testes stimulate testosterone production
A
FSH
13
Q
ovaries stimulate ovulation; tests stimulate testosterone production
A
LH
14
Q
excess GH in adulthood
A
acromegaly
15
Q
promotes milk secretion by mammary glands
A
PRL prolactin
16
Q
stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex
A
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) or corticotrophin
17
Q
uncertain complete roles in humans
A
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
18
Q
too much CRH, ACTH, cortisol
A
cushings syndrome
19
Q
too little CRH, ACTH, cortisol
A
addison’s disease
20
Q
produced by hypothalamus and secreted by neurohypophysis
A
OT oxytocin; ADH antidiuretic hormone
21
Q
located inferior to larynx; 2 lobes connected by isthmus
A
thyroid gland
22
Q
- Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Both increase BMR, stimulate protein synthesis, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
A
thyroid hormones
23
Q
cells that produce calcitonin and lower blood Ca by inhibiting bone resorption
A
parafollicular cells or C cells
24
Q
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) released from
A
hypothalamus
25
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from
anterior pituitary
26
-Mineralocorticoids affect mineral homeostasis (Aldosterone retains Na in exchange for K)
-Glucocorticoids affect glucose homeostasis (Cortisol)
Androgens have masculinzing effects
adrenal cortex
27
intensifies sympathetic responses with epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
28
___ islets are both exocrine and endocrine gland
pancreatic
29
alpha or A cells secrete __ raising blood sugar
glucagon
30
beta or B cells secrete ____- lowering blood sugar
insulin
31
delta or D cells secrete ___- inhibiting both insulin and glucagon
somatostatin
32
f cells secrete ___ ___- inhibiting somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, and secretiion of pancreatic digestive enzymes
pancreatic polypeptide
33
attached to roof of 3rd ventricle of brain at midline; has masses of neuroglia and pinealocytes; secretes melatonin controlling bio clock
pineal gland
34
stress response with stages:
Initial flight-or-fight
Slower resistance reaction
Eventually exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
35
formed elements include RBCs, WBCs, and platelets/plasma proteins including
albumins, fribrinogen, antibodies
36
formation of blood cells taking place in the red bone marrow/abundance of WBC types based on response to invading pathogens
hemopoiesis
37
have ability to develop into many diff types of cells: myeloid and lymphoid
pluripotent stem cells
38
give rise to RBCs, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
myeloid stem cells
39
give rise to lymphocytes
lymphoid stem cells
40
erythropoietin: __
thrombopoietin:___
colony stimulating factors and interleukins: ___
RBCs
platelets
WBCs
41
biconcave disc, lack mitochondria, lack nucleus/ transport oxygen and carry hemoglobin
RBCs
42
structure: globular protein,4 polypeptide chains, NO binds/releases causing vasodilation to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery
hemoglobin
43
structure: has nuclei/ types: granular[neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils] and agranular[lymphocytes&monocytes]
leukocytes/WBCs
44
emigration- rolling along endothelium, sticking to and then squeezing between endothelial cells
diapedesis
45
active phagocytes and attracted by chemotaxis
neutrophils and macrophages
46
respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria using lysozymes, strong oxidants, and defensins
neutrophils
47
take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers an destroy more microbes/differentiate into macrophages
monocytes
48
leave capillaries and release granuels containg heparin, histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation to intensify reaction [allergies]
basophils
49
leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid; release histamminase, phagocytize antigen antibody complexes and effective against parasitic worms
eosinophils
50
major soldiers of immune system/ include B and T cells, and NK cells
lymphotcytes
51
destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins
B cell (lympho)
52
attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells,and some bacteria
T cells (ympho)
53
form by myeloid stem cells-> megakaryocyte enclosed by plasma membrane with no nuclueus/ function: helps stop blood loss
platelets/thrombocytes
54
sequence to stop bleeding: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)
hemostasis
55
smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contract
vascular spasm
56
-platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel and become activated to accumulate
platelet plug formation
57
extrinsic or intrinsic pathways of clotting leads to same stages
true
58
- Formation of prothrombinase
- Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) forming the threads of the clot
stages of clotting
59
- Fewer steps than intrinsic and occurs rapidly
- Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates formation of prothrombinase
extrinsic pathway blood clotting
60
- complex&slower than extrinsic
- activators direct contact with blood or contained within the blood
- outside tissue damage not needed and also forms prothrombinase
intrinsic pathway blood clotting
61
- marked by formation of prothrombinase
- pro with Ca catalyzes conversion of pro to thrombin
- accelerates formation and thrombin activates platelets
common pathway blood clotting
62
genetically determined assortment of antigens found on RBC surfaces
agglutinogens
63
based on presence or absence of various antigens
blood group
64
at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens currently known[most common is ABO and Rh]
true
65
- has only antigen A
| - has anti B antibodies
type A blood
66
has only antigen B
| and anti A antibodies
type B blood
67
universal recipients [antigen A and B]and has neither antiA or antiB antibodies
type AB blood
68
has neither A or B antigens and is the universal donor
type O blood
69
ppl whos RBCs have the Rh antigen are ___
Rh+
70
ppl who lack the Rh antigen are ___
Rh-
71
erythroblastosis fetalis: if blood from Rh= fetus contacts Rh- mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies are made[affect is on second Rh+ baby]
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
72
- Single drops of blood are mixed with different antisera
| - Agglutination with an antisera indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC
blood typing
73
tricuspid valve on right and bicuspid___ valve on left
mitral (2)
74
membrane surrounding and protecting heart: fibrous, serous, and pericardial fluid
pericaridium
75
- visceral later of serous pericardium
| - smooth, slippery texture to outermost surface
epicardium (external layer)
76
-95% of heart is cardiac muscle called ___
myocardium
77
inner layer of smooth lining for chambers of heart, valves and cont with lining of large blood vessels
endocardium
78
receiving chambers, these auricles increase capacity/
R&L pumping chambers
atria
ventricles
79
valves are connected __ ___ connected paillary muscles
chordae tenidinae
80
blood leaves thru pulm valve into pulm trunk and then to R&L pulmonary ateries
right ventricle blood flow
81
about same thickness as right atrium with blood flowing: receiveing blood from lungs thru pulm veins passing blood thru bicuspid valve into left ventricle
left atrium
82
thickest chamber of heart; forms apex; blood flow: blood passes thru aortic valve into ascending aorta [during fetal life ductus arteriosus shunts blood frm pulm trunk to aorta; closes after birth with remnant ligamentum arteriosum]
left ventricle
83
- open when pressure in ventricle exceeds pressure in arteries
- As ventricles relax, some backflow permitted but blood fills valve cusps closing them tightly
aortic and pulmonary valves
84
1. Left side of heart
2. Receives blood from lungs
3. Ejects blood into aorta
4. Systemic arteries, arterioles
5. Gas and nutrient exchange in systemic capillaries
6. Systemic venules and veins lead back to right atrium
systemic circulation
85
1. Right side of heart
2. Receives blood from systemic circulation
3. Ejects blood into pulmonary trunk then pulmonary arteries
4. Gas exchange in pulmonary capillaries
5. Pulmonary veins takes blood to left atrium
pulmonary circulation
86
-ends of finbers connect by intercalated discs containing ___ (holds fibers together) and __ ___(allow action potential conduction from 1 fiber to the next
desosomes; gap junctions
87
conduction sys of heart
SA node (atria contract)>AV node -> AVbundle of his-> purkinje fibers(ventricles contract)
88
action potential initiated by SA node spreads out to excite contractile fibers with stages:
depolarization, plateau, and repolarization
89
___= contraction & diastole[relaxation]
| Cardiac action potential arises in SA node so P wave appears
systole
90
action potential enter AV bundlje and out over ventricles creating ___ complex and masks atrial repolarization
QRS
91
contraction of ventricles begins shortly after QRS complex appears and cont during ST segment
ventricular systsole
92
repolarization of ventricular fibers is __ wave
T
93
ventricular relaxation =
diastole
94
4 heart sounds in each cardiac cycle : __ and __
lubb and dupp
95
lubb -
AV valves close
96
dupp
SL valves close
97
volume of blood ejected from left or right ventricle into aorta each minute
=SV x HR
cardiac output
typical male 5.25L/min=70ml/beat x 75 beats/min
