Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P2 > final review(24- > Flashcards

final review(24- Flashcards

1
Q

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

A

layers of gi tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

inner lining of GI tract

  • epithelium protection, secretion, absorption
  • lamina propria connective tissue w/ blood and lymphatic vessels and mucosa associated lymphatic
  • muscularis mucosa thin layer of smooth muscle making folds to increase surface area
A

mucosa of gi tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

connective tissue binding to mucosa to muscularis and contains blood and lymphatic vessels [submucosal plexus)

A

submucosa of gi tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

has voluntary skeletal muscle found in mouth, pharynx, esoph, and anal sphincter; involuntary is elsewhere with myenteric plexus btwn muscle layers

A

muscularis of gi tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

outermost covering of organs suspended in abdominopelvic cavity aka visceral peritoneum; esophagus lacks serosa bc has adventitia

A

serosa of gi tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Intrinsic set of nerves - “brain of gut”
  • Neurons extending from esophagus to anus
  • Myenteric plexus – GI tract motility
  • Submucosal plexus – controlling secretions
A

enteric nervous system(digestive) ENS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LARGEST serous membrane of the body : parietal and visceral

A

peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

secreted by salivary glands acting on starches which only monosaccarides can be absorbed and cont to act until inactivated by stomach acid

A

salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

secreted by lingual glands of tongue acts on triglycerides which becomes activated in acidic environment of stomach

A

lingual lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

=Mucosa – protection against wear and tear
=Submucosa
=Muscularis divided into thirds
- Superior 1/3 skeletal muscle
- Middle 1/3 skeletal and smooth muscle
- Inferior 1/3 smooth muscle

A

of esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

___ regulates movement into esophagus and ___ regulates movement into stomach

A

upper esophageal spincter; lower esophageal spincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

act of swallowing; facilitated by secretions of saliva and mucus
STages:
(buccal)voluntary:bolus passed to oropharynx
(pharyngeal):involluntary passage thru pharynx into esoph
(esophagea)l:involuntary passage thru esophagus to stomach using peristalisis pushes bolus forward

A

deglutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

serves as mixing chamber and holding reservoir; regions include cardia, fundus, body, plyorus

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in mucosa of stomach the exocrine gland cells include

A 
Mucous neck cells (mucus)
Parietal cells (intrinsic factor and HCl)
Chief cells (pepsinogen and gastric lipase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • cephalic phase prepares stomach for arrival of food
  • gastric phase enhances secretion from 1t phase and initiates digestion of protiens by pepsin
  • intestinal phase controls rate of chyme entry into duodenum
A

phases of gastric secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

99% of cells are acini [exocrine secrete pancreatic juice mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes]
-1% are pancreatic islets [endocrine secreting hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide]

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

major functional cells of liver that secrete bile

A

hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mostly water, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments and several ions
Partially excretory product/ partially digestive secretion

A

bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • Derived from heme of recycled RBCs

- Breakdown product stercobilin gives feces brown color

A

bilirubin [principal bile pigment]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

small intestine regions include

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

contains absorptive cells , goblet cells (mucus), intestinal glands (intestinal juice), Paneth cells(lysozyme), and enteroendocrine cells

A

mucosa of small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • Permanent ridges of mucosa and submucosa

- Cause chyme to spiral

A

plicae circulares of small intestine modificiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fingerlike projections of mucosa

-Contains arteriole, venule, blood capillary, and lacteal

A

villi of small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fingerlike projections of apical membrane of absorptive cells
Brush border with brush border enzymes

A

microvillli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Inserted into plasma membrane of absorptive cells
  • Some enzymatic digestion occurs at surface rather than just in lumen
  • α-dextrinase, maltase, sucrase, lactase, aminopetidase, dipeptidase, nucleosidases and phosphatases
A

brush border enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

mechanical digestion of small intestine is governed by ___ plexus

A

myenteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal with ileocecal sphincter btwn small and large intestine

A

large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Remove electrons and pass them through electron transport chain to oxygen

A

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

=oxidation of one glycose molecule to 2 pyruvic acid

=consumes 2 ATP but generates 4

A

glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

net gain to cell from aerobic catabolism of one glucose molecule is

A

36 atp

31
Q

occurs in matrix of mitochondria and is series of redox reactions

A

krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

32
Q

Transferring high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate directly to ADP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

33
Q

only in chlorophyll-containing plant cells

A

photophosphorylation

34
Q

break down complex molecules

Exergonic – produce more energy than they consume

A

catabolism

35
Q

combine simple molecules into complex ones

Endergonic – consume more energy than they produce

A

anabolism

36
Q

coenzymes that are transferred when hydrogen is liberated

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

37
Q
  • Triglycerides split into glycerol and fatty acids
  • Must be done in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue to oxidize fatty acids
  • Enhanced by epinephrine and norepinephrine
A

lypolysis

38
Q
  • Liver cells and adipose cells synthesize lipids from glucose or amino acids
  • Occurs when more calories are consumed than needed for ATP production
A

lipogenesis

39
Q

pancreatic beta cells release ____ promoting entry of glucose and amino acids into cells

A

insulin

40
Q

Fat-soluble – A, D, E, K

Water-soluble – several B vitamins and vitamin C

A

viitamins

41
Q

regulates blood ionic comp; blood ph; blood volume; BP;blood osmolarity; produces calcitrol and erythropoitin; reg glucose; excretes wastes from metabolic reactions

A

kidney functions

42
Q 
Papillary ducts
Minor and major calyces
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
A

urine formed by nephron drains into

43
Q

kidney blood supply

A 
renal artery
segmental artery
interlobar arteries
arcuate arties
interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
glom capillaries
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
interlobularveins
arcuate veins
interlobar veins
renal vein
44
Q

-filters blood plasma
=Glomerulus – capillary network
=Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule– double-walled cup surrounding glomerulus

A

renal corpuscle

45
Q

– receives filtered fluid
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending and ascending loop of Henle (nephron loop)
Distal convoluted tubule

A

renal tubule

46
Q

-Proximal convoluted tubule cells have microvilli with brush border

A

renal tubule and collecting duct

47
Q

___apparatus helps regulate blood pressure in kidney

A

juxtaglomerular

48
Q

cells in final part of ascending loop of Henle

A

macula densa

49
Q

cells of afferent and efferent arterioles contain modified smooth muscle fibers

A

juxtaglomerular cells

50
Q

Last part of ___ convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Principal cells – receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone
Intercalated cells – role in blood pH homeostasis

A

distal

51
Q

Water and most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of the glomerular capillaries into glomerular capsule and then renal tubule

A

glom filtration

52
Q

As filtered fluid moves along tubule and through collecting duct, about 99% of water and many useful solutes reabsorbed – returned to blood

A

tubular reabsorption

53
Q

As filtered fluid moves along tubule and through collecting duct, other material secreted into fluid such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions and removes substances from blood

A

tubular secretion

54
Q

NFP promotes filtration by =

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - capsular hydrostatic pressure - blood colloid osmotic pressure

55
Q

triggered when JG cells release ___
-renin acts on angiotensinogen to release angi I and converts to II in lungs by ACE which makes arterial pressure rise and stim adrenal cortex to release aldosterone[both sys and glom hydrostatic pressure rise]

A

renin angiotensinogen system

56
Q

renin release triggered by reduced stretch of granular JG cells that activated by macula densa cells

A

renin release

57
Q
  • Released when blood volume and pressure decrease
  • Decreases GFR
  • Enhances reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and water in PCT
  • Stimulates Aldosterone release by adrenal cortex
A

angiotensin II

58
Q

Stimulates cells in DCT to reabsorb more Ca2+

A

parathyroid hormone

59
Q

inc reabsorption of water, decreasing osmolarity of body fluids

A

ADH/vasopressin

60
Q

inc excretion of Na+ in urine, inc urine output and thus decreases blood volume[suppresses ssecretion of ADH and aldosterone]

A

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

61
Q

renal clearance = UV/P

U=conecntration
V-flow rate of urine
P=concentration of same substancei n plasma

A

volume of blood cleared of a substance per unit time

62
Q

___ reflex- When volume increases stretch receptors send signals to micturition center in spinal cord triggering spinal reflex where detrusor muscle contracts and internal sphincter relaxes

A

micturition reflex

63
Q 
\_\_\_= about 2/3  of body fluid
\_\_\_= intersitital fluid btwn cell is 80% wiht 20 % plasma in blooddd
A

ICF;

ECF

64
Q
  • Produced by hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary
  • Permeability to water increases
  • Produces concentrated urine
A

ADH

65
Q
  • ECF most abundant cation is Na+, anion is Cl-

- ICF most abundant cation is K+, anions are proteins and phosphates (HPO42-)

A

icf/ecf differences

66
Q

2nd most prevalent ECF anion; regulated by kidneys

A

bicarbonate

67
Q

most abundant mineral in body and is regulated by parathyroid hormone/ calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels

A

calcium

68
Q

2nd most common ICF cation essential for normal neuromuscular activity, myocardial function, synaptic transmission

A

magnesium

69
Q

Act to quickly temporarily bind H+
Raise pH but do not remove H+
Most consist of weak acid and salt of that acid functioning as weak base

A

buffer systems

70
Q

dysfunction of respiration

A

respitatory acidosis

71
Q

hyperventilation due to oxygen, sever anxiety

A

resp alkalosis

72
Q

loss of bicarbonate ions due to diarrhea is

A

metabolic acidosis

73
Q

loss of acid due to vomiting

A

metabolic alkalosis

A&P2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions