final review(24- Flashcards by Julie T

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

layers of gi tract

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inner lining of GI tract

epithelium protection, secretion, absorption
lamina propria connective tissue w/ blood and lymphatic vessels and mucosa associated lymphatic
muscularis mucosa thin layer of smooth muscle making folds to increase surface area

mucosa of gi tract

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connective tissue binding to mucosa to muscularis and contains blood and lymphatic vessels [submucosal plexus)

submucosa of gi tract

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has voluntary skeletal muscle found in mouth, pharynx, esoph, and anal sphincter; involuntary is elsewhere with myenteric plexus btwn muscle layers

muscularis of gi tract

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outermost covering of organs suspended in abdominopelvic cavity aka visceral peritoneum; esophagus lacks serosa bc has adventitia

serosa of gi tract

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Intrinsic set of nerves - “brain of gut”
Neurons extending from esophagus to anus
Myenteric plexus – GI tract motility
Submucosal plexus – controlling secretions

enteric nervous system(digestive) ENS

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LARGEST serous membrane of the body : parietal and visceral

peritoneum

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secreted by salivary glands acting on starches which only monosaccarides can be absorbed and cont to act until inactivated by stomach acid

salivary amylase

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secreted by lingual glands of tongue acts on triglycerides which becomes activated in acidic environment of stomach

lingual lipase

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=Mucosa – protection against wear and tear
=Submucosa
=Muscularis divided into thirds
- Superior 1/3 skeletal muscle
- Middle 1/3 skeletal and smooth muscle
- Inferior 1/3 smooth muscle

of esophagus

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___ regulates movement into esophagus and ___ regulates movement into stomach

upper esophageal spincter; lower esophageal spincter

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act of swallowing; facilitated by secretions of saliva and mucus
STages:
(buccal)voluntary:bolus passed to oropharynx
(pharyngeal):involluntary passage thru pharynx into esoph
(esophagea)l:involuntary passage thru esophagus to stomach using peristalisis pushes bolus forward

deglutition

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serves as mixing chamber and holding reservoir; regions include cardia, fundus, body, plyorus

stomach

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in mucosa of stomach the exocrine gland cells include

Mucous neck cells (mucus)
Parietal cells (intrinsic factor and HCl)
Chief cells (pepsinogen and gastric lipase)

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cephalic phase prepares stomach for arrival of food
gastric phase enhances secretion from 1t phase and initiates digestion of protiens by pepsin
intestinal phase controls rate of chyme entry into duodenum

phases of gastric secretion

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99% of cells are acini [exocrine secrete pancreatic juice mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes]
-1% are pancreatic islets [endocrine secreting hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide]

pancreas

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major functional cells of liver that secrete bile

hepatocytes

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Mostly water, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments and several ions
Partially excretory product/ partially digestive secretion

bile

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Derived from heme of recycled RBCs

- Breakdown product stercobilin gives feces brown color

bilirubin [principal bile pigment]

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small intestine regions include

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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contains absorptive cells , goblet cells (mucus), intestinal glands (intestinal juice), Paneth cells(lysozyme), and enteroendocrine cells

mucosa of small intestine

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Permanent ridges of mucosa and submucosa

- Cause chyme to spiral

plicae circulares of small intestine modificiation

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Fingerlike projections of mucosa

-Contains arteriole, venule, blood capillary, and lacteal

villi of small intestine

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Fingerlike projections of apical membrane of absorptive cells
Brush border with brush border enzymes

microvillli

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- Inserted into plasma membrane of absorptive cells - Some enzymatic digestion occurs at surface rather than just in lumen - α-dextrinase, maltase, sucrase, lactase, aminopetidase, dipeptidase, nucleosidases and phosphatases

brush border enzymes

mechanical digestion of small intestine is governed by ___ plexus

myenteric

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal with ileocecal sphincter btwn small and large intestine

large intestine

Remove electrons and pass them through electron transport chain to oxygen

oxidative phosphorylation

=oxidation of one glycose molecule to 2 pyruvic acid | =consumes 2 ATP but generates 4

glycolysis

net gain to cell from aerobic catabolism of one glucose molecule is

36 atp

occurs in matrix of mitochondria and is series of redox reactions

krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

Transferring high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate directly to ADP

substrate level phosphorylation

only in chlorophyll-containing plant cells

photophosphorylation

break down complex molecules | Exergonic – produce more energy than they consume

catabolism

combine simple molecules into complex ones | Endergonic – consume more energy than they produce

anabolism

coenzymes that are transferred when hydrogen is liberated

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) | Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

- Triglycerides split into glycerol and fatty acids - Must be done in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue to oxidize fatty acids - Enhanced by epinephrine and norepinephrine

lypolysis

- Liver cells and adipose cells synthesize lipids from glucose or amino acids - Occurs when more calories are consumed than needed for ATP production

lipogenesis

pancreatic beta cells release ____ promoting entry of glucose and amino acids into cells

insulin

Fat-soluble – A, D, E, K | Water-soluble – several B vitamins and vitamin C

viitamins

regulates blood ionic comp; blood ph; blood volume; BP;blood osmolarity; produces calcitrol and erythropoitin; reg glucose; excretes wastes from metabolic reactions

kidney functions

``` Papillary ducts Minor and major calyces Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder ```

urine formed by nephron drains into

kidney blood supply

``` renal artery segmental artery interlobar arteries arcuate arties interlobular arteries afferent arterioles glom capillaries efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries interlobularveins arcuate veins interlobar veins renal vein ```

-filters blood plasma =Glomerulus – capillary network =Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule– double-walled cup surrounding glomerulus

renal corpuscle

– receives filtered fluid Proximal convoluted tubule Descending and ascending loop of Henle (nephron loop) Distal convoluted tubule

renal tubule

-Proximal convoluted tubule cells have microvilli with brush border

renal tubule and collecting duct

___apparatus helps regulate blood pressure in kidney

juxtaglomerular

cells in final part of ascending loop of Henle

macula densa

cells of afferent and efferent arterioles contain modified smooth muscle fibers

juxtaglomerular cells

Last part of ___ convoluted tubule and collecting duct Principal cells – receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone Intercalated cells – role in blood pH homeostasis

distal

Water and most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of the glomerular capillaries into glomerular capsule and then renal tubule

glom filtration

As filtered fluid moves along tubule and through collecting duct, about 99% of water and many useful solutes reabsorbed – returned to blood

tubular reabsorption

As filtered fluid moves along tubule and through collecting duct, other material secreted into fluid such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions and removes substances from blood

tubular secretion

NFP promotes filtration by =

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - capsular hydrostatic pressure - blood colloid osmotic pressure

triggered when JG cells release ___ -renin acts on angiotensinogen to release angi I and converts to II in lungs by ACE which makes arterial pressure rise and stim adrenal cortex to release aldosterone[both sys and glom hydrostatic pressure rise]

renin angiotensinogen system

renin release triggered by reduced stretch of granular JG cells that activated by macula densa cells

renin release

- Released when blood volume and pressure decrease - Decreases GFR - Enhances reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and water in PCT - Stimulates Aldosterone release by adrenal cortex

angiotensin II

Stimulates cells in DCT to reabsorb more Ca2+

parathyroid hormone

inc reabsorption of water, decreasing osmolarity of body fluids

ADH/vasopressin

inc excretion of Na+ in urine, inc urine output and thus decreases blood volume[suppresses ssecretion of ADH and aldosterone]

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

renal clearance = UV/P U=conecntration V-flow rate of urine P=concentration of same substancei n plasma

volume of blood cleared of a substance per unit time

___ reflex- When volume increases stretch receptors send signals to micturition center in spinal cord triggering spinal reflex where detrusor muscle contracts and internal sphincter relaxes

micturition reflex

``` ___= about 2/3 of body fluid ___= intersitital fluid btwn cell is 80% wiht 20 % plasma in blooddd ```

ICF; | ECF

- Produced by hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary - Permeability to water increases - Produces concentrated urine

ADH

- ECF most abundant cation is Na+, anion is Cl- | - ICF most abundant cation is K+, anions are proteins and phosphates (HPO42-)

icf/ecf differences

2nd most prevalent ECF anion; regulated by kidneys

bicarbonate

most abundant mineral in body and is regulated by parathyroid hormone/ calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels

calcium

2nd most common ICF cation essential for normal neuromuscular activity, myocardial function, synaptic transmission

magnesium

Act to quickly temporarily bind H+ Raise pH but do not remove H+ Most consist of weak acid and salt of that acid functioning as weak base

buffer systems

dysfunction of respiration

respitatory acidosis

hyperventilation due to oxygen, sever anxiety

resp alkalosis

loss of bicarbonate ions due to diarrhea is

metabolic acidosis

loss of acid due to vomiting

metabolic alkalosis