Urinary Flashcards
Final exam prep
What does the urinary system consist of?
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
A major part of __________ is maintaining the composition, pH, and volume of body fluids within normal limits.
homeostasis
The urinary system maintains homeostasis in what type of fluids
extracellular fluids (ECF).
What is the primary role of the kidneys?
excretion
A __________ is any substance that is useless or present in excess of the body’s needs;
waste
What is more toxic metabolic or nitrogenous waste?
- metabolic: produced thru bodily processes
- nitrogenous: toxic
How are wastes excreted
thru the urine
Urine is excreted from each kidney through its ______ and is stored in the ______ ________until it is expelled from the body through the ________
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
The specialized branch of medicine that deals with structure, function, and diseases of the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system is known as ___________
nephrology
The branch of surgery related to male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system is called ________
urology
The paired kidneys lie against the posterior abdominal wall at the level of vertebrae T12 to L3. The ______ kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the space occupied by the large right lobe of the liver.
right
The kidneys are retroperitoneal, what does this mean?
they lie between the peritoneum and the back wall of the abdominal cavity, thus making them retroperitoneal organs.
What is in the external anatomy of the kidney
- hilum
- renal (fibrous) capsule
- adipose (fat) capsule
renal fascia
1._________: where the vessels, ureters, and nerves enter and leave the kidney
Hilum
- _______ (______) ________: A thin, tough layer of dense connective tissue that adheres directly to the kidney’s surface, maintaining its shape and forming a barrier that can inhibit the spread of infection from the surrounding regions
renal (fibrous) capsule
- ________(______)_________: Just external to the renal capsule “around the kidney”
adipose (fat) capsule
________ ________: external to the fat capsule, is an envelope that contains an external layer of fat that acts as a cushion and holds it in place
renal fascia
What are the 2 main divisions fo the internal kidney
- renal cortex
- renal medulla
what is the distinction between the renal cortex and the renal medulla
- renal cortex: outer layer (lighter)
- renal medulla: inner layer (darker)
Structure of the renal cortex: inward extensions of the renal cortex, they separate adjacent pyramids
renal columns
_________: cone shaped masses (collect and transport urine)
pyramid
_______: a single renal pyramid plus the cortical tissue that surrounds the pyramid
lobe
_________: It is composed of the renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
nephrons
why are nephrons considered the functional unit of the kidney
functional unit: smallest working part of kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine
Each pyramid is conical, with the base facing the cortex and a blunt point called the renal papilla facing the ______
sinus
_____ ________: A small cup-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from the renal papillae (at the tip of the renal pyramids) and funnels it into the major calyces.
minor calyx
_______ _________: Larger, funnel-shaped structures formed by the union of several minor calyces, which collect urine from the minor calyces and drain it into the renal pelvis
major calyx
_______ _________: The central, funnel-shaped cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the major calyces and channels it into the ureter for transport to the bladder.
renal pelvis
______ ________: The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood and waste products from the heart to the kidneys for filtration.
renal artery
_______ __________: small blood vessels that carry blood to the glomerulus, where filtration of the blood occurs
afferent arterioles
__________: A network of tiny capillaries in the nephron where blood is filtered to remove waste, excess fluids, and electrolytes.
glomerulus
________ ___________: A cup-like structure surrounding the glomerulus that collects the filtrate from the blood after it passes through the glomerular capillaries.
glomerular capsule
_________ _________: The blood vessel that carries filtered blood away from the glomerulus after the filtration process.
efferent arteriole
what are the 2 structures associated with the efferent arterioles?
- juxtaglomerular complex
- macula densa
________ _________: A structure that functions in the regulation of blood pressure, is an area of specialized contact between the terminal end of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop and the afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular complex
________ ________: terminal portion of the nephron loop adjacent to the granular cells, consists of tall, closely packed epithelial cells that act as chemoreceptors for monitoring sodium conc in the filate
macula densa
________ _________: surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; active in resoprtion
peritubular capillaries
a. The renal tubule reabsorbs most of the water and solutes that filtered out of the blood at the ___________ and returns these to the blood via the peritubular capillaries.
glomerulus
______ ________: exits from the kidney at the hilum and empties into the IVC
renal vein
Wrapped around each renal artery is a renal _______ of nerves and ganglia.
plexus
The renal plexus carries __________ innervation to blood vessels and convoluted tubules. Stimulation by sympathetic fibers tends to reduce glomerular blood flow and slow the rate of urine production. They also respond to falling blood pressure by stimulating the kidneys to secrete renin.
sympathetic