Urinary Flashcards

Final exam prep

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

A major part of __________ is maintaining the composition, pH, and volume of body fluids within normal limits.

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

The urinary system maintains homeostasis in what type of fluids

A

extracellular fluids (ECF).

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4
Q

What is the primary role of the kidneys?

A

excretion

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5
Q

A __________ is any substance that is useless or present in excess of the body’s needs;

A

waste

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6
Q

What is more toxic metabolic or nitrogenous waste?

A
  • metabolic: produced thru bodily processes
  • nitrogenous: toxic
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7
Q

How are wastes excreted

A

thru the urine

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8
Q

Urine is excreted from each kidney through its ______ and is stored in the ______ ________until it is expelled from the body through the ________

A

ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

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9
Q

The specialized branch of medicine that deals with structure, function, and diseases of the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system is known as ___________

A

nephrology

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10
Q

The branch of surgery related to male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system is called ________

A

urology

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11
Q

The paired kidneys lie against the posterior abdominal wall at the level of vertebrae T12 to L3. The ______ kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the space occupied by the large right lobe of the liver.

A

right

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12
Q

The kidneys are retroperitoneal, what does this mean?

A

they lie between the peritoneum and the back wall of the abdominal cavity, thus making them retroperitoneal organs.

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13
Q

What is in the external anatomy of the kidney

A
  1. hilum
  2. renal (fibrous) capsule
  3. adipose (fat) capsule
    renal fascia
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14
Q

1._________: where the vessels, ureters, and nerves enter and leave the kidney

A

Hilum

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15
Q
  1. _______ (______) ________: A thin, tough layer of dense connective tissue that adheres directly to the kidney’s surface, maintaining its shape and forming a barrier that can inhibit the spread of infection from the surrounding regions
A

renal (fibrous) capsule

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16
Q
  1. ________(______)_________: Just external to the renal capsule “around the kidney”
A

adipose (fat) capsule

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17
Q

________ ________: external to the fat capsule, is an envelope that contains an external layer of fat that acts as a cushion and holds it in place

A

renal fascia

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18
Q

What are the 2 main divisions fo the internal kidney

A
  1. renal cortex
  2. renal medulla
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19
Q

what is the distinction between the renal cortex and the renal medulla

A
  • renal cortex: outer layer (lighter)
  • renal medulla: inner layer (darker)
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20
Q

Structure of the renal cortex: inward extensions of the renal cortex, they separate adjacent pyramids

A

renal columns

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21
Q

_________: cone shaped masses (collect and transport urine)

A

pyramid

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22
Q

_______: a single renal pyramid plus the cortical tissue that surrounds the pyramid

A

lobe

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23
Q

_________: It is composed of the renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

A

nephrons

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24
Q

why are nephrons considered the functional unit of the kidney

A

functional unit: smallest working part of kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine

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25
Q

Each pyramid is conical, with the base facing the cortex and a blunt point called the renal papilla facing the ______

A

sinus

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26
Q

_____ ________: A small cup-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from the renal papillae (at the tip of the renal pyramids) and funnels it into the major calyces.

A

minor calyx

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27
Q

_______ _________: Larger, funnel-shaped structures formed by the union of several minor calyces, which collect urine from the minor calyces and drain it into the renal pelvis

A

major calyx

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28
Q

_______ _________: The central, funnel-shaped cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the major calyces and channels it into the ureter for transport to the bladder.

A

renal pelvis

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29
Q

______ ________: The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood and waste products from the heart to the kidneys for filtration.

A

renal artery

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30
Q

_______ __________: small blood vessels that carry blood to the glomerulus, where filtration of the blood occurs

A

afferent arterioles

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31
Q

__________: A network of tiny capillaries in the nephron where blood is filtered to remove waste, excess fluids, and electrolytes.

A

glomerulus

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32
Q

________ ___________: A cup-like structure surrounding the glomerulus that collects the filtrate from the blood after it passes through the glomerular capillaries.

A

glomerular capsule

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33
Q

_________ _________: The blood vessel that carries filtered blood away from the glomerulus after the filtration process.

A

efferent arteriole

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34
Q

what are the 2 structures associated with the efferent arterioles?

A
  • juxtaglomerular complex
  • macula densa
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35
Q

________ _________: A structure that functions in the regulation of blood pressure, is an area of specialized contact between the terminal end of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop and the afferent arteriole

A

juxtaglomerular complex

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36
Q

________ ________: terminal portion of the nephron loop adjacent to the granular cells, consists of tall, closely packed epithelial cells that act as chemoreceptors for monitoring sodium conc in the filate

A

macula densa

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37
Q

________ _________: surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; active in resoprtion

A

peritubular capillaries

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38
Q

a. The renal tubule reabsorbs most of the water and solutes that filtered out of the blood at the ___________ and returns these to the blood via the peritubular capillaries.

A

glomerulus

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39
Q

______ ________: exits from the kidney at the hilum and empties into the IVC

A

renal vein

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40
Q

Wrapped around each renal artery is a renal _______ of nerves and ganglia.

A

plexus

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41
Q

The renal plexus carries __________ innervation to blood vessels and convoluted tubules. Stimulation by sympathetic fibers tends to reduce glomerular blood flow and slow the rate of urine production. They also respond to falling blood pressure by stimulating the kidneys to secrete renin.

A

sympathetic

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42
Q

Is the number of nephrons constant from birth?

A

Yes, they may increase in size but not in #

43
Q

What are the 2 principle components of each nephron

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • renal tubule
44
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the renal corpuscle

A
  • parietal (outer) layer of the capsule
  • visceral (inner) layer
45
Q

i. The _________ (outer) layer of the capsule : simple squamous epithelium and contribrutes to the structure of the capsule but plays no part in the formation of filtrate

A

parietal

46
Q

ii. The _________ (inner) layer : clings to the glomerulus and consists of unusual, branching epithelial cells

A

visceral

47
Q

a. (part of visceral layer) __________: octopus shaped epithelial cells that surround the glomerular capillaries; they help produce and maintain the basement membrane

A

podocytes

48
Q

Which arteriole is bigger than carries blood to the glomerulus

A

The significantly larger afferent arteriole enters the capsule, bringing blood to the glomerulus. The smaller efferent arteriole leaves the capsule carrying blood away from the glomerulus

49
Q

Fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries enters the _________ space, the space between the two layers of the glomerular capsule.

A

capsular

50
Q

The parietal wall turns away from the corpuscle and gives rise to the renal tubule. The simple squamous epithelium of the capsule becomes ______ __________ in the tubule.

A

simple cuboidal

51
Q

The _______ _________ is a duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of a medullary pyramid. It is about 3 cm long and divided into 4 regions.

A

renal tubule
(PCT, ascending limb, descending limb, DCT)

52
Q

_______ ________ __________(______) : Confined entirely to the renal cortex, is most active in resorption and secretion. Their walls contain microvilli which increase SA and reabs ability

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

53
Q

ii. The nephron loop (aka the….) : consists of the descending and ascending limb that forms a U shape that extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla and back, playing a crucial role in creating a concentration gradient in the kidney, which aids in the reabsorption of water and salts, contributing to the formation of concentrated urine.

A

loop of Henle

54
Q

_______ _______ ________ (____) : is also confined to the renal cortex, it is involved in the further reabsorption of water, sodium, and calcium, as well as the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions, regulated by hormones like aldosterone and parathyroid hormone to maintain homeostasis.

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

55
Q

________ ________: each of which receives urine from several nephrons and runs straight through the cortex into the deep medulla

A

collecting duct

56
Q

collecting duct -> then what are the next structures

A

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureters

57
Q

__________: slender tubes, that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureters

58
Q

The flow of urine is as follows: renal corpuscle ->

A

proximal convoluted tubule → nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra→ outside body.

59
Q

The main function of the nephrons and collecting ducts

A

control the composition of body fluids and remove wastes from the blood, the end product being urine.

60
Q

What does urine excrete?

A
  • wastes
  • excess water
  • electrolytes
61
Q

Nephrons and collecting ducts perform three basic processes while producing urine:

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular secretion
  • tubular reabsorption
62
Q
  1. The fluid that enters the capsular space is termed ________ __________. It is similar to blood plasma except that it has almost no protein and contains no RBCs and very little WBCs.
A

glomerular filtrate

63
Q
  1. Glomerular filtration is a special case of the capillary exchange process and takes place across three barriers that constitute the filtration membrane. what 3?
A

fenestrated endothelium of the capillary, basement membrane, filtration slits

64
Q

The ___________ endothelium of the capillary. Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are honeycombed with filtration pore. Like fenestrated capillaries elsewhere, these are highly permeable although blood cells do not pass through the pores.

A

fenestrated

65
Q

______ ________: This membrane consists of a proteoglycan gel that holds back larger particles and anions.

A

basement membrane

66
Q

_________ ________: The filtrate passes into the capsular space through thin clefts between the foot (podocytes) processes

A

filtration slits

67
Q

Almost any molecule smaller than ___ nm can pass through the filtration membrane and into the capsular space.

A

3 nm

68
Q

What is proteinuria/hematuria

A

Kidney infections and trauma can damage the filtration membrane and allow albumin or blood cells to filter through. Distance runners and swimmers often experience temporary proteinuria and hematuria (coca-cola colored urine). Strenuous exercise reduces perfusion of the kidneys, and the glomerulus deteriorates under prolonged hypoxia, thus leaking components into the filtrate.

69
Q

The principle of filtration

A

to force fluids and solutes through a membrane by pressure - is the same in glomerular capillaries as in capillaries elsewhere in the body.

70
Q

The main force that moves substances by filtration through the glomerular capillary wall is _________ pressure of the blood inside.

A

hydrostatic

71
Q

The glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is much higher here than elsewhere because the afferent arteriole is so much _______ than the efferent arteriole.

A

larger

72
Q

The glomerular filtrate is normally almost protein-free and has no significant _____

A

COP (colloid osmotic pressure = proteins)

73
Q

d. The high blood pressure in the glomeruli makes the kidneys especially vulnerable to __________

A

hypertension

74
Q

. Hypertension ruptures glomerular capillaries and leads to scarring of the kidneys called __________ which can lead eventually to renal failure

A

nephrosclerosis

75
Q

The normal rate of glomerular filtration is so high that the volume of fluid entering the proximal convoluted tubule in half an hour is greater than the total plasma _______

A

volume, VERY HIGH

76
Q

____________ is the process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood using both active and passive transport processes

A

reabsorption

77
Q

_________ ________, the transfer of materials from the blood and tubule cells into tubular fluid, helps control blood pH and helps eliminate other substances from the body.

A

tubular secretion

78
Q

How much of the reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

MAJORITY of solute and water reabsorption from filtered fluid occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules (70%).

79
Q

What is the primary function of the nephron loop (loop of henle)

A

generation of a salinity gradient that enables the collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water.

80
Q

The distal convoluted tubule is adapted for _________ _________, the active transport of materials from the blood into the filtrate. Substances not filtered in glomerulus, are secreted from peritubular capillaries into renal tubules here at the DCT.

A

tubular secretion

81
Q

_______ _________ receives tubular fluid from numerous nephrons. It usually reabsorbs water and concentrates the urine

A

Collecting duct (CD)

82
Q

What receptors do the cells within the collecting ducts have?

A

ADH

83
Q

An analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine, called ________, reveals much about the state of the body.

A

urinalysis

84
Q

About how much of the urine is water and how much is solutes

A

About 95% water and 5% solutes by volume

85
Q

What is the most abundant solute in urine

A

The most abundant solute is urea, followed by sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and lesser amounts of creatinine, uric acid, phosphates, and other ions.

86
Q

What would be abnormal to see in the liver

A

Proteins, Glucose, and Blood cells.

87
Q

From the renal pelvis, urine drains into the muscular ureters and then into the urinary bladder, and finally, out of the body by way of the _______

A

urethra

88
Q

___________: slender tubes, about 25 cm long, that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureters

89
Q

What are the 4 main components of the urinary bladder

A
  1. trigone
  2. detrusor muscle
  3. internal urethral sphincter
  4. external urethral sphincter
90
Q
  1. _________ : In the interior of the bladder, openings for both ureters and the urethra define a triangular region on the posterior wall (infections can exist in this area)
A

trigone

91
Q
  1. _______ ________: this forms the middle layer, includes smooth muscle fibers, contraction of this muscle squeezes urine from the bladder during urination
A

detrusor muscle

92
Q
  1. _________ ________ _________: invol sphincter of smooth muscle that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed and precents dribbling of urine between voiding
A

internal urethral sphincter

93
Q

______ ________ _________: surrounds the urethra within the sheet of muscle called the urogenital diaphragm, used to inhibit urination voluntarily until the proper time

A

external urethral sphincter

94
Q

____________: (voiding) is the act of emptying the bladder

A

micturition

95
Q

b. When the volume of urine in the bladder reaches a certain amount (usually _____-____ ml), stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall transmit impulses that initiate a spinal micturition reflex. Urination results when returning parasympathetic nerve impulses cause the sphincters to relax and the detrusor muscle in the bladder to contract.

A

200-400 mL

96
Q

c. A lack of voluntary control over micturition is referred to as ____________

A

incontinence

97
Q
  1. The ________ is a tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior.
A

urethra

98
Q
  1. Histologically, the wall of the urethra consists of either _____ coats in females or _____ coats in males. It has a thick layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
A

females = 3
males = 2

99
Q

What is the function of the urethra

A

discharge urine from the body

100
Q

what does the male urethra also serve as

A

serves as the duct for ejaculation of semen (reproductive fluid).

101
Q

What is the difference between the male and female urethras

A
  • In a female: 3-4 cm long (shorter and just for urination – opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice)
  • In a male: 20 cm long (longer and for reproduction and urination) carries sperm
102
Q

Explain what a UTI is and who is most likely to get one

A

common infections that affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, and most commonly occur in sexually active young women due to factors such as anatomical differences and sexual activity that facilitate the introduction of bacteria into the urinary tract.

103
Q

What are renal calculi and how might they be a problem (what might they obstruct?)

A

(aka Kidney stones) 12% men, 5% women, most are small (5 mm, crystallizations) and can pass thru the urinary tract but calculi cause pain when they obstruct ureter, blocking the drainage of urine and increasing intrarenal pressure