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Anatomy > Lymphatic > Flashcards

Lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

The __________ system is composed of a network of vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue, and a collection of tissues and organs that produce immune cells.

A

lymphatic

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2
Q

T or F: 1. Interstitial fluid and lymph are basically the same (lymph is lower in protein).

A

true

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3
Q

what is the major difference between interstitial fluid and lymph?

A

location

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4
Q

The blood vessels form a _____ circuit to and from the heart.

A

closed

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5
Q

B. The blood vessels in this circuit include:

A
  1. Arteries : carry oxygenated blood (except for pulm artery = deoxy) away from the heart to various parts of the body
  2. Arterioles : regulate the blood flow from arteries into capillaries
  3. Capillaries: sites of exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products
  4. Venules : collect deoxy blood from capillaries and transport it to larger veins
  5. Veins : carry deoxy blood (except for pulm veins = oxy) back to the heart
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6
Q

What are the 3 basic structures of a vessel

A
  1. The tunica interna: innermost layer of the blood vessel wall
    a. continuous with the endocardium
    b. endothelium: a single layer of cells that line the inside of blood vessels
  2. The tunica media : middle layer of a blood vessel wall
  3. The tunica externa: outermost of blood vessel wall
    a. vasa vasorum: small BVs that supply nutrients and molecules to the tunica externa
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7
Q

why are arteries sometimes called resistance vessels?

A

they are a relatively strong structure that resists blood pressure

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8
Q
  1. Being more muscular than veins, they retain a round shape even when ______
A

empty

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9
Q

______ Arteries: large, flexible tubes that carry blood away from the heart and are vital for supplying oxygen/nutrients to the body’s cells (ie aorta)

A

elastic

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10
Q

________ arteries: branch off from elastic arteries and distribute blood throughout the body (ie smooth muscle)

A

muscular

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11
Q

Arterioles have only one to three layers of smooth muscle and are the primary site of blood pressure regulation by ______________/______________

A

vasoconstriction/vasodilation

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12
Q

in arterioles, what is the difference between local (autoregulation) and sympathetic of blood flow

A

a. Local (autoregulation) regulation of blood flow: intrinsic ability to adjust its own bf by altering the diameter of its blood vessles
b. Sympathetic regulation of blood flow: sympathetic nervous sytem controls bf and bp

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13
Q

Capillaries are the vessels where exchange takes place with other body tissues. Capillaries are the smallest diameter blood vessels – call the _______________ and they connect the smallest arteriole and the smallest venule.

A

microcirculation

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14
Q

C. The walls are endothelium only and a _______ _______

A

basal lamina

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15
Q

3 types of capillary beds

A
  1. Microvascular unit: network of small blood vessels that include arterioles and venules
  2. Metarteriole: A short microvessel that connects arterioles to capillaries
  3. Precapillary sphincters: smooth muscle bands that control blood flow into capillary beds
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16
Q

Are capillaries found everywhere in the body?

A

yes

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17
Q

where are capillaries scarce?

A

tendons and ligaments (non existent in epithelia and lens/cornea)

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18
Q

what is an example of a continuous capillary?

A

intercellular cleft: small gaps (allows glucose to pass)

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19
Q

what do fenstrated capillaries have and what do they do

A

filtration pores, rapid passage of small molecules but take bigger too

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20
Q

what are sinusoids and what can pass thru

A

endo cells seperates by wide gaps with no basal lamina and large fenstrations (even proteins and BCs can pass thru)

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21
Q

Is blood flow slow or fast in capillaries

A

SLOW

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22
Q

what draws fluid back into the capillary at the venous end

A

osmotic pressure

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23
Q

what are the 4 routes that molecules can pass in and out of capillaries

A
  1. direct diffusion thru endo membrane
  2. intercellular clefts (small)
  3. fenestrations (larger, faster)
  4. pinocytotic vesicles (small and large)
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24
Q

Venule: they have a tunica interna with only a few fibroblasts surrounding it and no _______

A

muscle

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25
Q

Veins: Veins are considered the __________ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they are relatively thin-walled and flaccid and expand easily.

A

capitance

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26
Q

At rest, is more blood found in the systemic veins or arteries

A

veins

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27
Q

Being distant from the ventricles, veins are subjected to relatively low blood pressure and thus have _______ walls.

A

thinner

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28
Q

venous valves ensure what

A

1 way flow of blood

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29
Q

________ ________ pump: helps heart circulate blood by squeezing blood back to the heart during exercise

A

skeletal muscle pump

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30
Q

_________ veins: swollen, twisted veins -> one way veins don’t work properly, cause blood to pool and swell

A

vericose

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31
Q

T or F: The simplest and most common circulatory route of blood flow is heart → arteries → capillaries → veins → heart, but there are exceptions, notably portal systems and anastomoses.

A

T

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32
Q

In a _______ system, blood flows through TWO consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart. Examples are between the hypothalamus and pituitary and the hepatic portal system between the small intestine and the liver.

A

portal

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33
Q

An ___________:a connection between 2 things thar are branching/diverging

A

anastomosis

34
Q

The two main circulatory routes are the _______ circulation and __________ circulation.

A

systemic and pulmonary circulation

35
Q

T or F: 3. Other more specialized routes include coronary circulation, hepatic portal circulation, and Circle of Willis to brain and the fetal circulation.

A

True

36
Q

is the brain especially senstive to any kind of fluctation in bf?

A

Yes, 4-5 minutes of anoxia may cause irreversible damage

37
Q

Cerebral arteries dilate when systemic BP drops, and they constrict when it ______

A

rises

38
Q

The main chemical stimulus is _____; poor perfusion allows CO2 to accumulate, and the pH lowers. Lower pH in the tissue fluid triggers local vasodilation.

A

pH

39
Q

The hepatic portal circulation collects blood from the veins of the pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, and gallbladder and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver (enables nutrient utilization and blood deoxy) before it returns to the _______

A

heart

40
Q

________ Circulation: the system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

A

pulmonary

41
Q

________ Circulation: the part of the cardiovascular system that moves oxygenated blood and nutrients from the heart to the body’s tissues and organs

A

systemic

42
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. fluid recovery
  2. immunity
  3. lipid absorption
43
Q

How much does fluid do the blood capillaries reabsorb?

A

85% of fluid

44
Q

A person would ____ within hours if this were not returned via the lymph system (2-4L of water)

A

die

45
Q

Even partial interference with lymphatic drainage can lead to severe ______

A

edema

46
Q

what cells in the lymphatic system where the immune cells stand guard

A

lymph nodes

47
Q

what fat soluble are important that they need to be absorbed by the GI tract to the blood

A

KADE

48
Q

T or F: A. The components of the lymphatic system are lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, and lymphatic organs.

A

True

49
Q

Lymph Formation: Filtration from the plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, leading to the net formation of tissue fluid. What else may this increase

A

increase in tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure within interstitial spaces forcing fluid into lymph caps (prevents edema)

50
Q

Lymphatic ________ : collecting interstitial fluid from tissues and returning it to the bloodstream

A

capillaries

51
Q

________ Vessels: transporting lymph fluid from the lymphatic capillaries to the bloodstream

A

collecting

52
Q

_______ _______: small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the body’s immune system and help the body fight infection and disease

A

lymph nodes

53
Q

________ vessels : lymphatic vessels that carry unfiltered lymph fluid and immune cells from body tissues to lymph nodes INTO

A

afferent

54
Q

what kind of thing is responsible for the removal of 99% of impurities before lymph leaves the node

A

macrophages

55
Q

what are the 7 locations of lymph nodes

A

cervical, axillary, thoracic, abdominal, intestinal, inguinal, and popliteal

56
Q

_______ vessels: carry filtered lymph away from lymph nodes and back to the bloodstream AWAY

A

efferent

57
Q

Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a ______ number of lymphocytes and may also contain macrophages, hormones, bacteria, viruses, cellular debris, or even cancer cells.

A

large

58
Q

what are the 5 lymphatic trunks

A
  1. lumbar: LL, pelvic, kidneys
  2. intestinal: intestines
  3. bronchomediastinal: chest
  4. subclavian: UL
  5. jugular: neck
59
Q

Lymphatic ________:The lymphatic trunks converge to form the two collecting ducts, the largest of the lymphatic vessels.

A

ducts

60
Q

Right lymphatic duct: a short lymph vessel that drains lymph from the _____ side of the body and empties it into the venous system

A

right

61
Q

b. Thoracic duct: The thoracic duct is the body’s ________ lymphatic duct, collecting lymph from most of the body and draining it into a blood vessel in the neck

A

largest

62
Q

T or F: The lymphatic vessels converge and become larger vessels with changing names: lymphatic capillaries → collecting vessels → six lymphatic trunks → two collecting ducts → subclavian veins.

A

True

63
Q

T or F: Flow of lymph is governed by forces similar to those for venous return, except that the lymphatic system has no pump like the heart, and lymph flows at an even lower pressure and speed compared to venous blood.

A

True

64
Q

________ activity largely influences the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels via: Action of skeletal muscles, Respiratory movements, Smooth muscle in the larger lymphatic vessels and valves in the lymphatic vessels.

A

muscle

65
Q

Cancerous lymph nodes are firm, enlarged and non-tender; ______ are not as firm and very tender.

A

infected

66
Q

Lymphocytes are white blood cells whose main function is to recognize and fight a
specific foreign molecule. Two major categories of lymphocytes are ___ cells and ____ cells

A

T cells and B cells

67
Q

where do T cells come from and what do they do

A

Thymus, directly destroy

68
Q

T cells: what is the difference between cytotoxic (killer) T cells and Helper T cells

A
  • Cytotoxic (Killer) T Cells: directly kills by releasing toxic substances
  • Helper T Cells: do not directly kill cells but instead activate other immune cells
69
Q

Where are B cells and what do they do?

A

bone marrow, transform into plasma cells and has antibodies

70
Q

B cells: plasma cells and antibodies

A
  • Plasma cells: specialized B cells that produce antibodies
  • Antibodies: specifically designed to target that antigen
71
Q

Immature lymphocytes go through several _______ before they are able to attack antigens.

A

stages

72
Q

_________ tissue is the most important tissue of the immune system.

A

lymphoid, specialized CT to fight invaders

73
Q

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT): __________ immune tissue that protects the body from antigens by initiating immune responses

A

secondary

74
Q

The bone marrow and thymus are the primary lymphoid organs, and the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and aggregated lymphoid nodules are the ___________ lymphoid organs

A

secondary

75
Q

what does the thymus do?

A

produces T lymph, helps fight infection

76
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A

contain WBCs to help fight infection in the body

77
Q

what is the difference between the white pulp and red pulp in the spleen

A
  • white pulp: tons of lymphocytes in here
  • red pulp: recycling old RBCs
78
Q

what are the 3 tonsils

A
  1. palatine: sides of the throat, near the opening
  2. lingual: back of tongue
  3. pharyngeal: near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharaynx
79
Q

is the appendix considered a lymphoid organ

A

yes

80
Q

_____________: mono, contagious viral infection (no hits to spleen

A

mononucleosis

81
Q

what is the difference between Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • Hodgkin’s lymphoma: swollen, nonpainful nodes Reed-sternberg cell (abnormal type B lymphocyte)
  • non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a blood cancer that occurs when malignant cells form the lymphatic system

Anatomy (9 decks)

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