Blood Flashcards
A. Blood inside blood vessels, interstitial fluid around body cells, and lymph inside lymph vessels constitute one’s ________ environment.
internal environment
To obtain nutrients and remove wastes, cells must be serviced by blood and ____________ fluid.
interstitial fluid
Is blood a connective tissue?
yes, it is composed of plasma and formed elements
interstitial fluid “_______” body cells
bathes
The _________ system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
circulatory
Some textbooks include the ________ system in with the circulatory system, as it returns extra tissue fluid and proteins to the blood vessels.
lymphatic
The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is called _________
hematology
The functions of the circulatory system are _____, _______, and ___________
transport, protection, and regulation
What are the 4 main actions of transportion?
- Go to lungs to get O2 and remove CO2
- blood takes nutrients from dig tract and delivers them to all body tissues
- metabolic wastes to kidney to get ride of them
- hormones from endocrine cells to target organ
How does blood protect?
- inflammation, limit infection
- WBCs destroy
- Antibodies & blood proteins neutralize toxins
- platelets - blood clotting - limit blood loss
How does blood regulate?
- blood cap stabilize fluid dist
- blood proteins buffer A and Bs to stabilize pH
- shifts in blood flow - reg body temperature (vasodilation/vasoconstriction)
Is bloods viscosity greater than water?
Yes
What is the temperature of blood?
38 degrees C, 100.4 degrees F
what is the normal pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is acidosis?
fall below 7.4-7.0 -> CNS is depressed
what is alkalosis?
above 7.45 -> increased neural excitement, cardiac dysrthymias
how much of body weight does blood take up?
8% (4-6 L)
________ samples for laboratory testing may be obtained by venipuncture, finger-stick, or arterial stick.
blood
The term ______ elements alludes to the fact that these are membrane-enclosed bodies with a definite structure visible with the microscope.
formed
what are the 3 formed elements?
- RBCs
- WBCs
- platelets
Red blood cells (RBCs): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, what is another name for them?
erythrocytes
What is another name for WBCs
luekocytes
WBCs: war are the 3 kinds of granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
what are the 2 types of agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
what is another term for platelets aka the cell fragments
thrombocytes
what is a hematocrit?
% of RBCS in the blood
_______ ______: A thin, gray layer is present at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma (contains leukocytes)
buffy coat (leukocytes)
Blood plasma is a complex mixture of water (>_____%), proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormone, and dissolved gases.
90%
________: Amber-colored fluid that exudes from clotted blood plasma as the clot shrinks then no longer contains clotting factors
serum
_________ in plasma is the most abundant solute by weight, totaling 6 to 9 g/dL. (used for clotting and defense)
protein
There are three major categories of plasma proteins:
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen
__________: keeps water from diffusing out of the bloodstream into the extracellular matrix of tissues
albumin
__________ : include both antibodies and the blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper
globulins
___________ : The plasma protein is one of several molecules involved in a series of chemical reactions that achieves blood clotting
fibrinogen
Some of the other plasma proteins are _______ involved in the clotting process.
enzymes
so what percentage of a blood sample is formed elements and what percentage is plasma
45% formed elements (erythrocytes majority)
55% plasma (albumins majority)
Hematopoiesis/ hemopoiesis: Blood cell ________
formation
Blood plasma requires ________ replacement.
continual
Blood plasma is composed mainly of _______, which is obtained primarily by absorption from the digestive tract. (this is lost daily thru urine)
water
The electrolytes and organic nutrients are also acquired from the ________ tract.
digestive
Its gamma globulins come from connective tissue plasma cells and its other proteins (albumin and fibrinogen) from the _____
liver
An ______ typically produces 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBCs, and 10 billion WBCs every day.
adult
All formed elements arise from a common type of hemopoietic ______ cell.
stem
Blood cell formation in the bone marrow and lymphatic organs is called _______ and _________ hemopoiesis, respectively.
- myeloid stem cells: other blood cells
- lymphoid stem cells: lymphocytes
___________: immature or young erythrocyte
reticulocytes
What would it mean clinically if you are producing above or below that 1-2% of reticulocytes
- Above: adapting to high altitudes
- Below: degenerative disease of the erythrocyte production
How to keep tract of reticolytes?
Reticulocyte count in blood workups
_____________ : Red blood cell (RBCs); when mature, an erythrocyte is literally a sac of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein) covering by a plasma membrane
ethryocytes
The RBC count is normally 4.6–6.2 million RBCs/μL in men and 4.2 to 5.4 million/μL in women; often expressed as cells per cubic millimeter (mm3), so which gender has less RBCs
women have less RBCs
In terms of form, an erythrocyte is a discoidal cell with a thick rim and a thin sunken center, (________) about 7.5 μm in diameter and 2.0 μm thick at the rim.
biconcave
__________: an oxygen-carrying protein
hemoglobin (HB)
ea RBC has > _____ million molecules of HB
200
How long do RBCs live as they are the most abundant cell in the body?
100-120 days
Erythrocyte formation, called ___________, occurs in adult red bone marrow of certain bones; it normally takes 3 to 5 days.
erythropoiesis
Low blood oxygen causes the kidneys (and the liver in small quantities) to release erythropoietin (EPO) what does this stimulate
RBC production
What 3 vitamins are important to DNS synthesis for stem cell division in hemopoisesis
Vitamin B12, folic acid, iron
In the RBC life cycle, after phagocytosis of worn-out RBCs by macrophages, hemoglobin is __________
recycled
When the hemo part is reclaimed , iron binds to a plasma protein called __________ which is carried to other tissues
transferrin
T or F: Bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis; muscle uses it for myoglobin, and nearly all cells use it in cytochrome molecules in mitochondria.
True
Any imbalance between the rate of erythropoiesis and RBC destruction may lead to erythrocyte _________
disorders
What is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes in the blood?
polycythemia
what is the difference between primary and secondary polycythemia
- primary: cancer in red bone barrow (11 mil)
- secondary: dehydration, high altitude (6-8 mil)
what are the 3 categories of anemia
- inadequate erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis (production)
- hemorrhagic anemia (loss)
- hemolytic anemia (RB destruction)
______ _______ Anemia: is a common inherited condition exhibited primarily in black people, defect in hemoglobin molecule (crescent shaped)
sickle cell
Blood types and transfusion compatibility are a matter of interactions between plasma proteins (called ________) and proteins on the plasma membrane of erythrocytes (called _________).
plasma proteins = antibodies
plasma membrane = antigen
______________ – clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen
agglutination
- _________ – a chemical that stimulates immune cells to produce antibodies.
antigens
- __________ – a protein that reacts against a specific antigen.
antibodies
D. Blood types are based on antigens called agglutinogens on the surfaces of the RBCs and antibodies called agglutinins in the ________ __________; these react to agglutinate RBCs in the event of a mismatched transfusion.
blood plasma
A person’s ______ blood type is determined by the hereditary presence or absence of antigens A and B on that person’s RBCs.
ABO
Antibodies of the ABO group react against any A or B antigen except those on one’s _____ RBCs.
own
If you have Type A blood, then you have Type ___ antibodies floating in your plasma.
B antibodies
Type B blood = Type ___ antibodies in your plasma
A antibodies
Type AB blood = ____ antibodies in your plasma
no
Type O blood = _____ Type A & Type B antibodies in your plasma
both
Type O blood is the most common and ____ is the rarest in the U.S.
AB
T or F: 1. The Rh blood group was named for the rhesus monkey. The group includes several Rh antigens or factors.
T
Rh positive - ________ of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the red blood cell membranes.
presence
Rh negative – ______ of these antigens.
lack
- Mom’s body creates Rh antibodies unless she receives a RhoGam shot soon after first delivery, miscarriage or abortion. What does the mother and father have to be for this to happen
Mother RH-
Father RH+
hemolytic disease of newborn
A. Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs), are the _______ abundant formed elements (5,000–10,000 WBCs/μL) but are critical in protection against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens. RBCs outnumber WBCs 700:1.
least abundant
Do leukocytes contain a nucleus or hemoglobin?
No
The general function of leukocytes is to combat _______ and _______
inflammation and infection
Found in blood, tissue fluid, and lymph. They spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the capillary walls (__________) to the extravascular connective tissues.
diapedesis
White blood cells usually live for only a ______ hours – during infection or a few days – lymphocytes - months to years
few
There are five types of WBCs in ____ broad categories:
2
- granulocytes: contain many obvious granules
- agranulocytes: lack obvious granules
What are the 3 granulocytes?
Neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils and mast cells
What do neutrophils do?
most abundant, destroy bacteria like forming pus around a bacterial infection
What do eosinophils do?
(pink) help allergy reaction and fight parasites
What do basophils and mast cells do?
(purple) mediate late stages of inflammation (rarest one)
what do basophils release (2)
histamine (a vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant)
What are the 2 agranulocytes
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
_________: An agranular WBC, with a large nucleus that is often bent into the shape of a C; the largest of all blood cells; develops into a macrophage (Mrs. Pacman)
monocytes
Lymphocytes begin developing in the bone marrow but do not stay there, where do they go?
i. Some mature there while others migrate to the thymus.
ii. Mature lymphocytes colonize the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs and tissues.
what is the difference between the T cells and B cells in the lymphocytes
T mediate cellular immunity and B oversee humoral immunity
What is a common procedure that quantifies various blood cells and is a preliminary assessment of a patients health
complete blood count (CBC)
what is a CBC with differential (CBC w/ diff)
examination of living white and red cells under a microscope for structural abnormalities (low eryrho = anemia, high neutrophil = bacterial infection, high eosinophils = parasitic worms/allergy)
__________ refers to an increase in the number of WBCs.
leukocytosis
__________ refers to an abnormally low number of WBCs.
leukopenia
________: form of cancer from the uncontrolled proliferation of leukocyte-forming cell line in the bone marrow
leukemia
what are the 4 different classifications of leukemia
- lymphoblastic: immature lymphocytes
- myeloblastic: immature cells of myeloid line
- acute: rapidly advancing
- chronic: slow advancing
They lack a nucleus and are roughly half the size of a RBC.
platelets
There are approximately 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood, live about 5-9 days. About 25% to 40% of the platelets are stored in the _______; the remainder circulate freely and live for about 10 days
spleen
They help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces and forming a _____
PLUG
do platelets contain actin and myosin?
yes, they can contract
Disc-shaped w/ granules that release lots of chemicals that promote blood _______
clotting
___________: “lack of platelets” an abnormally low concentration in the blood
thrombocytopenia
_______ refers to the stoppage of bleeding. When a blood vessel breaks, the body’s hemostatic mechanisms kick in.
hemostasis
what 3 things happen to provide hemostasis
- blood vessel spasm
- platelet plug formation
- blood coagulation
how does a blood vessel spasm happen?
triggered by pain receptors, platelet release or serotonin > smooth musc in bv contracts > vascular spasm is maintained for plug and coagulation to kick in
How does platelet plug formation occur?
vessel broken, collagen fibers exposed, platelets adhere to form plug > upon contact with collagen platelets grow spiny pseudopods and contract drawing the walls together
Coagulation (clotting) of the blood is the last but _____ effective defense against bleeding.
effective
Triggered by cellular damage and blood _______ with foreign surfaces.
contact
Is coagulation a complex process?
yes one of the body’s most complex processes, involving 30 chem reactions
- The objective of clotting is to convert the plasma protein fibrinogen into ______, a sticky protein that adheres to vessel walls.
fibrin
Two reaction pathways lead to coagulation:
extrinsic and intrinsic
what is extrinsic clotting mechanism?
triggered when blood contacts damaged BV walls (come from sources other than the blood)
what is intrinsic clotting mechanism?
uses clotting factors found in the blood itself, like when platelets adhere to atherosclerotic plaques
In most cases of bleeding, both mechanisms operate __________
simultaneously
After a clot has formed, tissue repair proceeds, and eventually the clot must be _________
eliminated
Platelet-derived ______ factor stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessel walls.
growth
Plasminogen gets converted to ______ which digests the blood clots.
plasmin
what is the difference between a thrombus and a embolus
thrombus is an abnormal blot clot sitting on the wall, an embolus is a clot on the MOVE (thru the BVs)
