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Anatomy > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

Final exam review

1
Q

_________ is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells

A

respiration

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic processes of respiration

A
  1. ventilation (breathing)
  2. external (pulmonary) respiration
  3. internal (tissue) respiration
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3
Q

many textbooks define respiration as the use of O2 in cellular metabolism to make ATP, what do we call it?

A

CELLULAR respiration

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4
Q

What 2 things are exchanged between processes in the blood and air

A
  • O2
  • CO2
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5
Q

Respiratory system brings in O2 which is essential to make what and keep what alive?

A

make ATP w/in the mitochondria to keep cells alive

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6
Q

The respiratory serves for ______ and other vocalizations

A

speech

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7
Q

The respiratory system provides the sense of ______

A

smell

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8
Q

By eliminating CO2, it helps control the pH of body fluids, which otherwise might become to acidic (________)

A

acidosis

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9
Q

The lungs carry out a step in the synthesis of angiotensin II, which helps regulate what

A

angiotensin II -> blood pressure

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10
Q

Breathing promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood btwn the abdomen and ________

A

thorax

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11
Q

The lungs filter small ______ ____ from the bloodstream and dissolve them

A

blood clots

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12
Q

Breath-holding helps to expel abdominal content during _________, __________, and childbirth

A

breath holding = urination, defecation, and childbirth

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13
Q

What are the 2 systems that cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate CO2

A

cardiovascular and respiratory system

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14
Q
  1. the respiratory system provides for ______ ________
A

gas exchange

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15
Q
  1. the cardiovascular system _________ the respiratory gases
A

transports

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16
Q
  1. failure of either system has the same effect on the body… which is what
A
  • disruption of homeostasis
  • rapid death of cells from O2 starvation (hypoxia)
  • build up of waste products
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17
Q

chemical reaction:
Food + O2 ->

A

CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)

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18
Q

Since an excessive amt of CO2 is toxic to cells, it must be eliminated ________

A

quickly

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19
Q

What are the 6 principal organs of the respiratory system?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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20
Q

What 2 tracts is the respiratory system divided up into?

A

upper respiratory and lower respiratory tract

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21
Q

What is included in the upper respiratory tract?
* diff than lab

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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22
Q

An infection in any these areas is called an _____ _________ _______

A

upper respiratory infection

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23
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tract?
* diff than lab

A
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree
  • lungs
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24
Q

Is an infection in the lower or upper respiratory tract more serious?

A

lower = more serious

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25
Q

_______ ______: includes the respiratory passageways that carry air to the sites of gas exchange (filter and humidify incoming air)

A

conducting zone

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26
Q

______ _________: the actual site of gas exchange in the lungs, is composed of the terminal respiratory passageways that contain alveoli - namely, the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

A

respiratory zone

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27
Q

What is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat

A

otorhinolaryngology
(ear, nose, and larynx)

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28
Q

What are the functions of the nose

A
  • provides airway for respiration
  • moistens and warms entering air
  • filters inhaled air to cleanse it of foreign particles
  • serves as a resonating chamber for speech
  • houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
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29
Q

The facial part of the nose is shaped by what two things

A
  • nasal bones
  • hyaline cartilage
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30
Q

_______: (nostrils) how air passes into the nose

A

nares

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31
Q

The inter chamber of the nose is called the

A

nasal cavity

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32
Q

The nasal cavity contains the rest of the nose structures such as the ______ _________: divides the nose into right and left halves

A

nasal septum

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33
Q

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by what 2 bones

A

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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34
Q

The floor is formed the _______ (roof of the mouth) - which separates the nasal cavity from the mouth inferiorly and keeps food out of the airways

A

palate

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35
Q

______ ________ :the mucous membrane that lines the airway of the respiratory system which acts as a physical barrier to pathogens

A

respiratory mucosa

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36
Q

The ________ sinuses and __________ ducts drain into the nasal cavity. The cavity is lined with a mucus membrane that secretes sticky mucus to trap germs & debris.

A

paranasal sinuses
lacrimal ducts

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37
Q

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces in the _____, ________, _________, and _______ bones of the skull

A

maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones

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38
Q

The nasal ______ has an extensive venous plexus called the erectile tissue.

A

concha

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39
Q

Every ____-______ minutes, the erectile tissue on one side swells with blood and restricts airflow through that fossa, and air is directed through the other nostril. The engorged side then has time to recover from drying effects.

A

30-60 minutes

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40
Q

A muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane extending from the nasal cavity and the larynx and has three regions:

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharaynx
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41
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the nasopharynx

A
  • uvula
  • pharyngeal tonsil
  • eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube
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42
Q

________: little dangy thing in the back of the throat, reflect superiorly, an action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity

A

uvula

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43
Q

__________ tonsil: known as the adenoids, a lymphoid organ that destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in the air

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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44
Q

____________ (_____________-) ______: Narrow passage that connects the middle ear to the upper part of the throat (nasopharynx) -> maintain pressure balance across the eardrum

A

eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube

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45
Q

what to tonsils make up the oropharynx (oral area)

A
  • palatine tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
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46
Q

_________ tonsils: lie in the lateral walls of the fauces

A

palatine

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47
Q

________ tonsil: covers the posterior surface of the tongue

A

lingual

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48
Q

___________: inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx

A

laryngopharynx

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49
Q
  1. The oropharynx and laryngopharynx, unlike the nasopharynx, pass air, food, and fluids and are lined by ________ _________ epithelium.
A

stratified squamous

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50
Q

Larynx: At rest, the epiglottis stands almost ________

A

vertically

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51
Q

During swallowing, muscles of the larynx pull the larynx upward toward the epiglottis, the tongue pushes the epiglottis _______ to meet it, and the epiglottis closes the airway, directing food and fluid into the esophagus.

A

downward

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52
Q

The vestibular folds of the larynx play a greater role in keeping food and drink out of the ________

A

airway

53
Q

In infants the larynx is high in the throat, and the airway is more or less continuous from the nasal cavity to the larynx, allowing the infant to do what?

A

breathe while swallowing

54
Q

What are the 3 major cartilages of the larynx

A
  • epiglottis cartilage
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
55
Q

__________ cartilage: A flap posterior to the tongue, it protects the airway during swallowing

A

epiglottis

56
Q

_________ cartilage: the large, shield-shaped cartilage is formed by 2 cartilages plates joined in the midline (laryngeal prominence = adams apple)

A

thyroid

57
Q

_______ cartilage: inferior to the thyroid cartilage, the only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring

A

cricoid

58
Q

the vocal folds (true vocal cords) are made up of what 2 folds and what are their pitches

A
  • taunt folds = higher pitches
  • relaxed folds = low pitches
59
Q

The vocal cords and the opening between them are collectively called the ________

A

glottis

60
Q

__________ is an inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritant.

A

laryngitis

61
Q

___________ or “windpipe,” is a rigid tube about 12 cm (4.5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter, anterior to the esophagus

A

Trachea

62
Q

The trachea extends from larynx to fifth thoracic vertebra where it bifurcates in to R and L primary ________

A

bronchi

63
Q

Trachea: composed of C shaped rings of ________ cartilage lined with ____________ ciliated columnar epithelium mainly of mucus-secreting goblet cells. The open part of the C faces posteriorly, where it is spanned by a smooth muscle.

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
64
Q

The mucus traps inhaled particles, and the upward beating of the _____ moves mucus toward the pharynx, where it is swallowed.

A

cilia

65
Q

the trachea is the site of emergency __________

A

tracheotomy

66
Q

________: They are somewhat conical with a broad concave base resting on the diaphragm and a blunt peak called the apex projecting slightly above the clavicle; and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly.

A

lungs

67
Q

The lungs are what texture

A

soft and spongy

68
Q

What are the lungs protected by

A

12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and vertebrae

69
Q

The lungs are crowded by adjacent organs and do not fill the entire rib cage; they are also not __________

A

symmetrical

70
Q

_______ to the lungs and diaphragm much of the space within the rib cage is occupied by the liver, spleen, and stomach.

A

inferior

71
Q

The right lung has ____ lobes and the left lung ____ lobes.

A

right lung: 3 lobes
left lung: 2 lobes

72
Q

Pleural membrane: two layered serous membrane, what are the 3 main components

A
  • parietal layer
  • visceral layer
  • pleural cavity
73
Q

_______ layer : covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum

A

parietal

74
Q

_______ layer : is is continuous with the visceral pleura which covers the external lung surface

A

visceral

75
Q

________ cavity : the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with a thin film of pleural fluid

A

pleural

76
Q

Describe the clinical application of the condition of pleurisy and symptoms like pleuritis

A

Pleurisy: Lung infections such as pneumonia produce inflammation of the pleura, called pleurisy (pleuritis). The rubbing creates friction which creates a stabbing chest pain. This can lead to pleural effusion which is the general term for accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

77
Q

Injuries to the chest wall that allow air to enter the intrapleural space either from the outside or from the alveoli cause __________, which is the filling the pleural cavity with air.

A

pneumothorax

78
Q

Is there a double blood supply to lungs?

A

Yes, pulmonary circulation and the pulmonary tree

79
Q

Pulmonary circulation: Deoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle of heart through pulmonary trunk – pulmonary _______ carry blood to capillaries around air sacs in lungs.

A

arteries

80
Q

Pulmonary circulation: Pulmonary ______ return all blood to heart.

A

veins

81
Q

In the lungs vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas. This phenomenon is known as ________-_________ _______

A

ventilation-perfusion coupling

82
Q

________ _______ : Provide oxygenated blood to the bronchi, bronchioles, and lung connective tissue

A

bronchial arteries

83
Q

_______ ________ : They drain the blood from the lung tissues that were supplied by the bronchial arteries, including the bronchi, bronchioles, and lung connective tissue

A

bronchial veins

84
Q
  1. The bronchial tree is a branching system of air tubes within each _____; it extends from the main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal bronchioles.
A

lung

85
Q

How many bronchi are there?

A

3; primary, secondary, tertiary

86
Q

a. The structure of the bronchus is similar to that of the trachea, but the C-shaped cartilaginous rings are replaced with cartilaginous _____ where the bronchus enters the lung.

A

plates

87
Q

What is the difference between the right and left primary bronchi and where is an inhaled object more likely to be?

A
  • The right main (primary) bronchus: Wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left -> inhaled object is more likely to be lodged in there
    c. The left main (primary) bronchus : narrow, longer, and more horizontal (more acute angle = less prone to foreign body aspiration)
88
Q

____________ bronchi : three on the right, and two on the left -> each of which supplies one lung lobe

A

secondary

89
Q

________ bronchi: supply air to specific bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs, branch off into bronchioles

A

tertiary

90
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called _________, which contain lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

A

lobules

91
Q

All of the bronchi are lined with ciliated ____________ columnar epithelium.

A

pseudostratified

92
Q

All divisions of the bronchial tree contain ________ connective tissue that provides recoil to expel air.

A

elastic

93
Q

The mucosa has a well-developed layer of ________ muscle, the muscularis mucosae, which contracts or relaxes to constrict or dilate the airway.

A

smooth

94
Q

Cartilage in walls _________ and smooth muscle _________ with branching.

A

decreases
increases

95
Q

f. Sympathetic β2 receptors relax smooth muscle to dilate airways = ____________

A

bronchodilation

96
Q

________ _________ receptors increase mucus secretion.

A

parasympathetic muscarinic receptors

97
Q

__________ bronchioles:. Are the smallest branches of the conducting zone of the respiratory system, right before the respiratory zone (they are less than 0.5 mm in diameter)

A

terminal

98
Q

The path of airflow in the conducting division (draw with arrows)

A

nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchus → secondary (lobar) bronchus → tertiary (segmental) bronchus → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole.

99
Q
  1. In the respiratory division, all passages have alveoli along their walls or are alveoli themselves: respiratory bronchiole ->
A

→ alveolar duct → atrium → alveolus.

100
Q

How are animal lungs different compared to say frog/amphibian lungs

A

In contrast to frogs and amphibians with their simple single-sac lungs, mammals have lungs with 150 million little sacs/ea, the alveoli, which provide about 70 m2 of surface for gas exchange.

101
Q

What are the 2 different types of alveolar cells that make up the alveolar walls and describe them

A
  • type I alveolar (simple squamous pulmonary epithelial) cells, more of these along the surface
  • type II alveolar (septal) cells, and alveolar macrophages (dust cells) -> engulf foreign particles.
102
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells: The wall of each alveolus consists of a single layer of __________ ___________ cells called type 1 alveolar cells which are surrounded by a delicate basal lamina

A

squamous epithelial cells

103
Q

The fluid secreted by type 2 cells contains a detergent like substance called __________ that reduces surface tension within the alveoli

A

surfactant

104
Q

In relation to type 2 alveolar cells, what is respiratory distress syndrome and who is it seen in

A

Seen in preterm infants, caused by the insufficient production of surfactant in lungs -> surfactant is needed to increase surface tension in the alveoli which makes it difficult for the lungs to expand properly which can lead to resp failure

105
Q

_______ ________: Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae form this, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolus and the blood

A

respiratory membrane

106
Q

________ ___________: adjacent alveoli interconnect via this, which allow air pressure to be equalized through the lung and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed because of disease

A

alveolar pores

107
Q

__________ ___________: Internal alveolar surfaces provide a site for the free movement of these, which actually live in the air space and remove the tiniest inhaled particles that were not trapped by mucus.

A

alveolar macrophages

108
Q

Fluid must be kept from accumulating in the alveoli because it interferes with gas ________

A

diffusion

109
Q

K. The bulk of the lungs consists largely of air tubes and spaces known as the

A

bronchial tree

110
Q

The balance of the lung tissue, its ________ , is a framework of connective tissue containing many elastic fibers.

A

stroma

111
Q

As a result, the lungs are light, soft, spongy, elastic organs that each weigh only about _____ lbs. The elasticity of healthy lungs helps to reduce the effort of breathing.

A

1.25 lbs

112
Q

Breathing or ventilation: Consists of two phases – inspiration (________), the period when air flows into the lungs, and expiration (________), the period when gases exit the lungs

A

inhalation
exhalation

113
Q

Describe the difference between quiet vs forced respiration

A

Quiet respiration is the way one breathes at rest; forced respiration is unusually deep or rapid breathing, as in a state of exercise, singing, blowing, coughing, or sneezing.

114
Q

Describe what is involved when inspiration (inhalation) takes place

A

action of diaphragm, phrenic nerve, intercostal muscles, and Boyle’s law

115
Q
  1. Action of the _________: When the dome-shaped muscle contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens. As a result, the superior-inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity increases.
A

diaphragm

116
Q
  1. ______ nerve: stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm
A

phrenic

117
Q
  1. _________ muscles: the these external muscles contract to raise the ribs, Lifting the ribs enlarges both the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity and the anterior-posterior dimensions.
A

intercostal

118
Q
  1. _______ _______: When the volume of gas increases, the pressure decreases (inversely prop)
A

Boyle’s Law

119
Q

Exhalation (________) : the period when gases exit the lungs

A

expiration

120
Q

Describe the neural control of ventilation

A

The ventral respiratory group (VRG) (the pacemaker) whose neurons generate the basic ventilatory rhythm and rate with input from centers in the pons and dorsal medulla. Neurons sim somatic motor neurons to the resp muscles -> phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and the intercostal nerves to the intercostal muscles

121
Q

What are the 3 main disorders of the respiratory system

A
  • asthma
  • cystic fibrosis (CF)
  • COPD
122
Q

Bronchial asthma affects how many children and how many adults (%)

A

7% of adults, 10% of children

123
Q

Describe how bronchial asthma is an allergic inflammatory response and symptoms associated with it

A

It is a type of allergic inflammatory response that occurs in people who are hypersensitive to irritants in the air or to stress -> symptoms of asthma attack: coughing, wheezing, and SOB

124
Q

Cystic Fibrosis: An accumulation of a ______ mucus in the respiratory passageaway, the mucus clogs the respiratory tubes and acts as a feeding ground for bacteria

A

viscous

125
Q

What is the defect gene responsible for CF and how long is LE

A

CFTR gene, 30 yrs

126
Q

________: The flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed.

A

COPD

127
Q

COPD: . It is mostly _______ ____________or ___________ and it is a major cause of death and disability in the US.

A

chronic bronchitis
emphysema

128
Q

What are the 3 main signs/symptoms of COPD

A
  • history of smoking
  • labored breathing (dyspnea)
  • coughing and pulm infections occur frequently
129
Q

Most COPD victims ultimately develop what?

A

respiratory failure

Anatomy (13 decks)

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