Respiration Flashcards
Final exam review
_________ is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells
respiration
What are the 3 basic processes of respiration
- ventilation (breathing)
- external (pulmonary) respiration
- internal (tissue) respiration
many textbooks define respiration as the use of O2 in cellular metabolism to make ATP, what do we call it?
CELLULAR respiration
What 2 things are exchanged between processes in the blood and air
- O2
- CO2
Respiratory system brings in O2 which is essential to make what and keep what alive?
make ATP w/in the mitochondria to keep cells alive
The respiratory serves for ______ and other vocalizations
speech
The respiratory system provides the sense of ______
smell
By eliminating CO2, it helps control the pH of body fluids, which otherwise might become to acidic (________)
acidosis
The lungs carry out a step in the synthesis of angiotensin II, which helps regulate what
angiotensin II -> blood pressure
Breathing promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood btwn the abdomen and ________
thorax
The lungs filter small ______ ____ from the bloodstream and dissolve them
blood clots
Breath-holding helps to expel abdominal content during _________, __________, and childbirth
breath holding = urination, defecation, and childbirth
What are the 2 systems that cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate CO2
cardiovascular and respiratory system
- the respiratory system provides for ______ ________
gas exchange
- the cardiovascular system _________ the respiratory gases
transports
- failure of either system has the same effect on the body… which is what
- disruption of homeostasis
- rapid death of cells from O2 starvation (hypoxia)
- build up of waste products
chemical reaction:
Food + O2 ->
CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
Since an excessive amt of CO2 is toxic to cells, it must be eliminated ________
quickly
What are the 6 principal organs of the respiratory system?
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
What 2 tracts is the respiratory system divided up into?
upper respiratory and lower respiratory tract
What is included in the upper respiratory tract?
* diff than lab
- nose
- nasal cavity
- sinuses
- pharynx
- larynx
An infection in any these areas is called an _____ _________ _______
upper respiratory infection
What is included in the lower respiratory tract?
* diff than lab
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs
Is an infection in the lower or upper respiratory tract more serious?
lower = more serious
_______ ______: includes the respiratory passageways that carry air to the sites of gas exchange (filter and humidify incoming air)
conducting zone
______ _________: the actual site of gas exchange in the lungs, is composed of the terminal respiratory passageways that contain alveoli - namely, the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
respiratory zone
What is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat
otorhinolaryngology
(ear, nose, and larynx)
What are the functions of the nose
- provides airway for respiration
- moistens and warms entering air
- filters inhaled air to cleanse it of foreign particles
- serves as a resonating chamber for speech
- houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
The facial part of the nose is shaped by what two things
- nasal bones
- hyaline cartilage
_______: (nostrils) how air passes into the nose
nares
The inter chamber of the nose is called the
nasal cavity
The nasal cavity contains the rest of the nose structures such as the ______ _________: divides the nose into right and left halves
nasal septum
The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by what 2 bones
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
The floor is formed the _______ (roof of the mouth) - which separates the nasal cavity from the mouth inferiorly and keeps food out of the airways
palate
______ ________ :the mucous membrane that lines the airway of the respiratory system which acts as a physical barrier to pathogens
respiratory mucosa
The ________ sinuses and __________ ducts drain into the nasal cavity. The cavity is lined with a mucus membrane that secretes sticky mucus to trap germs & debris.
paranasal sinuses
lacrimal ducts
The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces in the _____, ________, _________, and _______ bones of the skull
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
The nasal ______ has an extensive venous plexus called the erectile tissue.
concha
Every ____-______ minutes, the erectile tissue on one side swells with blood and restricts airflow through that fossa, and air is directed through the other nostril. The engorged side then has time to recover from drying effects.
30-60 minutes
A muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane extending from the nasal cavity and the larynx and has three regions:
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharaynx
what are the 3 main parts of the nasopharynx
- uvula
- pharyngeal tonsil
- eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube
________: little dangy thing in the back of the throat, reflect superiorly, an action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
uvula
__________ tonsil: known as the adenoids, a lymphoid organ that destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in the air
pharyngeal tonsil
____________ (_____________-) ______: Narrow passage that connects the middle ear to the upper part of the throat (nasopharynx) -> maintain pressure balance across the eardrum
eustachian (pharyngotympanic) tube
what to tonsils make up the oropharynx (oral area)
- palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils
_________ tonsils: lie in the lateral walls of the fauces
palatine
________ tonsil: covers the posterior surface of the tongue
lingual
___________: inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx
laryngopharynx
- The oropharynx and laryngopharynx, unlike the nasopharynx, pass air, food, and fluids and are lined by ________ _________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
Larynx: At rest, the epiglottis stands almost ________
vertically
During swallowing, muscles of the larynx pull the larynx upward toward the epiglottis, the tongue pushes the epiglottis _______ to meet it, and the epiglottis closes the airway, directing food and fluid into the esophagus.
downward
The vestibular folds of the larynx play a greater role in keeping food and drink out of the ________
airway
In infants the larynx is high in the throat, and the airway is more or less continuous from the nasal cavity to the larynx, allowing the infant to do what?
breathe while swallowing
What are the 3 major cartilages of the larynx
- epiglottis cartilage
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
__________ cartilage: A flap posterior to the tongue, it protects the airway during swallowing
epiglottis
_________ cartilage: the large, shield-shaped cartilage is formed by 2 cartilages plates joined in the midline (laryngeal prominence = adams apple)
thyroid
_______ cartilage: inferior to the thyroid cartilage, the only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring
cricoid
the vocal folds (true vocal cords) are made up of what 2 folds and what are their pitches
- taunt folds = higher pitches
- relaxed folds = low pitches
The vocal cords and the opening between them are collectively called the ________
glottis
__________ is an inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritant.
laryngitis
___________ or “windpipe,” is a rigid tube about 12 cm (4.5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter, anterior to the esophagus
Trachea
The trachea extends from larynx to fifth thoracic vertebra where it bifurcates in to R and L primary ________
bronchi
Trachea: composed of C shaped rings of ________ cartilage lined with ____________ ciliated columnar epithelium mainly of mucus-secreting goblet cells. The open part of the C faces posteriorly, where it is spanned by a smooth muscle.
- hyaline cartilage
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The mucus traps inhaled particles, and the upward beating of the _____ moves mucus toward the pharynx, where it is swallowed.
cilia
the trachea is the site of emergency __________
tracheotomy
________: They are somewhat conical with a broad concave base resting on the diaphragm and a blunt peak called the apex projecting slightly above the clavicle; and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly.
lungs
The lungs are what texture
soft and spongy
What are the lungs protected by
12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and vertebrae
The lungs are crowded by adjacent organs and do not fill the entire rib cage; they are also not __________
symmetrical
_______ to the lungs and diaphragm much of the space within the rib cage is occupied by the liver, spleen, and stomach.
inferior
The right lung has ____ lobes and the left lung ____ lobes.
right lung: 3 lobes
left lung: 2 lobes
Pleural membrane: two layered serous membrane, what are the 3 main components
- parietal layer
- visceral layer
- pleural cavity
_______ layer : covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum
parietal
_______ layer : is is continuous with the visceral pleura which covers the external lung surface
visceral
________ cavity : the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with a thin film of pleural fluid
pleural
Describe the clinical application of the condition of pleurisy and symptoms like pleuritis
Pleurisy: Lung infections such as pneumonia produce inflammation of the pleura, called pleurisy (pleuritis). The rubbing creates friction which creates a stabbing chest pain. This can lead to pleural effusion which is the general term for accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
Injuries to the chest wall that allow air to enter the intrapleural space either from the outside or from the alveoli cause __________, which is the filling the pleural cavity with air.
pneumothorax
Is there a double blood supply to lungs?
Yes, pulmonary circulation and the pulmonary tree
Pulmonary circulation: Deoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle of heart through pulmonary trunk – pulmonary _______ carry blood to capillaries around air sacs in lungs.
arteries
Pulmonary circulation: Pulmonary ______ return all blood to heart.
veins
In the lungs vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas. This phenomenon is known as ________-_________ _______
ventilation-perfusion coupling
________ _______ : Provide oxygenated blood to the bronchi, bronchioles, and lung connective tissue
bronchial arteries
_______ ________ : They drain the blood from the lung tissues that were supplied by the bronchial arteries, including the bronchi, bronchioles, and lung connective tissue
bronchial veins
- The bronchial tree is a branching system of air tubes within each _____; it extends from the main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal bronchioles.
lung
How many bronchi are there?
3; primary, secondary, tertiary
a. The structure of the bronchus is similar to that of the trachea, but the C-shaped cartilaginous rings are replaced with cartilaginous _____ where the bronchus enters the lung.
plates
What is the difference between the right and left primary bronchi and where is an inhaled object more likely to be?
- The right main (primary) bronchus: Wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left -> inhaled object is more likely to be lodged in there
c. The left main (primary) bronchus : narrow, longer, and more horizontal (more acute angle = less prone to foreign body aspiration)
____________ bronchi : three on the right, and two on the left -> each of which supplies one lung lobe
secondary
________ bronchi: supply air to specific bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs, branch off into bronchioles
tertiary
Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called _________, which contain lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
lobules
All of the bronchi are lined with ciliated ____________ columnar epithelium.
pseudostratified
All divisions of the bronchial tree contain ________ connective tissue that provides recoil to expel air.
elastic
The mucosa has a well-developed layer of ________ muscle, the muscularis mucosae, which contracts or relaxes to constrict or dilate the airway.
smooth
Cartilage in walls _________ and smooth muscle _________ with branching.
decreases
increases
f. Sympathetic β2 receptors relax smooth muscle to dilate airways = ____________
bronchodilation
________ _________ receptors increase mucus secretion.
parasympathetic muscarinic receptors
__________ bronchioles:. Are the smallest branches of the conducting zone of the respiratory system, right before the respiratory zone (they are less than 0.5 mm in diameter)
terminal
The path of airflow in the conducting division (draw with arrows)
nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchus → secondary (lobar) bronchus → tertiary (segmental) bronchus → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole.
- In the respiratory division, all passages have alveoli along their walls or are alveoli themselves: respiratory bronchiole ->
→ alveolar duct → atrium → alveolus.
How are animal lungs different compared to say frog/amphibian lungs
In contrast to frogs and amphibians with their simple single-sac lungs, mammals have lungs with 150 million little sacs/ea, the alveoli, which provide about 70 m2 of surface for gas exchange.
What are the 2 different types of alveolar cells that make up the alveolar walls and describe them
- type I alveolar (simple squamous pulmonary epithelial) cells, more of these along the surface
- type II alveolar (septal) cells, and alveolar macrophages (dust cells) -> engulf foreign particles.
Type 1 alveolar cells: The wall of each alveolus consists of a single layer of __________ ___________ cells called type 1 alveolar cells which are surrounded by a delicate basal lamina
squamous epithelial cells
The fluid secreted by type 2 cells contains a detergent like substance called __________ that reduces surface tension within the alveoli
surfactant
In relation to type 2 alveolar cells, what is respiratory distress syndrome and who is it seen in
Seen in preterm infants, caused by the insufficient production of surfactant in lungs -> surfactant is needed to increase surface tension in the alveoli which makes it difficult for the lungs to expand properly which can lead to resp failure
_______ ________: Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae form this, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveolus and the blood
respiratory membrane
________ ___________: adjacent alveoli interconnect via this, which allow air pressure to be equalized through the lung and provide alternative routes for air to reach alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed because of disease
alveolar pores
__________ ___________: Internal alveolar surfaces provide a site for the free movement of these, which actually live in the air space and remove the tiniest inhaled particles that were not trapped by mucus.
alveolar macrophages
Fluid must be kept from accumulating in the alveoli because it interferes with gas ________
diffusion
K. The bulk of the lungs consists largely of air tubes and spaces known as the
bronchial tree
The balance of the lung tissue, its ________ , is a framework of connective tissue containing many elastic fibers.
stroma
As a result, the lungs are light, soft, spongy, elastic organs that each weigh only about _____ lbs. The elasticity of healthy lungs helps to reduce the effort of breathing.
1.25 lbs
Breathing or ventilation: Consists of two phases – inspiration (________), the period when air flows into the lungs, and expiration (________), the period when gases exit the lungs
inhalation
exhalation
Describe the difference between quiet vs forced respiration
Quiet respiration is the way one breathes at rest; forced respiration is unusually deep or rapid breathing, as in a state of exercise, singing, blowing, coughing, or sneezing.
Describe what is involved when inspiration (inhalation) takes place
action of diaphragm, phrenic nerve, intercostal muscles, and Boyle’s law
- Action of the _________: When the dome-shaped muscle contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens. As a result, the superior-inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity increases.
diaphragm
- ______ nerve: stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm
phrenic
- _________ muscles: the these external muscles contract to raise the ribs, Lifting the ribs enlarges both the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity and the anterior-posterior dimensions.
intercostal
- _______ _______: When the volume of gas increases, the pressure decreases (inversely prop)
Boyle’s Law
Exhalation (________) : the period when gases exit the lungs
expiration
Describe the neural control of ventilation
The ventral respiratory group (VRG) (the pacemaker) whose neurons generate the basic ventilatory rhythm and rate with input from centers in the pons and dorsal medulla. Neurons sim somatic motor neurons to the resp muscles -> phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and the intercostal nerves to the intercostal muscles
What are the 3 main disorders of the respiratory system
- asthma
- cystic fibrosis (CF)
- COPD
Bronchial asthma affects how many children and how many adults (%)
7% of adults, 10% of children
Describe how bronchial asthma is an allergic inflammatory response and symptoms associated with it
It is a type of allergic inflammatory response that occurs in people who are hypersensitive to irritants in the air or to stress -> symptoms of asthma attack: coughing, wheezing, and SOB
Cystic Fibrosis: An accumulation of a ______ mucus in the respiratory passageaway, the mucus clogs the respiratory tubes and acts as a feeding ground for bacteria
viscous
What is the defect gene responsible for CF and how long is LE
CFTR gene, 30 yrs
________: The flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult or obstructed.
COPD
COPD: . It is mostly _______ ____________or ___________ and it is a major cause of death and disability in the US.
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
What are the 3 main signs/symptoms of COPD
- history of smoking
- labored breathing (dyspnea)
- coughing and pulm infections occur frequently
Most COPD victims ultimately develop what?
respiratory failure
