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Anatomy > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

Final exam prep

1
Q

________ contains substances and energy the body needs to construct all cell components

A

Food

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2
Q

Is food in a suitable state for us to use? what has to happen then?

A

Not suitable, to use as an E source it has to be broken down into molecules small enough to cross the plasma membranes of cells

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3
Q

Digestion is the _______ and _______ breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb.

A

mechanical and chemical

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4
Q

what carries out these processes?

A

Organs of the digestive system carry out these processes, as well as ingestion, propulsion, absorption and defecation.

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5
Q

The GI tract contains the food from the time it is eaten until it is digested or prepared for _________

A

elimination

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6
Q

The medical professions that study the structures, functions, and disorders of the digestive tract are ________ for the upper end of the system and __________ for the lower end.

A

gastroenterology = upper end
proctology = lower end

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7
Q

Overview: what are the 2 major sections of the digestive system?

A
  • digestive tract
  • accessory structures
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8
Q

The ______ _________is the tube open at both ends (mouth and anus) for the transit of food during processing

A

digestive tract

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9
Q

what are the functional segments of the GI tract

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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10
Q

The tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the

A

accessory structures

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11
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into ____ regions or, by another scheme, into four quadrants. What do these describe?

A

9 regions
locations of abdominopelvic organs

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12
Q

R & L Hypochondirac regions: where is it and what organs are there

A

These are the superior regions on the outside (R: liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small intestine) (L: spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas)

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13
Q

Epigastric Region: where is it and what organs are there

A

The center superior region (stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands)

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14
Q

R & L Lumbar Regions: where is it and what organs are there

A

These are the middle regions on the outside (R: gallbladder, liver, right colon) (L: descending colon, left kidney)

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15
Q

Umbilical Region: where is it and what organs are there

A

The most central region (navel, parts of the small intestine, duodenum)

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16
Q

R & L Iliac regions: where is it and what organs are there

A

These are the inferior regions on the outside (R: appendix, cecum) (L: descending colon, sigmoid colon)

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17
Q

Pubic regions: where is it and what organs are there

A

This the inferior middle region (urinary bladderm sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs)

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18
Q

Describe the clinical application of bowel sounds (what are they supposed to sound like, what sound might be an issue?)

A

Place a stethoscope in each of the 4 quadrants and looking to hear high pitched gurgles that occur at every 5-15 seconds. Less frequent (intestinal pause) or loud (inflammation, diarrhea) can indicate something wrong.

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19
Q

What are the seven basic processes of digestion

A
  1. ingestion
  2. secretion
  3. mixing and propulsion
  4. digestion (mech and chem)
  5. absorption
  6. compaction
  7. defaction
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20
Q
  1. _________ : the taking of food in the mouth
A

ingestion

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21
Q
  1. _________ is the release by cells, of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract.
A

secretion

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22
Q
  1. _______ and _________ : the movement of food through the alimentary canal which includes peristalsis (wavelike contractions of smooth muscle) to move it through the canal
A

mixing and propulsion

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23
Q

what are the 2 components of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical digestion

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24
Q

a. ________ digestion : physically prepares food for digestion by enzymes by breaking it into smaller pieces (ie chewing, churning food in stomach, and segmentation)

A

mechanical

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25
Q

b. _______ digestion : A series of complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blocks (enzymes)

A

chemical

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26
Q
  1. __________: the transport of digested end products from the lumen of the alimentary canal into the blood and lymphatic capillaries located in the wall of the canal
A

Absorption

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27
Q
  1. __________ is the absorbing of water and consolidation of indigestible residue into feces.
A

compaction

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28
Q
  1. __________: the elimination of indigestible substances from the body as feces
A

defecation

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29
Q

The digestive tract is a muscular tube about ____ meters long that extends from mouth to anus through the ventral cavity.

A

8

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30
Q

Part of this, the stomach and intestines, constitute the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The _______ __________ just refers to the muscular tube extending from mouth to anus.

A

alimentary canal

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31
Q

B. The basic arrangement of layers from the inner to outer surface includes the _______, _________, _________, and _______

A

mucosa, submocosa, muscularis, and serosa

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32
Q

what 3 things make up the mucosa (innermost layer)

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
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33
Q

__________: covers the surface and performs functions of absorbing nutrients and secreting mucus, contains intrinsic glands

A

epithelium

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34
Q

_______ ________: loose areolar CT whose capillaries nourish the lining epithelium and absorb digested nutrients

A

lamina propria

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35
Q

______ ________: a thin layer of smooth muscle that produces local movements of the mucosa

A

muscularis mucosa

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36
Q
  1. __________: A layer of CT containing major blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers
A

submucosa

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37
Q

a. The submucosal ______ : It is a network of neurons, ganglia, and nerve fibers that’s purpose is to regulate glandular secretion and blood flow

A

plexus

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38
Q
  1. Muscularis: the “________ layer”
A

muscular

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39
Q

a. _____________ plexus: It is between longitudinal and circular muscle layers, its job is to regulate motility which includes contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the GI tract

A

myenteric

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40
Q
  1. Serosa : ________ layer
A

outmost

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41
Q

a. ___________ : an ordinary fibrous CT, as their outer layer

A

adventitia

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42
Q

b. ____________ peritoneum :It directly covers and lines the external surface of most abdominal organs, including parts of the GI tract (stomach, small intestine, and colon)

A

visceral

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43
Q

The ____________ is the largest serous membrane of the body

A

peritoneum

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44
Q

The peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominal cavity and gives rise to connective tissue sheets called ____________

A

mesenteries

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45
Q
  1. ________ peritoneum : It lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and is sensitive to pain and pressure
A

parietal

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46
Q
  1. _________ peritoneum : covers the external surfaces of abdominal organs and forms mesenteries that support and suspend these organs
A

visceral

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47
Q
  1. __________ cavity: It is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum, containing a small amount of serous fluid to reduce friction between abdominal organs
A

peritoneal

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48
Q

B. _______________ organs: have both a serosa (on the anterior side) and adventitia (on the posterior side)

A

retroperitoneal

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49
Q

C. The peritoneum contains large folds (_________) that weave between the viscera, functioning to support organs and to contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves of the abdominal organs.

A

mesenteries

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50
Q

What are the 4 main extensions of the peritoneum?

A

mesocolon, falciform ligament, lesser omentum, and greater omentum

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51
Q

a. ___________: A fold of peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall, supporting its position and providing a pathway for blood vessels and nerves

A

mesocolon

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52
Q

b. _________ _________: binds the anterior aspect of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

A

falciform ligament

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53
Q

c. _____ ________: runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum

A

lesser omentum

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54
Q

d. _______ _________: connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall, but in a very roundabout way – it does have a large amount of fat and ability to limit the spread of infections

A

greater omentum

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55
Q

E. _________ is an acute inflammation of the peritoneum.

A

peritonitis

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56
Q

The _________ (oral or buccal cavity) : is a mucosal lined cavity whose boundaries are the lips anteriorly, the cheeks laterally, the palate superiorly, and the tongue inferiorly

A

mouth

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57
Q

_________ breaks up solid particles (chewing = mastication) and prepares food for ________ digestion thru saliva

A

mechanically
chemical

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58
Q

what are the 2 parts of the tongue

A
  1. lingual frenulum
  2. papillae
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59
Q

________ _________: A fold of mucosa on the undersurface of the tongue, it secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements

A

lingual frenulum

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60
Q

___________: Peglike projections of the mucosa, contains the taste buds

A

papillae

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61
Q
  1. The teeth are the hardest structures in the body and are collectively called ___________
A

dentition

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62
Q
  1. The teeth project into the mouth and are adapted for ___________ digestion (mastication).
A

mechanical

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63
Q

A typical tooth consists of three principal portions:

A
  • crown
  • root
  • neck
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64
Q

________: underlies the enamel cap and forms the bulk of the tooth

A

dentin

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65
Q

_______: The surface of the crown, is covered by this layer which is the hardest substance in the human body (0.96-1.6 mm thick)

A

Enamel

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66
Q

There are two dentitions, or sets of teeth, in an individual’s lifetime, what are they called

A

primary and secondary

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67
Q

_______ (__________) : the first set of teeth which is later replaced by the permanent teeth, the roots are resorbed until these teeth lossen/fall out (age 6-12 yo)

A

primary (deciduous)

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68
Q

___________ (_________) : Usually, by adolescence all these teeth have erupted and replaces the primary teeth (32 teeth)

A

secondary (permanent)

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69
Q

________ : chisel-shaped -> nipping off pieces of food

A

incisors

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70
Q

______: cone-shaped canines -> tear and pierce

A

cuspids or canines

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71
Q

__________ or bicuspids : broad crowns with rounded cusps for grinding food

A

premolars

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72
Q

__________: brown crowns with 4-5 cusps and are the best grinders

A

molars

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73
Q

______ _______: Lie outside the mouth and pour their contents into ducts that empty into the oral cavity; the remainder of saliva comes from buccal glands in the mucous membrane that lines the mouth.

A

salivary glands

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74
Q

_________ lubricates and dissolves food and starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates and lipids. It also functions to keep the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat moist.

A

saliva

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75
Q

Salivation is entirely under ________ control.

A

nervous

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76
Q

T or F: There are many, many salivary glands in the oral cavity.

A

T

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77
Q

_________ salivary glands: keep the mouth moist at all times, scattered within the mucosa of the tongue, palate, lips, and cheeks

A

intrinsic

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78
Q

_______: tongue movements also mix the food with saliva anf form it into this compact mass which is pushed down the pharynx

A

bolus

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79
Q

What are the 3 extrinsic salivary glands

A
  1. parotid glands
  2. submandibular glands
  3. sublingual glands
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80
Q

which one secretes digestive enzymes

A

parotid glands

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81
Q

which ones secrete primarily serous fluid and some mucus

A

submandibular glands

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82
Q

which one secrete primarily mucus

A

sublingual glands

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83
Q

What are mumps? what are some the symptoms?

A

A virus that spreads from one person to another in the saliva, the main symptom is inflammation and swelling of the parotid gland (chewing is hard)

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84
Q

What are the 3 components of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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85
Q

_______________: It is a muscular passage that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus, facilitating both respiratory and digestive functions.

A

nasopharynx

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86
Q

______________: It is the middle part of the pharynx, located behind the oral cavity, and serves as a passage for both air and food.

A

oropharynx

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87
Q

______________: It is the lower part of the pharynx, located behind the larynx, and directs food into the esophagus and air into the larynx and trachea.

A

laryngopharynx

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88
Q

Swallowing, or deglutition, involves over 22 muscles in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, and is coordinated by the swallowing center in the ________ __________

A

medulla oblongata

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89
Q

what are the 2 stages of swallowing

A

voluntary and involuntary stage

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90
Q

_________ stage where the tongue collects food, presses it against the palate to form a bolus, and pushes it posteriorly into oropharynx against the epiglottis. The epiglottis is tipped backward and the bolus slides past it into the laryngopharynx. As the bolus enters the laryngopharynx, it stimulates tactile receptors and activates the next phase.

A

voluntary

91
Q

___________- Swallowing begins and the swallowing reflex is triggered. Receptors in the oropharynx stimulate the deglutition center in the medulla. The food bolus is driven downward by constriction of pharyngeal muscles. This begins the pharyngeal stage which moves food from the pharynx to the esophagus.

A

involuntary

92
Q

The role of the __________ is to secrete mucus and transport food to the stomach.

A

esophagus

93
Q

The esophagus contains an ______ and a _________ esophageal (cardiac) sphincter.

A

upper and a lower esophageal sphincter

94
Q

During the esophageal stage of swallowing progressive contractions of the muscularis push the bolus onward. There propulsive contractions are termed ___________

A

perisalsis

95
Q

__________ ________ (________) disease occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close adequately after food has entered the stomach, resulting in stomach contents refluxing into the inferior portion of the esophagus. HCl from the stomach contents irritates the esophageal wall resulting in heartburn.

A

Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

96
Q

A. The stomach is a J-shaped, pouch-like organ, that begins at the bottom of the esophagus and ends at the ________ ________, about 25-30 centimeters long.

A

pyloric sphincter

97
Q

_______: A ring shaped zone encircling the cardial ofirice at the junction with the esophagus

A

cardia

98
Q

_________: The stomachs dome, is tucked under the diaphragm

A

fundus

99
Q

_________: The large midportion of the stomach

A

body

100
Q

__________: The distal, ring-shaped portion of the stomach that joins the small intestine and contains the pyloric sphincter muscle

A

pyloris

101
Q

________ are folds or ridges in the inner lining of certain organs, such as the stomach, that allow the organ to expand when filled and contract when empty.

A

rugae

102
Q

It serves as a mixing and holding area for food, begins the digestion of proteins, and continues the digestion of triglycerides, converting a bolus to a liquid called ________. It can also absorb some substances.

A

chyme

103
Q

In terms of innervation and circulation, the stomach receives parasympathetic nerve fibers from the ______ nerves and sympathetic fibers from the celiac ganglia. It is supplied with blood from the celiac trunk, and all blood drained from the stomach and intestines enters the hepatic portal circulation before returning to the heart.

A

vagus nerve

104
Q

Histology of the stomach: _________ ________: the surface of the stomach mucosa is dotted with million of these cup-shaped structures

A

gastric pits

105
Q

________ ________ : located beneath the gastric pits, contain several types of cells that secrete digestive juices and hormones to aid in food digestion

A

gastric glands

106
Q

What falls under the category of gastric glands

A
  1. mucous neck cells
  2. parietal calls
  3. chief cells
  4. enteroendocrine cells
107
Q
  1. ________ _________ cells : occur in the upper ends, or necks of gastric glands, secrete a different type of mucus from that secreted by the surface mucus cells
A

mucous neck cells

108
Q
  1. ________ _________: occur mainly in the middle regions of the glands, produce the stomachs hydrochloric acid (HCL) by pumping hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gland
A

parietal cells

109
Q
  1. _______ cells: occur in the basal parts of the glands, make and secrete the enzymatic protein pepsinogen
A

chief

110
Q
  1. ____________ cells: hormone secreting cells scattered throughout the lining epithelium and glands of the alimentary canal
A

Enteroendocrine

111
Q

The gastric secretions of the gastric glands produce __ to ___ L of gastric juice per day, composed mainly of water, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin.

A

2-3

112
Q

The muscularis has three layers of smooth muscle:

A
  • longitudinal
  • circular
  • inner oblique layer
113
Q

Swallowing center signals stomach to ________ and arriving food stretches the stomach activating gastric motility.

A

relax

114
Q

__________: gentle ripple of contraction every 20 seconds churns & mixes food with gastric juice. After 30 minutes, these contractions become quite strong.

A

peristalsis

115
Q

Gastric enzymes begin breaking down proteins, but the stomach is not well-adapted to absorb digestive products. what can be absorbed?

A

some h2o, electrolytes, certain drugs (aspirin), and alc

116
Q

________ __________ is the periodic release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.

A

gastric emptying

117
Q

Most food leaves the stomach 2-6 hours after ingestion. Carbohydrates leave earliest, followed by proteins and then fats. Typical meal is emptied from stomach in _____ hours

A

4

118
Q

_________ _________: Squirts 1-15 mL of chyme into duodenum of sm intestine. The duodenum neutralizes acids and digests nutrients a little at time.

A

pyloric sphincter

119
Q

_________ is the forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper GI tract (stomach and sometimes duodenum) through the mouth.

A

vomiting

120
Q

Vomiting involves multiple muscular actions integrated by the vomiting center of the _________ _________

A

medulla oblongata

121
Q

Prolonged vomiting, especially in infants and elderly people, can be serious because

A

the loss of gastric juice and fluids can lead to disturbances in fluid and acid-base balance.

122
Q

The _________ is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach, about 12 to 15 cm long and 2.5 cm thick.

A

pancreas

123
Q

The pancreas is divided into a head, body, and tail and is connected to the duodenum via the _________ duct and __________ duct.

A

pancreatic duct
accessory duct

124
Q

________ __________ duct: carries digestive enzymes and bicarbonate from the pancreas to the duodenum, where they aid in digestion.

A

main pancreatic

125
Q

_______ __________ duct: a smaller duct that can also drain pancreatic secretions into the duodenum, typically bypassing the main duct.

A

accessory pancreatic

126
Q

The pancreas has a dual function as both an

A

endocrine and exocrine gland

127
Q

About ____% of the pancreas function is exocrine function to secrete digestive juice.

A

99%

128
Q

_______ (acinar cells): make, store, and secrete at least 22 kinds of pancreatic enzymes capable of digesting the various categories of food stuff

A

Acini

129
Q

_________ granules: the enzymes are stored in an inactive form in the intracellular secretory granules

A

zymogen granules

130
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas is called ___________ and can result in trypsin beginning to digest pancreatic cells.

A

pancreatitis

131
Q

Pancreatic ________ is nearly always fatal and is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the United States.

A

cancer

132
Q

The ______ is the largest internal organ and is located in the upper-right abdominal quadrant just beneath the diaphragm filling most of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It has many functions, of which only one, the secretion of bile, contributes to digestion.

A

liver

133
Q

The _________ is a sac located in a depression on the inferior surface of the liver between the right and quadrate lobes - 10 cm long that stores and concentrates bile.

A

gallbladder

134
Q

a. The liver is divisible into left and right lobes, separated by the _________ ________

A

falciform ligament

135
Q

Associated with the right lobe are the _________ and ___________ lobes.

A

caudate and quadrate lobes

136
Q

The liver receives a double supply of blood from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein. All blood eventually leaves the liver via the _______ ________

A

hepatic vein

137
Q

what structures all drain into the hepatic portal vein which takes blood to the liver

A
  • inferior mesenteric vein (large intestine)
  • the splenic vein (spleen)
  • the gastric vein (stomach)
  • the superior mesenteric vein (small intestine, first 2 section of colon)
138
Q

the interior of the lobes of the liver are made up of tiny tubules called _________(the functional units of the liver) that contain hepatic cells (liver cells or hepatocytes), sinusoids, stellate reticuloendothelial (Kupffer’s) cells, and a central vein.

A

lobules

139
Q

________ : shaped like a hexagonal solid and consists of hepatocyctes

A

lobule

140
Q

__________: plates of liver cells radiating out from the central vein

A

hepatocytes

141
Q

_________ : large capillaries, receive blood from both the portal arteriole and venule and carry blood inward to reach the central vein

A

sinusoids

142
Q

what type of endothelium is in the liver

A

fenestrated endothelium.

143
Q

______ _____ ______ : carry nutrient-rich blood from the stomach and intestine

A

hepatic portal vein

144
Q

________ _______ _______ : carrying oxygen-rich blood to the liver

A

hepatic arterial blood

145
Q

The hepatocytes _________ nutrients from this and also remove and degrade hormones, toxins, bile pigments, and drugs. The hepatocytes also secrete albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen, and other factors into the blood.

A

absorb

146
Q

________ _______ (Kupffer cells) : destroy bacteria and other foreign particles in the blood flowing past them

A

Hepatic macrophages

147
Q

Blood flows into central vein ->

A

into hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava

148
Q

__________ : “little canals” that lie between adjacent hepatocytes

A

canaliculi

149
Q

________ is secreted by hepatocytes.

A

Bile

150
Q

________ _________: The cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form this, which empties into the duodenum

A

bile ducts

151
Q

_______ _________ : carry bile from the respective liver lobes

A

hepatic ducts

152
Q

________ _______ _______: the L and R hepatic ducts fuse to form this structure, which extends inferiorly toward the duodenum

A

common hepatic duct

153
Q

_________ ________ : gallbladders duct

A

cystic duct

154
Q

_________ ______ _______ : a tube that carries bile from the gallbladder and liver to the duodenum to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.

A

common bile duct

155
Q

____________ : it is a junction where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct merge, releasing their contents (bile and pancreatic enzymes) into the duodenum

A

ampulla

156
Q

________ is a yellowish/greenish fluid that is partially an excretory product (pigments from worn-out red blood cells – bilirubin and biliverdin) and partially a digestive secretion (water, bile salts, pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes).

A

Bile

157
Q

Bile salts aid in the digestion of ______; all other components of the bile are wastes destined for excretion

A

fats

158
Q

the bile are wastes destined for excretion; if these wastes become excessively concentrated, they may form ________

A

gallstones

159
Q

Bile gets into the gallbladder by first filling the ______ _____, then overflowing into the gallbladder.

A

bile duct

160
Q

Between meals, the gallbladder absorbs water and electrolytes from the bile and concentrates it by a factor of ___ to ____ times. 500 to 1000 mL bile are secreted daily from liver

A

5-10 times

161
Q

About 80% of bile acids are

A

reabsorbed in the small intestine (returned to the liver to hepatocytes)

162
Q
  1. The 20% that is not reabsorbed is excreted in
A

feces - bodys only way of eliminating excess cholesterol

163
Q

The fusion of individual _________ of cholesterol is the beginning of 95% of all gallstones.

A

crystal

164
Q

What can cause gallstones and what does it do to the body?

A

Too much cholesterol or too few salts can lead to crystallization of cholesterol in the gallbladder, producing gallstones that can plug the cystic duct and cause agonizing pain when the gallbladder or its duct contracts. Can see w/ ultrasound, surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder (laparoscopic cholecystectomy)

165
Q

_________: is a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (white part of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood, which can result from liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or excessive red blood cell breakdown.

A

Juandice

166
Q

The ______ ________ is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine.

A

small intestine

167
Q

Once chime leaves the stomach, it enters the small intestine and is mixed with secretions from the _________ and _______

A

pancreas and liver

168
Q

Nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the _______ _________, and transports the remaining residue to the large intestine.

A

small intestine

169
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
170
Q
  1. __________– 8-10 inches. Here stomach acid is neutralized, fats are emulsified by bile acids, pepsin is inactivated by elevated pH, and pancreatic enzymes take over chemical digestion.
A

duodenum

171
Q
  1. _________ – 8ft. Most digestion and nutrient absorption occur here.
A

jejunum

172
Q
  1. _______ - 12 ft
A

ileum

173
Q
  1. _______ _________: are permanent, transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa
A

circular folds

174
Q
  1. ________: fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety texture, much like the soft nap of a towel
A

villi

175
Q

________ : lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that take up lipids

A

lacteal

176
Q

__________: Immotile, cellular projections of the free surface of most epithelia; microvilli anchor sheets of mucus or increase SA for abs

A

microvilli

177
Q

_________ ___________: Contain many mitochondria because the uptake of digested nutrients is an energy-demanding process

A

absorptive enterocytes

178
Q

______ _______: Individual mucus-secreting cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts

A

goblet cells

179
Q

____________ cells: hormone secreting cells scattered throughout the lining epithelium and glands of the alimentary canal

A

enteroendocrine

180
Q

_________: secrete intestinal juice, a water liquid that mixes with chyme in the intestinal juice

A

crypts

181
Q

Small intestine: In addition to mucous-secreting goblet cells, there are many specialized mucous-secreting glands that secrete a thick, ________ mucus in response to certain stimuli.

A

alkaline

182
Q

What regulates the small intestine

A
  1. mucus secretion -> presence of chyme
  2. distension of the intestinal wall -> nerve plexuses
  3. parasymp reflexes -> intestinal enzymes
183
Q

Abs in small intestine: Absorption is the passage of the end products of digestion from the GI tract into blood or lymph and occurs by (4)

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

184
Q

The small intestine carries on mixing movements that include: (2)

A

-Segmentation – ring-like contractions that churn chyme back and forth
-Peristalsis – pushing movements that propel chyme

185
Q

The ______ _________ is about 1.5 m (5 ft) long and 6.5 cm (2.5 in.) in diameter in a cadaver and extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus. It consists of four regions: the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

A

large intestine

186
Q

_______: The blind-ended pouch at the beginning of the large intestine

A

cecum

187
Q

_______ ________: is a sphincter muscle located at the junction between the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the cecum (the first part of the large intestine), controlling the flow of chyme and preventing backflow into the small intestine.

A

ileocecal valve

188
Q

__________: blind tube that opens into the posteromedial wall of the cecum

A

appendix

189
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Acute inflammation of the appendix, results from a blockage that traps infectious bacteria within its lumen. If it ruptures, bacteria andfeces are released into the peritoneum, causing peritnotis. Surgical removal = appendectomy

190
Q

What are the 4 parts of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

191
Q

____________: ascends along the right side of the posterior abdominal wall in a secondarily retroperitoneal position and the level of the right kidney, with a right angle turn (right colic flexure)

A

ascending

192
Q

___________: extends intraperitoneal to the left across the peritoneal cavity, left colic flexure

A

transverse

193
Q

____________: descends along the left side of the posterior abdominal wall again in a secondarily retroperitoneal position

A

descending

194
Q

__________: inferiorly, the colon becomes intraperitoneal and enters the true pelvis as the S-shaped area

A

sigmoid

195
Q

__________: pouches (sacculations) of the colon

A

haustra

196
Q

________: Descends along the inferior half of the sacrum in a secondarily retroperitoneal position

A

Rectum

197
Q

_____: It begins where the rectum passes through the levator ani, the muscle that forms the pelvic floor

A

Anus

198
Q

_________ : Varicose veins of the hemorrhoidal veins in the anal canal (caused by straining)

A

Hemoorhoids

199
Q

The _______ anal sphincter : smooth muscle, invol

A

internal

200
Q

The _________ anal sphincter : skeletal muscle, vol to inhibit defication

A

external

201
Q

Mechanical movements of the large intestine include

A

haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis.

202
Q
  1. Haustral contractions occur every ____ minutes - distension of a haustrum stimulates it to contract.
A

30

203
Q

Mass movements occur ___ to ____ times a day (a bowel movement) triggered by reflexes.

A

1-3 times a day

204
Q

Mass mvts fill the stomach and duodenum which stimulates motility -> how much does it move residue with every contraction

A

several centimeters

205
Q

The large intestine takes about ____ to_____ hours to reduce the residue of a meal to feces.

A

12-24

206
Q

The large intestine harbors about ______ species of bacteria collectively called the bacterial flora which ferment cellulose & other undigested carbohydrates.

A

800

207
Q
  1. The large intestine absorbs
A
  • water
    -electrolytes
  • some vitamins
208
Q
  1. Feces consist of _______ & _______ (bacteria, mucus, undigested fiber, fat & sloughed epithelial cells)
A

water and solids

209
Q

Where does most of absorption take place in the small or large intestine

A

small intestine

210
Q
  1. Although most water absorption occurs in the small intestine, the large intestine absorbs enough to make it an important organ in maintaining the body’s _______ balance.
A

water

211
Q

Feces are 75% ______ and 25% solids. The solids are 30% bacteria, 30% undigested dietary fiber, 10% to 20% fat, and smaller amounts of protein, sloughed cells, salts, mucus, and other secretions.

A

water

212
Q

Bacteria produce intestinal _______, which is a less desirable effect. The average person produces _____ mL per day. Most is swallowed air but it can contain methane, hydrogen sulfide, indole & skatole that produce the odor.

A

gas
500 mL

213
Q

__________: feces are expelled

A

defectation

214
Q

Explain how defecation is a reflex

A

Mediated by the sacral spinal cord, this parasympathetic reflex signals the walls of the sigmoid colon and rectum to contract and the internal anal sphincters to relax

215
Q

___________ refers to frequent defecation of liquid feces. It is caused by increased motility of the intestine and can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

A

Diarrhea

216
Q

What is diarrhea caused by?

A

electrolyte imbalances and dehydration

217
Q

____________ refers to infrequent or difficult defecation and is caused by decreased motility of the intestines, in which feces remain in the colon for prolonged periods of time. It may be alleviated by increasing one’s intake of dietary fiber and fluids.

A

constipation

218
Q

Can dietary fiber be classified as both insoluble (doesnt dissolve) and soluble (dissolves)

A

yes

219
Q

What does insoluble fiber and what does soluble do for you that is possible

A
  • insoluble = colon cancer
  • soluble = lower chol
220
Q

______ _________: oversecretion of stomach acid, craterlike erosions of the mucosa in any region of the alimentary canal that is exposed to stomach secretions, many in pyloric region (gastric ulcers)

A

peptic ulcers

221
Q

_________ _________ ____________: a noncontagious, periodic inflammation of this wall (cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and intestinal bleeding)

A

inflammatory bowel disease

222
Q

what is the difference between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis?

A
  • Crohn’s Disease (more serious, deep ulcers and fissures developing along the entire intestine)
  • Ulcerative colitis: shallow inflammation of the mucosa of the large intestine, mainly in the rectum
223
Q

_______ __________: inflammation of the liver is largely of viral origin (flulike symptoms and jaundice) (Type A, B, C, G)

A

viral hepatitis

224
Q

How does cystic fibrosis (CF) play a role on the pancreas

A

It disrupts the resp system but also the bile ducts and liver all become blocked with thick secretions -> most serious: clogged ducts prevent the pancreatic juices from reaching the small intestine (bulky feces)

Anatomy (13 decks)

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