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Anatomy > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

what does the CNS contain (2)

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what does the PNS contain (2)

A

nerves and ganglia

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4
Q

A. Functions of the brain range from life-sustaining activities to the most ________ neural functions.

A

complex

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5
Q
  1. The brain maintains internal environment through control of the ________ NS and the _______ system.
A

automatic NS and endocrine system

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6
Q
  1. The brain is involved in peripheral innervation through ______ ________
A

cranial nerves

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7
Q

The ________ performs tasks associated with intelligence, memory, emotion, behavior, and socialization.

A

brain

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8
Q

what is the brain the center for?

A

registering sensations, correlating w/ one another and w/ stored info, making decisions, and taking action

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9
Q

what are the four major parts the brain?

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum

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10
Q

which part of the brain contains cerebral hemispheres with various lobes of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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11
Q

which part of the brain contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

A

diencephalon

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12
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in balance?

A

cerebellum

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13
Q

which part of the brain contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

brain stem

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14
Q

the brain, like the spinal cord, is composed of _______ and _________ matter

A

gray and white

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15
Q

what is the important distinction between the gray and white matter in the brain vs the spinal cord

A
  • brain: gray on the outside, white on the inside
  • spinal cord: gray butterfly in the middle, white on the outside
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16
Q

which matter is made up of myelinated nerve fibers (axons)

A

white matter

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17
Q

which matter is made of cell bodies of neurons

A

gray matter

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18
Q

What is the protective covering of the brain besides the cranial bones

A

the cranial meninges

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19
Q

How many connective tissue membranes are there?

A

3

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20
Q

What is the role of the meninges?

A
  • cover and protect the CNS
  • protect blood vessels
  • enclose venous sinuses
  • contain CSF
  • partition the brain
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21
Q
  1. The cranial meninges, which lie between the nervous tissue and bone, are continuous with the spinal meninges and are named _______ ______, ________, and ______ _____
A

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

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22
Q

What two qualities best describe the dura which cover the brain and spinal cord

A

external and toughest

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23
Q

In some places of dura are separated by what?

A

dural sinuses

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24
Q

what are the two sinuses?

A

superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus

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25
Q

meningeal and periosteal layers of dura mater separate to form this area - which sinus?

A

The superior sagittal sinus

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26
Q

paired venous sinuses - which sinuses?

A

The transverse sinus

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27
Q

C) These sinuses meet like an inverted T at the back of the brain and ultimately empty into the internal _____ _____

A

jugular veins

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28
Q

what are the 3 extensions of the dura meter that separate parts of the brain (cerebri)

A
  • falx cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • falx cerebelli
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29
Q

which extension separates the hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

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30
Q

which extension seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

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31
Q

which extension separates the cerebellum (itself)

A

falx cerebelli

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32
Q

The arachnoid mater and pia mater are similar to those of the _______ ______

A

spinal cord

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33
Q

which mater is a weblike middle layer of the 3 meninges

A

arachnoid mater

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34
Q

what is the fluid-filled area between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

A

subarachnoid space

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35
Q

which later is the most internal and most delicate of the 3 membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

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36
Q

The brain has 4 internal chambers called the

A

ventricles

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37
Q

what are these ventricles filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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38
Q

The ventricles are continuous with each other and the ______ _____ of the spinal cord

A

central canal

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39
Q

The ventricles are lined with ________ cells and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

ependymal

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40
Q

What are the 4 ventricles names?

A

lateral ventricles (2), third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

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41
Q

what is the thin median membrane that separates the 2 lateral ventricles

A

septum pellucidum

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42
Q

what connects the the left and right lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

A

interventricular foramen

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43
Q

what is the narrow cavity of the midbrain that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

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44
Q

in the 4th ventricle, what allows the CSF to drain into the subarachnoid space?

A

lateral apertures

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45
Q

Is the subarachnoid space (4th ventricle) filled with CSF?

A

yes

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46
Q

What is the latin name for the central canal of the spinal cord

A

central cana

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47
Q

each ventricle has a mass of blood capillaries on the floor or wall called a ______ ______-

A

choroid plexus

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48
Q

what is the thin membrane that lines the brain ventricles

A

ependyma

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49
Q

what is special about the choroid plexuses?

A

A rich membrane (rooftop) that FORMS THE CSF

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50
Q

what is the function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

A

protects the brain from harmful substances

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51
Q

What is the clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and sc against chemical and physical injuries, carries O, glucose, and other chems from the blood to the neurons/neuroglia

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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52
Q

what are the 3 ways that CSF contributes to hemostasis?

A
  • buoyancy: protect the brain, keep the sc suspended
  • protection: shock absorption
  • chemical stability: maintain homeostasis
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53
Q

What does the CSF circulate through?

A

brains surface, over the surface, and down the sc

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54
Q

what cues does CSF have to circulate thru the CNS

A

Its own pressure
- beating of the cilia of the ependymal cells
- rhythmic pulsations of the brain produced by the heartbeat

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55
Q

what 2 areas is most of the fluid absorbed into

A

arachnoid villi, superior sagittal sinus

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56
Q

where does this fluid go (which vein)

A

jugular veins

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57
Q

what is the volume of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

volume is about 120 mL (about 1/2 cup); produced at a rate of 20 mL/hr = same as reabsorption rate

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58
Q

blood flows to the brain mainly via _______ _______

A

blood vessels

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59
Q

where doe these blood vessels brain from

A

cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis) at the base of the brain

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60
Q

These structures do what… internal carotid arteries and basilar artery

A

deliver blood to brain

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61
Q

These structures do what… dural sinuses and then into jugular veins

A

blood drainage

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62
Q

The brain is only 2% of the adult weight, but it receives ____% of the blood

A

15%

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63
Q

of this supply how much oxygen and glucose does the brain consume at rest?

A

20% oxygen, 50% glucose

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64
Q
  1. The brain is one of the most metabolically active organs of the body, and the amount of oxygen it uses varies with the degree of ________ activity
A

mental

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65
Q

Neurons depend on which energy production system?

A

aerobic glycolysis (need oxygen)

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66
Q

. Because carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited (No glycogen stores (some in glia)), the supply of glucose to the brain must be __________

A

continuous

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67
Q

Glucose ________ may produce mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, and unconsciousness.

A

deficiency

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68
Q

Are fats typically used in the brains energy?

A

NO, under extreme circumstances, ketones are used

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69
Q

What can happen if there is any interruption of the oxygen supply to the brain?

A

weakening and even permanent damage = death of brain cells

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70
Q

Interruption of the mother’s ________ supply to a child during childbirth before it can breathe may result in paralysis, mental retardation, epilepsy, or death.

A

blood

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71
Q

How many seconds does an interruption of blood flow causes a loss of consciousness?

A

10 seconds

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72
Q

1-2 minutes = impairment of function, what minute causes irreversible brain damage?

A

4 minutes

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73
Q

What can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

small, lipid-soluble molecules = oxygen, CO2, glucose (polar), certain hormones

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74
Q

________ head injuries can lead to brain injuries of varying severity: concussion, contusion, and subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage – brain bleeds.

A

traumatic

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75
Q

what are the 2 types of brain bleeds

A

subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage

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76
Q

what are strokes caused by

A

decreased blood supply

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77
Q

brain bleeds that occur in the epidural space effect what?

A

arteries

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78
Q

brain bleeds that occur in the subdural space effect what?

A

veins

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79
Q

which one is a medical emergency?

A

epidural space (arteries)

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80
Q

what two things could lead to a stroke that effects the cerebral blood vessel

A

occlusion (blockage) and hemorrhage (brain bleed)

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81
Q

what do brain bleeds increase?

A

intracranial pressure (ICP)

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82
Q

which one epidural space or subdural space is rapid bleeding

A

epidural space

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83
Q

what negative effect can increases ICP have

A

pushes brain outside of position

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84
Q

the displacement of the hemisphere under falx cerebri to ______ side of brain

A

opposite

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85
Q

increased causes downward or upward displacement of the hemisphere, diencephalon, and midbrain

A

downward displacement

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86
Q

The temporal lobe under the dura, the cerebral peduncle is _______

A

pinched

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87
Q

the brain tissue is ________ against the bone

A

compressed

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88
Q

The cerebrum is the center of what

A

intelligence and personality (THINKING)

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89
Q

what percentage of all neurons in the NS are housed in the cerebrum

A

75%

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90
Q

The cerebrum is about 83% of the brain’s volume and consists of two cerebral hemispheres which have an outer, superficial layer called the _____ and a deeper layer called the ______

A

cortex, medulla

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91
Q

. The cerebral hemispheres form the superior or inferior part of the brain.

A

superior

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92
Q

what is the difference between gyri and sulci

A
  • gyri = ridges
  • sucli = shallow grooves
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93
Q

The deep longitudinal fissure separates which two things?

A

left and right cerebral hemispheres

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94
Q

At the bottom of this fissure the hemispheres are connected by the _______ _______

A

corpus callosum

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95
Q

which gender has a larger corpus callosum?

A

females

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96
Q

what does the transverse cerebral fissure seperate

A

the thalamus from the parahippocampal gyrus and the fornix of the corpus callosum

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97
Q

e. The five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres separated by specific sulci are:

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occupital, and insula

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98
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere has three regions:

A

-the superficial cortex of gray matter
- internal white matter (medulla),
- areas of gray matter deep within the white matter, the basal nuclei.

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99
Q

The _______ _________ is the location of the conscious mind

A

cerebral cortex

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100
Q

in addition to being 40% of the brain mass, what does the cerebral cortex allow us to do?

A

communicate, remember, and understand

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101
Q

The differences in the cerebral hemispheres function is called what

A

cerebral lateralization

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102
Q

Each hemisphere has contralateral control over sensory and motor functions, meaning that each hemisphere controls the ________ side of the body.

A

opposite

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103
Q

The left hemisphere is more important for:

A

language abilities, math, and logic

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104
Q

The right hemisphere is more important for:

A

visual-spatial skills, reading facial expressions, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills

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105
Q
  1. Specialization of hemispheres is more pronounced in males or females
A

males

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106
Q

What are the main functions of the cerebrum

A
  • interpreting impulses
  • vol mvmt
  • storing info as memory
  • retrieving stored info
  • reasoning
  • intelligence and personality
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107
Q

T or F: 1. The cerebral cortex, is 2-4 mm thick and is composed of gray matter and is the outermost portion of cerebrum.

A

true

108
Q

The cerebral cortex is the location of the “conscious mind” and is composed primarily of what 2 things

A
  • cell bodies
  • dendrites
109
Q

Does the cortex contain a lot of neurons?

A

YES BILLIONS

110
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

motor area, sensory areas, and association areas

111
Q
  1. The cortex contains gyri (convolutions), deep grooves called _______, and shallower sulci.
A

fissures

112
Q

Certain prominent ______ divide each hemisphere into five distinct lobes: temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal. Deep to these lobes lies the insula.

A

sulci

113
Q

Which lobe is involved in voluntary motor functions and higher mental functions

A

frontal

114
Q

What gyrus of the frontal lobe controls voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body

A

precentral gyrus

114
Q

Which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

115
Q

what area in the frontal lobe is a region of the brain that controls voluntary movement (hint: a primary)

A

primary motor cortex

116
Q

what gyrus (frontal lobe) processes general somatic sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

A

postcentral gyrus

117
Q

What area controls motor movements necessary for speaking (speak production)

A

Broca area

118
Q

memory, planning, and decision-making in the prefrontal cortex is also known as the

A

anterior association area

119
Q

What lobe forms the uppermost part of the brain and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus. It is involved in general sense, taste, equilibrium, and some visual processing.

A

Parietal

120
Q

what region of the brain that processes sensory information from the body, including touch, pain, temperature, and pressure (hint: a primary) in the parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

121
Q

What is the name for representation of the body’s sensory or motor distribution along the brain’s cerebral cortex.

A

homunculus

122
Q

what are the signals called for the conscious awareness of taste stimuli

A

gustatory (taste) signals

123
Q

Which lobe: interprets hearing & smell and language. The temporal lobe is a lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone and separated from the parietal and frontal lobes by a deep lateral sulcus. Auditory signals are received by in the superior region of the temporal lobe and in the nearby insula.

A

temporal

124
Q

Temporal lobe, what is the conscious awareness of sound (hint it is a primary)

A

primary auditory cortex

125
Q

What area tells you what the sound is you are hearing (ie horn)

A

the auditory association area

126
Q

which area is conscious awareness of smells

A

primary olfactory cortex

127
Q

What area deals with speech comprehension (understanding language)

A

Wernicke area

128
Q

Which lobe: Interprets vision. At the rear of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus and underlying the occipital bone. Visual signals are received by the primary visual cortex in the posterior region.

A

Occpital

129
Q

What is the 5th part of the cerebrum (DEEP) that has a role in language, sense of taste, and integrating visceral sensory information

A

insula

130
Q

Beneath the cortex lies the cerebral ______ ______

A

white matter

131
Q

The cerebral white matter makes up most of the volume of the cerebrum and is composed of glia and myelinated nerve fibers organized into _______ kinds of tracts

A

3

132
Q

Cerebral white matter is responsible for ________ between cerebral areas and the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers.

A

communication

133
Q

What are the 3 fibers of the cerebral medulla?

A

association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers

134
Q

which fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere

A

association fibers

135
Q

which fibers interconnect corresponding gray areas of the right and left cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to function together

A

commissural fibers

136
Q

which fibers have sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex, connection to brain stem and spinal cord

A

projection fibers

137
Q

what are areas of gray matter located deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres; regulate certain aspects of movement

A

basal nuclei

138
Q

What would be an example of how the basal nuclei help program habitual or automatic sequences and set appropriate amts of muscle tone

A

activities like walking, typing, tying shoes = basal nuclei

139
Q

Nearly all areas of cerebral cortex, except for primary ______ and _________ cortices, send signals to the basal nuclei.

A

visual and auditory

140
Q

Basal nuclei (ganglia) also selectively _______ other motor neuron circuits that are intrinsically active or excitatory

A

inhibit

141
Q

Impairment of the basal nuclei results in uncontrollable, abnormal body movements, often accompanied by muscle rigidity and tremors -> what diseases are effected by this

A

Dyskinesia “bad movements” Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and tourette syndrome

142
Q

what is the main difference between parkinsons and Huntington

A

loss of input from the substanta nigra -> slow, jerky mvmts (P)
overstimulation and jerky movements (H)

143
Q

___________ brain systems are networks of neurons that work together and span large distances in the brain.

A

functional

144
Q

what are the two functional brain systems

A

reticular formation and limbic system

145
Q

medial portions of the cerebral cortex, the fornix, and parts of the diencephalon -> these make up the

A

limbic system

145
Q

a white matter bundle in the brain that plays a key role in memory and cognition

A

fornix

146
Q
  1. The limbic system is known as the “_________ brain”
A

emotional

147
Q

So the limbic system

A

functions in emotional aspects of behavior and memory, and is associated with pleasure and pain and contains structures for both gratification and aversion. Controls emotions, produces feelings, and interprets sensory impulses.

148
Q

what does the limbic system associate smells with

A

emotions and memories

149
Q

The __________ lies medial to the cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brainstem.

A

diencephalon

150
Q

What are the 3 components of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
151
Q

a peanut-sized structure in the thalamus that relays visual information from the retina to the visual cortex

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

152
Q

a part of the thalamus that plays a key role in motor control and the coordination of movement

A

ventral lateral nuclei

153
Q

rounded little bumps that bulge (hypothalamus)

A

mammillary bodies

153
Q

a cross shaped structure anterior to the diencephalon of the brain, representing the point of crossover of half the axons of the optic nerve (hypothalamus)

A

optic chiasm

154
Q

in the hypothalamus, what structure is in charge of the secretion of hormones

A

pituitary glands

155
Q

a group of brain cells in the hypothalamus that regulates the body’s circadian rhythms

A
  1. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus:
155
Q

a funnel shaped cavity in the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

156
Q

what is the difference between the paraventricular vs the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus

A
  • paraventricular nucleus: regulates CV and osmotic homeostasis
  • arcuate nucleus: regulates E balance, food intake, and reproduction
157
Q
  1. The hypothalamus is the ______ CONTROL CENTER of the body
A

visceral

158
Q

what two systems does the hypothalamus link

A

nervous and endocrine -> neuroendocrine

159
Q

What structure is in the epithalamus that is a hormone that controls sleep and wakefulness, cone shaped area

A

pineal gland

160
Q

what is the sleep hormone associated with the pineal gland

A

melatonin

161
Q

The _______ ________ is the most caudal of the four major brain regions. Its primary functions are to produce programmed automatic behaviors, provide a passageway for fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and innervation for CNs

A

brain stem

162
Q

The major parts of the brain stem are the _______ _______, ________ and __________ and produces rigidly programmed automatic behaviors necessary for survival.

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

163
Q

The ______ _______ is the inferior part of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

164
Q

the point at which the right and left corticospinal tracts cross over in the medulla oblongata

A

decussation of pyramids

165
Q

what centers in the MO control HR, blood pressure, and breathing

A

cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center

166
Q

The ______ is about 2.5 cm long and appears as a broad anterior bulge rostral/superior to the medulla. It connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain with one another by way of tracts.

A

pons

167
Q
  1. The pons also contains the ______ and _______ areas, which help control and regulate rate and depth of breathing along with the respiratory center in the medulla.
A

pneumotaxic and apneustic areas

168
Q

a pair of structures that connect the cerebellum to the pons

A

middle cerebellar peduncles

169
Q

It contains nuclei for which cranial nerves (Pons)

A

CN V

170
Q

The __________ is the most rostral of the three parts of the brain stem. The midbrain conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes (corpora quadrigemina).

A

midbrain

171
Q

midbrain: what is the difference between the superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi

A
  • superior colliculi = process visual info
  • inferior colliculi = process auditory info
172
Q

Anterior to the cerebral aqueduct, the midbrain consists mainly of the two cerebral _________ that anchor the cerebrum to the brain stem. (CN III and IV)

A

peduncles

173
Q

The _________ ___________ is a complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain stem that consists of small areas of gray matter interspersed among fibers of white matter and has both sensory and motor functions.

A

reticular formation

174
Q

what network of neurons in the brainstem that regulates sleep-wake cycles, arousal, and attention (reticular formation)

A

reticular activating system, or RAS

175
Q

what modulation is reticular formation best known for

A

pain modulation

176
Q

The cerebellum contains how many hemipsheres

A

2; right and left

177
Q

What is the largest part of the hindbrain?

A

cerebellum

178
Q

what are the cerebellar hemispheres connected by

A

wormlike bridge called the vermis

179
Q

three pairs of white matter bundles that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

A

cerebellar peduncles

180
Q

The cerebellum is 10% of the brain’s mass but has _____% of the surface area of the cerebral cortex and contains more than half of all brain neurons.

A

60%

181
Q

What are the 4 aspects of cerebellar functioning (like how would you know that someones cerebellum is impaired)

A
  • monitoring intent for movement
  • monitoring actual movement
  • comparing intent with actual performance
  • sending out corrective signals
182
Q

The cerebellum receives information from the _________ on planned movements, compares planned movements with current body position, and sends instructions to the cerebral cortex.

A

cerebrum

183
Q

The ___________ is involved in learning new motor skills and motor memory, and it also plays some role in language, problem solving, and task planning.

A

cerebellum

184
Q

All fibers to and from the cerebellum are ipsilateral or contralateral

A

ipsilateral

185
Q

The cerebellum integrates _________ input from the eyes, ears, joints, & muscles about the present position of body parts.

A

sensory

186
Q

The cerebellum functions in the coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and in the maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and _________

A

balance

187
Q

The cerebellum does what to voluntary mvmts

A

makes them smooth and coordinated

188
Q

what are some examples of the cerebellum learning new motor skills

A

playing the piano or hitting a baseball

189
Q

A) The spinal cord and spinal nerves mediate reactions to environmental ________

A

changes

190
Q

B) The spinal cord has several functions and can function __________ from the brain.

A

independently

191
Q

what are the 3 functions of the spinal cord

A
  • rely sensory info from the body to the brain
  • send motor commands from brain to body
  • coordinate reflexes
192
Q

The spinal cord is a cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen _________, and then passes through the vertebral canal as far as the inferior margin of the first lumbar vertebra or slightly beyond.

A

magnum

193
Q

B. The spinal cord is protected by two connective tissue coverings, the ________ and __________, and a cushion of cerebrospinal fluid.

A

meninges and vertebra

194
Q

The protective _________ are three coverings that run continuously around the spinal cord and brain.

A

meninges

195
Q

_________ is the inflammation of the meninges – can be caused by a virus or bacteria

A

meningitis

196
Q

Are the layers of the meninges the same as the meninges lining the brain? if so what are they

A

dura mater, arachnoid (subarachnoid space), and pia mater

197
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture taken from and what is the purpose (arachnoid)

A

in between vertebrae, taking a sample of CSF

198
Q

In the pia mater (most internal and delicate), what tethers the spinal cord to the dorsum of the coccyx

A

terminal filum

199
Q

what ligaments extends laterally from between the dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots, pierces through the arachnoid membrane, and securely attaches to the thick spinal dura mater

A

denticulate ligaments

200
Q

the tapered, cone-shaped end of the spinal cord that terminates near the first two lumbar vertebrae

A

conus medullaris

201
Q

external sc: a swelling in the neck or an expansion in the spinal cord

A

cervical enlargement

202
Q

external sc: a section of the spinal cord that’s wider than normal and contains more nerve fibers and cell

A

lumbar englargement

203
Q

external sc: a bundle of nerves at the end of the spinal cord that provides movement and sensation to the lower body

A

cauda equina

204
Q

external sc: a fibrous band that extends from the conus medullaris to the periosteum of the coccyx

A

filum terminale

205
Q

inside the spinal cord, what does the shape of the gray matter make?

A

butterfly

206
Q

what is gray matter made up of and whats its purpose

A

neuron cell bodies and dendrites -> processing info + motor responses

207
Q

what are the 3 regions that make up the gray matter

A

2 dorsal (posterior) horn, 2 ventral (anterior) horn, and lateral horn

208
Q

This region receives sensory information entering the spinal cord via the dorsal roots and is primarily responsible for processing sensory data like pain, temperature, and touch

A

dorsal (posterior) horn

209
Q

This region contains the cell bodies of motor neurons that send axons out via the ventral roots to control muscle movement

A

ventral (anterior) horn

210
Q

Primarily found in the thoracic region, this area houses neurons involved in the autonomic nervous system, regulating visceral functions

A

lateral horn

211
Q

a thin band of gray matter within the spinal cord that surrounds the central canal and connects the left and right sides of the gray matter

A

gray commissure

212
Q

a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled space that runs through the center of the spinal cord and connects to the brain’s ventricle

A

central canal

213
Q

a collection of nerve fibers that cross the midline of the spinal cord and brain, enabling communication between the two sides of the body

A

anterior white commissure

214
Q

a deep groove in the spinal cord that divides the white matter in half and contains a fold of pia mater

A

anterior median fissue

215
Q

a shallow groove in the midline of the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, and pons that separates the two posterior funiculi

A

posterior median sulcus

216
Q

Are the names the same for white matter?

A

yes: dorsal, ventral, and lateral

217
Q

The ______ matter consists of bundles of myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons.

A

white

218
Q

The white matter is divided into columns. Each column contains distinct bundles of nerve axons that have a common origin or destination and carry similar information -> These bundles are called ________

A

tracts

219
Q

All major spinal tracts are part of _______ multi-neuron pathways that mostly cross from one side to the other, and consist of a chain of two or three neurons.

A

paired

220
Q

___________ pathways conduct sensory impulses upward through a chain of three neurons.

A

ascending

221
Q

Somatic sensory pathways relay information from somatic receptors to the primary ___________ area in the cerebral cortex.

A

somatosensory

222
Q

what is the order of neurons

A

first-order, second-order, third-order

223
Q

______________ signals are an exception, as second-order fibers carry these to the cerebellum.

A

proprioceptive

224
Q

For signals below the head, first-order fibers enter the_________ horn of the spinal cord.

A

posterior

225
Q

Signals ascend via the __________ and other pathways.

A

spinothalamic

226
Q

first order: These pathways decussate at or near the point of entry into the spinal cord or in the brainstem, so the primary somesthetic cortex in each hemisphere receives ____________ signals.

A

contralateral

227
Q

Signals from the thoracic and abdominal viscera travel to the _______ _________ by way of sensory fibers in the vagus nerve (CN X).

A

medulla oblongata

228
Q

2nd order: Several tracts undergo ____________, meaning that they cross over from one side of the body to the other side.

A

decussation

229
Q

(2) When the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body, they are said to be ___________

A

contralateral

230
Q

(3) When a tract does not decussate, its fibers are said to be ________

A

ipsilateral

231
Q

3rd order: Axon collaterals of somatic sensory neurons simultaneously carry signals into the cerebellum and the reticular formation of the _______ _______

A

brain stem

232
Q

what are the 2 names of the major ascending tracts

A
  • fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
  • spinothalamic
233
Q

what are the subgroups of the spinothalamic

A

lateral spinothalamic tract and anterior tract

234
Q

which one is a sensory pathway in the spinal cord that carries information about pain, temperature, and possibly itch to the brain

A

lateral spinothalamic tract

235
Q

which one carries sensory information from the skin to the brain

A

anterior tract

236
Q

___________ tracts conduct motor impulses down to targets.

A

descending

237
Q

T or F: All nerve fibers in a particular tract have similar origin, destination, and function.

A

True

238
Q

Many of these fibers have their origin in a region called the _________, a vertical stalk that supports the large cerebellum and the two even larger cerebral hemispheres.

A

brainstem

239
Q

Several tracts decussate: A stroke that damages motor centers of the right side of the brain can cause paralysis of the left or right limbs

A

left

240
Q

what are the 2 upper motor neurons

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

241
Q

which on is a group of brain structures that are primarily responsible for controlling movement

A

basal ganglia

242
Q

which one is responsible for coordination of movement, maintaining posture and balance, muscle tone, and motor learning

A

cerebellum

243
Q

neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the muscles, allowing the muscles to be innervated, what type of neurons?

A

lower motor neurons

244
Q

is spastic paralysis due to the damage of upper or lower motor neurons

A

upper motor neurons (contralateral)

245
Q

is flaccid paralysis due to damage of upper or lower motor neurons

A

lower motor neurons (ipsilateral)

246
Q

corticospinal tracts are from the cerebral cortex to the ______ _______

A

spinal cord

247
Q

The fibers form ridges called pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata and so were once called ___________ tracts.

A

pyramidal

248
Q

Most of these fibers decussate in the lower medulla and form the lateral corticospinal tract on the __________ side of the spinal cord.

A

contralateral

248
Q

_______ ________ _______ is a disease that attacks motor areas of the cerebral cortex, axons of upper motor neurons and cell bodies of lower motor neurons. It causes progressive muscle weakness due to degeneration of motor neurons in cord, brainstem and cortex by free radicals.

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

249
Q

The lateral and medial reticulospinal tracts : pathways that control motor neurons in the spinal cord, and are involved in posture, orientation, and the _____ _______ reflex

A

knee jerk

250
Q

Spinal cord injuries result in loss of voluntary movement and _______ in regions inferior to the transection.

A

sensation

251
Q

Any localized damage to the spinal cord is its roots leads to __________ which is the loss of motor function

A

paralysis

252
Q

What is the term for loss of sensory function

A

paresthesias

253
Q

Severe damage to the ________ root or________ horn results in FLACCID PARALYSIS, since nerve impulses are not transmitted to the skeletal muscles.

A

ventral

254
Q

When ______ motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged, SPASTIC
PARALYSIS occurs, in which voluntary control over skeletal muscle is lost

A

upper

255
Q

If damage to the spinal cord occurs between T1 and L1, lower limbs are affected,
resulting in _________

A

paraplesia

256
Q

but if the damage occurs in the cervical region, all four limbs are affected, resulting in __________

A

quadriplegia

257
Q

Poliomyelitis results from destruction of ventral horn motor neurons by ______

A

polio

258
Q

D. Examples of brain disorders are traumatic brain injuries

A

such as concussion and contusion, and degenerative brain diseases, including cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) and Alzheimer’s disease.

259
Q

A blow that causes unconsciousness _______ the brain stem, depressing the activity of the reticular formation.

A

twists

260
Q

F. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neuromuscular condition that involves progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of the _________ tracts.

A

pyramidal

261
Q

G. Postnatal changes in the brain represent many neuronal connections during childhood that are based on early experiences; brain growth stops in early _______

A

adulthood

262
Q

cognitive functions _______ with age.

A

decrease

Anatomy (9 decks)

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