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Anatomy > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: In all its form, muscle tissue makes near ____ of the body’s mass

A

half

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2
Q

What are the 4 functions of muscle tissue

A
  • movement
  • posture
  • joint stabilization
  • body heat
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3
Q

What are the 4 special functional characteristics that make SKM unique?

A
  • contractility
  • excitability
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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5
Q

A cell in skeletal and smooth muscle tissue are called ______

A

fibers

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6
Q

Muscle cells of ______ and _____ muscle tissues are called fibers

A

skeletal and smooth muscle

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7
Q

All 3 types of muscle tissue depend on _________ for contraction

A

myofilaments

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8
Q

the plasma membrane for all types of muscle cells is called the

A

sacrolemma

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9
Q

the cytoplasm for all muscle cells is called the

A

sacroplasm

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10
Q

striated, voluntary movement, attached to primarily to bones, multiple nuclei per cell

A

skeletal

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11
Q

striated, invol control, forms most of the heart, and single nucleus

A

cardiac

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12
Q

nonstriated, invol, walls fo hollow internal structures (visceral), single nucleus

A

smooth

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13
Q

T or F: SKM is vol striated muscle that is usually attached to one or more bones

A

True

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14
Q

Are most skeletal muscles controlled subconsciously to some extent

A

yes, ex diaphragm

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15
Q

Each Skeletal muscle is an ORGAN composed of

A

SKm tissue, CT, nervous tissue, BVs

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16
Q

Because of their length, SKm cells are usually called muscle fibers or

A

myofibers

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17
Q

T or F: each skeletal muscle is a separate organ composed of fibers

A

True

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18
Q

What type of CT is sk muscle made of

A

fibrous CT

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19
Q

__________ is a sheet/band of fibrous CT that is deep to the skin and surrounds muscles and other organs in the body

A

fascia

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20
Q

what are the 2 main types of fascia

A

superficial and deep

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21
Q

What does the superficial fascia do?

A

sep muscles from skin and provides a pathway from nerves and BVs, stores fat, insulates, and protects muscles from trauma

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22
Q

What does the deep fascia do?

A

Lines the body wall and limbs, holds muscles with similar functions together, allows free movement (fills space between muscles)

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23
Q

What are the 3 extensions of the deep fascia that cover individual muscle fibers

A

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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24
Q

Outermost, covering the entire muscle

A

epimysium

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25
Q

covering bundles (fascicles)

A

perimysium

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26
Q

covering individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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27
Q

what are the 2 EXTENSIONS OF CT beyond muscle cells that attach muscle to bone or other muscle

A

tendon and aponeuroses

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28
Q

______ a cord of dense CT that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone

A

Tendon

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29
Q

____________ a tendon that extends as a broad, flat layer

A

aponeurosis (cranial and abdominals)

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30
Q

Are collagen of muscles excitable/contractile or extensible/elastic

A

extensible/elastic

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31
Q

How does collagen protect the muscle from injury

A

resist excessive stretching when a muscle lengthens

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32
Q

How do skeletal muscles produce movments

A

exert force on tendons -> pull on bones or skin

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33
Q

T or F: most muscles cross at least 1 joint and are attached to the articulating bones that form the joint

A

True

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34
Q

When such a muscle contracts it _____ one articulating bone toward the other

A

draws

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35
Q

______: attachment of muscle tendon to STATIONARY bone

A

origin

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36
Q

______: attachment of other muscle tendon to MOVEABLE bone

A

insertion

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37
Q

________ is an inflammation of the tendons and synovial membranes surroundinging certain joints

A

tendonitis

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38
Q

What are in nerves that convey impulses for muscular contraction

A

motor neurons

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39
Q

What does the blood supply?

A

oxygen and nutrients

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40
Q

Intramuscular (IM) injections are used to administer rel large doses of drugs that can be dangerous or even fatal if injected directly into the _______

A

bloodstream

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41
Q

What should you palpate for to find the best location for an IM injection?

A

Greater trochanter

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42
Q

Why do IM injections cause less irritation and absorbed quicker

A

greater blood supply of muscles

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43
Q

what are the 3 main components of the skeletal muscle (think diagram)

A

whole muscle, fascicle, muscle fibers

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44
Q

What do skeletal muscle fibers look like?

A

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells

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45
Q

how are skeletal muscle fibers formed

A

embryonic myoblasts

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46
Q

Is the number of SK muscle fibers set before you are born?

A

YES

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47
Q

Do most of these cells last a lifetime?

A

Yes

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48
Q

How does muscle grow then?

A

hypertrophy: enlargement of existing muscle fibers

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49
Q

The organized internal structure of a muscle fiber is closely tied to its _________ function

A

contractile

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50
Q

The light and dark striations in muscle fibers are from the internal structure of long, rod-shaped organelles called _________

A

myofibrils

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51
Q

Myofibrils make up more than ____% of the sacroplasm

A

80%

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52
Q

Fibers (cells) are covered by a ________ (cell membrane)

A

sacrolemma

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53
Q

what are tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that quickly spread the muscle AP to all parts of the muscle fiber

A

T tubules

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54
Q

The sarcoplasm is the muscle cell cytoplasm and contains organelles like mitochondria and a large amount of ______ for E production and _______ for oxygen storage

A

glycogen, myoglobin

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55
Q

The sarcoplasm is occupied mainly by long protein bundles called _________

A

myofibrils

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56
Q

What is the shape of muscle fibers that are pressed against the inside of the sacrolemma

A

sausage-shaped

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57
Q

Most other organelles are packed into the ______ between the myofibrils

A

spaces

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58
Q

what encircles each myofibril

A

sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)

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59
Q

What is the equivalent in the smooth muscle as it stores calcium ions

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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60
Q

What are parallel, threadlike contractile organelles found in muscle tissue

A

myofibrils

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61
Q

what contractile proteins do myofibrils contain?

A

myofilaments

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62
Q

what 2 filaments are myofilaments made of?

A

Myosin and actin

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63
Q

Which are thick and which are thin

A

thick = myosin
thin = actin

64
Q

Myosin and actin are arranged into units called, this is the FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE CELL

A

sarcomeres

65
Q

What are the boundaries of a sacromere

A

1 Z line to the next

66
Q

___ band = myosin w/ some actin overlapping

A

A band

67
Q

___ band = consist of actin only

A

I band

68
Q

Z (line) discs passes through the

A

center of the I band

69
Q

___ zone inn the center of each A band contains myosin only

A

H

70
Q

______ can result in torn sarcolemma, damaged myofibrils, and disrupted Z discs

A

exercise

71
Q

What functions as a motor protein, pull/push cargo to convert ATP into mech E

A

myosin

72
Q

What connects to the myosin for the sliding together of filaments

A

actin

73
Q

Actin and myosin are the ________ proteins

A

contractile

74
Q

The regulatory proteins are

A

tropomyosin and troponin

75
Q

tropomyosin and troponin are part of the _______ filament

A

thin

76
Q

In a relaxed muscle what does tropomyosin do?

A

blocks myosin-binding sites on actin preventing myosin from binding to actin

77
Q

What is the most clinically important protein

A

dystrophin

78
Q

what are the 2 structural proteins

A

titin and distrophonin

79
Q

what is role of the structural proteins

A

give the myofibril elasticity and extensibility

80
Q

______ is an elastic protein that helps a sarcomere return to its resting length after a muscle has contracted or been stretched

A

titin

81
Q

______________ is an enormous protein located btwn the sarcolemma and outermost myofilaments

A

dystrophin

82
Q

Dystrophin thru a series of links that leads ultimately to the fibrous __________ surrounding the muscle fiber

A

endomysium

83
Q

When myofilaments move, they pull on dystrophin, and ultimately this pulls on the extracellular CT leading to the ______

A

tendon

84
Q

what condition is associated with genetic defects in dystrophin

A

muscular dystrophy

85
Q

general cell = cell, SKm cell =

A

muscle fiber

86
Q

general cell membrane= cell, SKm cell =

A

sarcolemma, extensions of T-tubules

87
Q

general cell = cytoplasm, SKm cell =

A

sacroplasm

88
Q

general cell = endoplasmic recticulum, SKm cell =

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores Ca2+)

89
Q

general cell = organelles (many), SKm cell =

A

organelles (many), myofibrils are contractile

90
Q

SKm muscle never contracts unless it is stimulated by a _______

A

nerve

91
Q

what are nerve cells called?

A

somatic motor neurons

92
Q

somatic motor neurons w/ cell bodies in the brainstem and spinal cord, stim mf via their axons, called somatic motor ______

A

fibers

93
Q

A single motor fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates are collectively called a

A

motor unit

94
Q

the greater the contraction

A

the greater the number fibers

95
Q

are axons of motor nuerons branched?

A

yes

96
Q

T or F: A motor unit is a single neuron AND all of the muscle fibers it innervates

A

true

97
Q

A single motor unit may innervate as few as 10 or as many 2,000 mf, with an average of what

A

150 fibers innervated by each motor neuron

98
Q

smalll motor unit > fine control > eye movement (how many #)

A

3-20 muscle fibers by per neuron

99
Q

large motor unit > gross > gastrocnemius

A

1,000 mf per neuron

100
Q

What arises at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Action potential (AP)

101
Q

AP travels down a motor neuron to the axon terminal and causes the release of the neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

102
Q

ACh will bind to receptors on the _______ of the muscle fiber and causes muscle contraction; a decrease, stops it

A

sarcolemma

103
Q

Which enzyme is attached to the sarcolemma immediately breaks ACh down into fragments to stop the stimulation of the mf

A

acetylcholinesterase (ACh-ase)

104
Q

Muscle depolarization travels along sarcolemma, down T-tubules, causing release of Ca2+ from SR to

A

sacroplasm

105
Q

Where does ATP attach?

A

myosin cross bridges (myosin)

106
Q

This reaction transfers E from ATP to the myosin head, even before the contraction begins -> this leaves it an ________ state

A

energized

107
Q

Explain the oar of a boat metaphor

A

myosin heads bind to actin and swivel toward the center of the sarcomere, drawing thin filaments past thick filaments toward the center of the sarcomere (H zone)

108
Q

As myosin heads swivel, what do they release

A

ADP

109
Q

the sarcomere shortens, do the thick and thin filaments change length?

A

no

110
Q

The sliding of filaments and shortening of sacromeres causes the shortening of the whole muscle fiber and ultimately the entire muscle, this is called

A

sliding filament mechanism

111
Q

when power stroke is ________, ATP again combines with the ATP-binding sites on the myosin heads

A

complete

112
Q

As _____ binds, myosin head detaches from actin

A

ATP

113
Q

ATP is split, giving energy and myosin returns to what

A

original upright position

114
Q

What 3 things have to be available for the cycle to continue

A

ATP, Ca2+, ACh

115
Q

when contraction is over, what returns calcium ions to the SR

A

calcium ion active transport pumps

116
Q

Rigor mortis, a state of muscular rigidity following death, is caused by

A

lack of ATP to split myosin-actin cross bridges

117
Q

what are the 2 main drugs/plants that block events at the NMJ

A

curare and botulinum toxin

118
Q

_______ plant poison used on arrows and blowgun darts

A

curare

119
Q

how does curare cause muscle paralysis

A

blocks ACh RECEPTORS, inhibits Na+ ion channels

120
Q

what is a use of a derivative of curare

A

used during surgery to relax skeletal muscles

121
Q

what does botulinum toxin (bacterial toxin) block?

A

blocks the release of ACh from synaptic vescicles

122
Q

May be found in improperly canned foods, tiny amt can paralyze respiratory muscles =

A

death

123
Q

what is the medical purpose?

A

botox

124
Q

what things can botox treat?

A
  • strabismus (crossed eyes)
  • blepharospasm (uncontrollable blinking)
  • spasm of vocal cords that interfere with speech
  • cosmetic treatment: relax muscles that cause facial wrinkles
  • alleviate chronic back pain
125
Q

Are all Sk muscle fibers identical in structure and function?

A

NO

126
Q

color varies according the content of __________, an oxygen storing reddish pigment

A

myoglobin

127
Q

red muscle fibers have ____ myoglobin content while the myoglobin content of white muscle fibers is _____

A

high, low

128
Q

what varies between cell types

A

fiber diameter (mitochondria), contraction velocity, and resistance to fatigue

129
Q

What are the 3 skeletal muscle fiber classifications

A

slow oxidative, oxidative-glycolytic, and fast glycolytic fibers

130
Q

red in color, resistant to fatigue, least powerful, smallest diameter, make ATP aerobically, lots of mitochondria

A

slow oxidative (slow twitch)

131
Q

pink in color, hand and eye muscles, lots of mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood vessels

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic

132
Q

Fast oxidative-glycolytic split ATP at a very fast rate, what activities show this

A

walking, marathon running

133
Q

White in color, anaerobic activity for short duration, largest diameter, make ATP via glycolysis, fatigue quickly

A

Fast glycolytic (fast twitch)

134
Q

what is an example of fast glycolytic exercise

A

bicep curls

135
Q

Do most skeletal muscles contain a mixture of all 3 types

A

yes

136
Q

Do all fibers of any one motor unit have the same fiber type

A

Yes

137
Q

T or F: Although the # of diff sk muscle fibers does not change, the characteristics of those present can be altered by various types of exercise

A

True

138
Q

_______ can improve physical performance by increasing joint flexibility allowing the joint to move thru a greater ROM

A

stretching

139
Q

Muscular power and ROM are influenced by what

A

fascicle organization and leverage

140
Q

how does stretching reduce the risk of injury

A

decrease resistance in various soft tissue -> less of a chance of exceeding max tissue extensibility

141
Q

what are other benefits of stretching

A

less muscle soreness and improve posture (realign soft tissues)

142
Q

Do skeletal muscles fibers undergo mitosis after they form

A

No

143
Q

Do skeletal muscle fibers lengthen and thicken throughout childhood and adolescence

A

yes

144
Q

Why is body strength of adult men usually greater than that of an adult women?

A

effects of androgen hormones in males

145
Q

Aging results in increased amounts of CT in skeletal muscles and a decrease in number of muscle fibers known as

A

sarcopenia

146
Q

Inflammation can be good, but what is a bad example that causes nerve compression?

A

compartment syndrome

147
Q

order: fascicles, thick & thin filaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers (cells), muscle

A

muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers (cells), myofibrils, thick & thin filaments

148
Q

Cardiac muscle has gap junctions that are called

A

intercalated disks

149
Q

why is there more mitochondria in cardiac than SKm

A

Aerobic -> get ATP (need O) for cont., rhythmic activity

150
Q

What tissue is smooth muscle made of?

A

Aerolar

151
Q

what are the 2 main functions of smooth tissue

A

vasoconstriction (active) and vasodilation (relaxation)

152
Q

Is there troponin and tropomyosin in smooth muscle

A

no, Ca2+ triggers activation and contraction

153
Q

why are calcium channel blockers prescribed fro high BP?

A

cause vasodilation of the BVs, bc calcium is blocked so smooth muscle cant contract (aka vasoconstrict)

154
Q

is smooth muscle organized into sarcomeres or does it just thick and thin filaments

A

no sarcomeres, sarcoplasm has thick and thin filaments

155
Q

Is the duration of contraction longer for smooth muscle compared to SKm

A

Smooth is longer

156
Q

can smooth muscle contract in multiple ways and stretch considerably w/o developing tension

A

yes

157
Q

What does this construction of smooth muscle facilitate?

A

swift coordinated contraction, automatic

Anatomy (9 decks)

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