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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 systems help keep the controlled conditions w/in the limits that maintain health and helps to maintain homeostasis

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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2
Q

what is the nervous system respsonsible for (3)

A

behaviors, memories, and movements

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3
Q

C. The study of the nervous system is _____________

A

neurobiology

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4
Q

The branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system is called ____________

A

neurology

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5
Q

The nervous system carries out its coordinating task in three basic steps, what are they

A
  • sensory/afferent function
  • integrative function
  • motor function
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6
Q

Function of: Uses sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body, these are called a stimulus, the gathered info is called a sensory input

A

sensory/afferent function (PNS -> CNS)

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7
Q

function of: processes and interprets the sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done at each moment

A

integrative function

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8
Q

function of: Dictates a response by activating the effector organs, our muscles or glands, this is the response

A

motor function (CNS-> PNS)

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9
Q

E. The nervous system has two major anatomical subdivisions… what are they

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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10
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and SC

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11
Q

what are the components of the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and ganglions

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12
Q

what are bundles of fibers that act as the body’s electrical signal system, sending messages between the brain and the rest of the body

A

nerves

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13
Q

what are areas where the cell bodies of neurons are clustered

A

a ganglion

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14
Q

c. The PNS is functionally divided into ________ and ________ divisions.

A

sensory and motor

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15
Q

i. The sensory (afferent) division : conducts impulses from receptors to the ______

A

CNS

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15
Q

which division is responsible for touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception

A

somatic sensory division

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16
Q

what is special about the somatic sensory division

A

hearing, equilibrium, and vision

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17
Q

what is special about visceral sensory

A

taste and smell

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17
Q

which division is stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation in viscera (nausea and hunger)

A

visceral sensory

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18
Q

ii. The motor (efferent) division : conducts impulses from the ______ o the cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

A

CNS

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19
Q

which division is motor innervation to skeletal muscles

A

somatic motor

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20
Q

which division is motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

visceral motor

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21
Q

what are the 2 sub division of the visceral motor

A

sympathetic (mobilize system during activity) and parasympathetic (relaxes, rest)

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22
Q

Nerve tissue contains 2 types of cells:

A

neurons and glial cells

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23
Q

how do neurons conduct electrical signals?

A

transmit in the form of action potentials (AP)

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24
Q

what is the longevity of a neuron?

A

extreme longevity, function for a lifetime

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25
Q

Are neurons able to divide?

A

No

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26
Q

The metabolic rate of neurons is high meaning that they need constant

A

O and glucose

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27
Q

what are the 3 fundamental physiological properties that enable neurons to communicate with other cells

A
  • excitability
  • conductivity
  • secretion
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28
Q

T or F: a. Excitability (irritability). All cells are excitable, that is, they respond to stimuli. Neurons have developed this property to the highest degree.

A

True

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29
Q

Neurons respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are conducted to other cells, this shows their

A

conductivity

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30
Q

When the electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, the neuron secretes a _____________ that stimulates the next cell.

A

neurotransmitter

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31
Q

a. Most neurons, or nerve cells, consist of a cell body (soma), and neuron processes that extend from the cell bodies: many dendrites, and usually a single _______

A

axon

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32
Q

lipofuscin, chromatophilic substances (nissl bodies), and neurofibrils are all part of the ______ _______

A

cell body

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33
Q

Lipofuscin : a brownish pigment that accumulates in cells over time and is also known as the _______ pigment

A

aging

34
Q

Chromatophilic substances (Nissl bodies) : large clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes that stain _______

A

darkly

35
Q

iii. Neurofibrils : __________ filaments (run like a network) between chromatophilic substance)

A

intermediate

36
Q

_______ neuron cell bodies are located within the CNS, however, some clusters of cell bodies (ganglia) lie along the nerves of the PNS.

A

Most

37
Q

The ______ are branched receptive sites, conduct electrical signals toward the cell body

A

dendrites

38
Q

the ______ are impulse generators and conductors that transmit nerve impulses AWAY from their cell body

A

axons

39
Q

Do most axons branch extensively at their distal end

A

yes

40
Q

thick insulating covering that prevent leakage of current and increase the speed of impulse

A

myelin sheath

41
Q

iii. Mot neurotransmitters : excite or inhibit the neuron or target organ that are in close contact

A

motor neurotransmitters

42
Q

what are known as knobs and are involved in neurotransmitter release

A

axon terminals

43
Q

e. The site of functional contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell is called a _________

A

synapse

44
Q

Neurons fall into three functional classes based on the three major aspects of nervous system function

A
  • sensory (afferent) neurons
  • interneurons
  • motor (efferent) neurons
45
Q

make up the sensory division of the PNS (PNS -> CNS)

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

46
Q

lie in between motor and sensory neurons. They are multipolar neurons that are confined in the CNS

A

interneurons

47
Q

carry impulses away from the CNS to effector organs (CNS -> PNS)

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

48
Q

what can you use to remember nuerons?

A

SAME

49
Q

classification of neurons: have more than two processes

A

multipolar

50
Q

classification of neurons: have two processes that extend from opposite sides of the cell body

A

Bipolar neuron

51
Q

classification of neurons: have a short, single process that emerges from the cell body like an inverted T

A

unipolar neurons

52
Q

are specialized tissue cells that support neurons, attach neurons to blood vessels, produce the myelin sheath around axons, and carry out phagocytosis.

A

neuroglia

53
Q

can glia cells divide? How might this be bad?

A

Cells can divide - rapid mitosis in tumor formation (gliomas).

54
Q

What are the 4 cell types of CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal

55
Q

CNS: most abundant CNS neurolglia

A

astrocytes

56
Q

CNS: have processes that form myelin shealths around long axons of the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

57
Q

CNS: defensive cells in the CNS

A

microglia

58
Q

CNS: line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities

A

ependymal

59
Q

what are the 2 main types of PNS cells

A

Schwann and satellite cells

60
Q

PNS: surround all axons in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around many of these axons

A

Schwann cells

61
Q

PNS: protective function for PNS fibers

A

neurolemma

62
Q

PNS: formed by schwann cells

A

Myelin Sheaths in PNS

63
Q

PNS: myelin sheath gaps allowing impulses to jump

A

nodes of ranvier

64
Q

PNS: surround neuron cell bodies w/ ganglia (provide support)

A

satellite cells

65
Q

Clusters of cell bodies include:
a. Ganglia : Found in the ____
b. Nuclei : Found in the ______

A

PNS, CNS

66
Q

collection of axons in the PNS

A

Axons

67
Q

groups of _______ are bound into bundles called nerve fascicles

A

axons

68
Q

describe the 3 layers of a nerve (similar to muscle tissue)

A
  • endoneurium. Covering the schawann cells
  • Perineurium : wrapping over nerve fascicles
  • epineurium : surrounds whole nerve with tough fibrous sheath
69
Q

White matter is composed of

A

myelin sheaths

70
Q

Gray Matter is composed of

A

neuron cell bodies are clustered

71
Q

what are 3 ways plasticity is maintained throughout life (nerve)

A
  1. sprouting of new dendrites
  2. synthesis of new proteins
  3. changes in synaptic contacts with other neurons
72
Q

Is there a limited ability for regeneration?

A

Yes

73
Q

Are repairs possible in the CNS?

A

No

74
Q

Under what conditions can the PNS repair damaged dendrites or axons

A
  1. Neuron cell body remains intact
  2. Schwann cells remain active and form a tube
  3. Scar tissue does not form too rapidly.
75
Q

A. the _______ ________ serves as an integrating center for spinal reflexes

A

spinal cord

76
Q

A _______ is an automatic response to a stimulus

A

reflex

77
Q

T or F: Reflexes may be spinal and cranial in location, and somatic, or autonomic in function. and can even include glandular secretion

A

true

78
Q

what are learned responses called

A

conditioned reflexes

79
Q

T or F: A reflex arc is the simplest type of pathway; pathways are specific neuronal circuits and thus include at least one synapse.

A

True

80
Q

T or F: The five functional components of a reflex arc are the receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center neuron, motor neuron, and effector.

A

True

81
Q

_________ spinal reflexes include the stretch reflex, tendon reflex, flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and crossed extensor reflex; all exhibit reciprocal innervation

A

somatic

82
Q

what is an example of a stretch reflex

A

Tendon Reflex : neural response when a muscle is tapped, causing the muscle to contract (Ie knee tap)

83
Q

________ reflex is a protective response that causes a limb to suddenly pull away from a harmful stimulus, such as heat or pain (ie touching the stove)

A

withdrawal

84
Q

A reflex action of the toes, normal during infancy but abnormal after 12 to 18 months of age; after locomotion begins, it is indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex and is widely used as a diagnostic aid in disorders of the central nervous system. It is elicited by a firm stimulus (usually scraping) on the sole of the foot, which results in dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning of the smaller toes. Normally such a stimulus causes all the toes to bend downward. This is called the

A

Babinski reflex

Anatomy (9 decks)

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