Heart Flashcards
The __________ system consists of the heart, and blood vessels.
cardiovascular
The heart is the pump that circulates the blood through an estimated 75,000 _____ of blood vessels.
miles
The study of the normal heart and diseases associated with it is known as ___________
cardiology
The heart pumps 7,000 liters of blood through the body each day. The heart contracts some 2.5 __________ times in an average lifetime.
billion
What are the 2 major divisions of the cardiovascular system
- pulmonary circuit
- systemic circuit
_________ circuit: system of blood vessels that serve gas exchange in the lungs: the pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins
pulmonary
______ ________ : a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary trunk
_______ _________: blood vessels that carry oxygen poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs
pulmonary arteries
what are the air sacs in your lung called
alveoli
________ ________: blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood from your lungs to the hearts LA
pulmonary veins
_______ _________: system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the tissues throughout the body
systemic circuit
_#__ pulmonary veins: carry oxygen rich blood from lungs to LA
4
_______: transport oxygen rich blood, nutrients, and hormones from the heart to the rest of the body
aorta
The aorta makes a U-turn at the aortic _______, which supplies the head, neck, and upper limbs, and passes downward.
arch
_________ vena cava: carries deoxy blood from the upper body into the hearts RA // _______ vena cava: carries deoxy blood from the lower body and abdomen back to the heart RA
superior, inferior
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum, medial to the lungs and deep to the _______. About the size of a fist
sternum
Is the heart tilted?
Yes, it is tilted toward the left from superior to inferior midpoints, so about two-thirds of the heart lies to the left of the median plane.
what is the difference between the base and apex of the heart?
- the base : top part of the heart, where majority of the bvs enter
- the apex: pointed tip at the bottom of the heart
The pericardium: _______ layered sac that encloses the heart and forms its superifical layer
double
what are the 2 layers of the double layer in the pericardium
- Fibrous pericardium: outer layer of the sac, strong later of sense CT
- Serous pericaridum : a closed sac sandwiched between the fibrous pericardium and the heart
what adheres to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium (hint its a layer)
parietal layer
_________ layer /epicardium: lies in the heart and is considered a part of the heart wall
visceral
Pericardial cavity: space between the ______ and _______ layers of the pericardium
parietal and visceral
Pericardial ______: clear liquid that lubricates the heart
fluid
The pericardial ____- is anchored by ligaments to the diaphragm and sternum, and by fibrous connective tissue to the mediastinal tissue.
sac
In __________, it can lead to the roughening of the serous lining producing a creaking sound called pericardial friction rub (heard by a stethoscope)
pericarditis
dimishing ability to pump blood = cardiac temponade “heart plug” = hypodermic needle in pericardial cavity to drain _______ _______
excess fluid
The pericardium _______ the heart from other thoracic organs and allows it room to expand, while resisting excessive expansion.
ISOLATES
A. The heart wall consists of three layers:
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
- __________ (visceral pericardium): “over the heart: is the visceral layer of the serous membrane
Epicardium
- __________ (middle layer): layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle
myocardium
how does cardiac muscle fiber compare to skm
shorter, larger in diameter, more squarish
is cardiac muscle striated?
yes, they have the same arrangement of actin and myosin
what does branching allow for cardiac tissue?
form networks
b. They form two separate functional networks in the heart: the atrial and the ventricular networks = ________ (a mass of cells that function as a unit).
syncytium
____________ discs: Complex junctions that interconnect cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the heart
intercalated
_______ _______ : longitudinal regions, allow for ions to pass between cells, transmitting contractile signal to adjacent cells
gap junctions
_______ _________ : transverse regions contain desmosome-like junctions; transmit contractile force
fascia adherens
c. Its muscle spirals around the heart forming a myocardial vortex, so upon contraction a
twisting motion occurs
why is extracellular calcium important to the heart
enters the cardiac muscle thru the sarcolemma (mechanism for contraction)
why do cardiac muscle cells have a longer refractory period than skm?
more mito
Contractions last 10-15 times longer than the skeletal muscle twitch due to the prolonged delivery of _______ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular fluid.
calcium
Cardiac muscle cells contract when stimulated by their own __________ fibers. This continuous, rhythmic activity is a major physiological difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue.
autorhythmic
Skeletal muscle contains satellite cells that can divide, but cardiac muscle does not; the repair of damaged cardiac muscle is almost entirely by fibrosis (_________).
scarring
__________: “within the heart” the layer that lines the inner surface of the heart wall; consists of endothelium and areolar CT (cont with the endothelium of BVs)
endocardium
________ _________ : dense CT structure at the base of the heart that provides support and structure, and elastically insulates the heart’s atria and ventricles
cardiac skeleton
C. The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump that has __#____ chambers which are best seen in frontal section.
4
Is blood flow kept entirely separate on the right and left side of the heart
yes
________ _________: the thin wall of tissue that separates the heart’s right and left atria, or upper chambers
interatrial septum
_________: ear-shaped projections on the atria, or upper chambers, of the heart
auricle
What are some of the structures associated with the right atrium (RA)
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, fossa ovalis, foramen ovalis, foramen ovale, right AV valve, chordae tendineae
________ ________: a large vein that drains deoxygenated blood from the heart’s myocardium into the right atrium
coronary sinus
______ _______: a depressed structure in the right atrium of the heart that’s a remnant of the foramen ovale, an opening in the muscular tissue between the atria
fossa ovalis
_______ ______: a hole in the muscular tissue between the right and left atria of the heart that allows blood to pass between the atria
foramen ovale
right atrioventricular (AV) valve, aka the ____ valve: between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid
_______ _______: fibrous, string-like structures within the heart that connect the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valve leaflets
chordae tendineae
what structures are associated with the left atrium
pulmonary veins, mitral valve
left ventricle through the left AV valve, aka _____ valve.
mitral
The inferior chambers, the right and left ventricles, are pumps that eject blood into the _________
arteries
What structures are associated with the right ventricle
trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary semilunar valve
A) The right ventricle forms most of the ______ surface of the heart.
anterior
why are the right ventricle walls thinner?
bc the right pumps into the lungs, which are nearby and have little resistance to bf
_________ _________: muscular columns that project from the inner walls of the heart’s ventricles
trabeculae carneae
________ __________: pillar-like muscles in the heart’s ventricles that play a key role in the function of the heart’s valves
papillary muscles
_________ _______: a short, thick artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary trunk
(RV) pulmonary __________ valve: a heart valve that controls the flow of oxygen-depleted blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
semilunar
what are the structures associated with the left ventricles
aortic semilunar valve, aorta
The left ventricle forms the _____ of the heart.
posterior
B) The left ventricle wall is two to ______x as thick, since it pumps blood through the entire body.
4x
aortic ________ valve:one way channel between the left ventricle and the aorta
semilunar
______: the body’s largest artery and is responsible for transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body
aorta
cusps or _______: the flaps of tissue that make up heart valves
leaflets
Do the valves make muscular effort?
No
what are the 3 sulci (grooves) that mark the boundaries of the 4 chambers
- coronary sulcus: atria from ventricles
- anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus: sep the L and R ventricles
State the pathway of blood flow thru the heart, to pulmonary circulation, back to heart, out of systemic circulation, and back to the heart
- enter RA from S & I VC
- RA thru R-AV valve to the RV
- cont of RV forces pulm valve open
- pulm valve -> pulm trunk
- R & L pulm art -> lungs (CO2 out, O2 back)
- From lungs to pulm vein to LA
- LA thru L-AV valve to LV
- cont of LV forces aortic valve open
- aortic valve -> ascending aorta
- aorta -> all organs of the body (O2 out, CO2 back)
- blood returns to heart via vena cavae
The _________ (cardiac) circulation: the network of arteries and veins that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
coronary
the left coronary artery, has the anterior interventricular branch which supplies blood to what 2 structures
left ventricle and interventricular septum
The circumflex artery : oxy blood to LA and back to ____
LV
Right coronary artery (RCA) supplies the right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker) and continues along the coronary sulcus under the right auricle and it gives off two branches of its own, what are they
- right marginal branch: RV (AV node)
- posterior interventricular branch: supplies blood to the heart
The coronary sinus is made up of what 3 parts
- great cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein: :drains deoxy blood from hearts post wall and empties into coronary sinus
- small cardiac vein: small vein that drains deoxy blood from the RV of the heart
In most organs, blood flow peaks when the ventricles contract and eject blood into the arteries and diminishes when the ventricles relax and refill. The _________ is true in the coronary arteries, in which blood flow INCREASES during ventricular relaxation
opposite
why is this the case for coronary arteries
- cont of myocardium compresses arteries -> obstructing bf
- cusps block bf into coronary artery openings
- during vent relacation, blood in aorta surges back to heart as well has flow into coronary arteries
- Vessels can be 90% occluded (meaning __________) – collateral circulation takes over or cardiac muscle dies - Heart muscle can remain alive if it receives as little as 10 –15% of its normal blood supply.
blocked
Low levels of oxygen carried to the myocardium may result in weakened heart cells (or myocardial ischemia), and if the damage is permanent then this is called myocardial infarction (MI) or _________ _________
heart attack
The ________ is coordinated by a cardiac conduction system composed of an internal pacemaker and nerve-like conduction pathways through the myocardium. Conduction fibers are clumps or strands of specialized cardiac tissue which initiate and distribute impulses throughout the myocardium.
heartbeat
B. These cardiac fibers _____ CONTRACT, but, do initiate and conduct impulses.
DON’T
what is the order of the cardiac conduction system
SA node (pacemaker), AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
_________ fibers depolarize the atria and trigger contraction.
distribution
The heart does receive _____ sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that modify heart rate and contraction strength.
both
T or F: 1. Sympathetic stimulation can raise the heart rate to as high as 230 bpm; parasympathetic stimulation can slow it to as low as 20 bpm or even stop it for a few seconds.
True
The parasympathetic pathway begins with nuclei of the vagus nerves in the medulla oblongata and leads to both the SA and AV nodes. Parasympathetic stimulation _______ heart rate.
reduces
increase in heart rate and contraction strength, does what to the coronary arteries
dilates the coronary arteries
What is a single cardiac cycle
1 complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 heart chambers = lasts 0.8 seconds
Contraction of the heart is called ________, and relaxation is __________
systole, diastole
what are the 3 signs of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD = atherosclerosis)
- Angina pectoris
- Silent ischemia:the heart doesn’t receive enough oxy rich blood but the person doesn’t experience any symptoms
- Myocardial infarction: (heart attack) bf to heart muscle is reduced or stopped, damaging the heart muscle
What are the main treatments for CAD
- dissolve clot using drug (TPA)
- angioplasty
- stent
- bypass surgery
___________: Thread tube into artery to the region of plaque, where a balloon attached to the tube is inflated, forcing the vessel open. Some patients have problems with re-closing of the coronary artery 3-6 months after angioplasty, or collapse of the vessel during angioplasty.
angioplasty
A ________ is a 1 inch long stainless steel mesh like tube inserted and expanded within the artery and left to brace the walls of the vessel.
stent
_______ ________: In coronary bypass surgery, a section of a leg vein is removed. One end of the vein is attached to the heart’s main artery, the aorta, and the other to a coronary artery, bypassing the obstructed region. The grafted vein provides a pathway through which blood can reach the previously deprived region of heart muscle.
bypass surgery
what are the 2 forms of heart failure
- Congestive Heart Failure: when the heart cant pump enough blood to the body
- Pulmonary Hypertension: left sided heat disease causes high pressure in the pulmonary vessels
what are the 2 disorders of the conduction system
- Ventricular fibrillation: ventricles quiver and contract rapidly and without coordination
- Atrial fibrillation: irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrthymia)
The embryonic heart starts pumping around day 22, and four chambers are apparent; four final chambers are defined during month __#___ and this is when congenital heart defects occur
2
what are some age-related changes that affect the HR
- the hardening and thickening of the cusps of the heart valves: aortic valve stenosis
- decline in cardiac reserve: cardiac sensecence
- fibrosis of cardiac muscle: myocardial fibrosis (scar build up on the tissue of the heart)
